Exam 1,2,3 review

connective tissue in tendons is

dense regular collagenous tissue

which of the following situations occurs during an action potential in a muscle or nerve cell

depolarization to threshold causes voltage- gated sodium ion channels to open

what is the end of a long bone

epiphysis

What is the site of long bone growth

epithelial plate

acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis

which muscle extends the four lateral toes

extensor digitorum longus

which abdominal wall muscle is the most superficial of the oblique muscles

external abdominal oblique

which skull canal conveys sound waves to the eardrum

external auditory canal

When you lick frosting off a knife with the tip of your tongue and find the frosting has an orange flavor to it, which cranial nerve is being used to determines the taste

facial

motor control of the face is the function of the _____ nerve, while sensation from the face is determined by the ____ nerve

facial, trigeminal

if a person fell down the steps and then developed pain down his anterior thigh into the knee, which spinal nerve was probably damaged

femoral

which of the following is not a coxal bone

femur

the opposite of extension is

flexion

if a person drums their fingers on the table, they would be using hat muscle

flexor digitorum profundus

the spinal cord begins at the

foramen magnum

intramembranous ossification

forms the bones of the roof of the skull

a neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger the result is

frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases

the central sulcus separates the

frontal and parietal lobes

raising the eyebrows is an action of the ____ muscle

frontalis

the adductor longus is named for its

function and size

adipose tissue

functions as an insulator and a site of energy storage

cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia

which of the following muscles is used when walking on your tiptoes

gastrocnemius

the insertion for the supraspinatus is the ____ and the primary action is ______

greater tubercle of the humerus, abducts the arm

troponin

has a calcium binding site

woven bone

has collagen fibers randomly oriented

lower motor neurons can be described as

having axons extending into peripheral nerves

which of the following muscles is part of the rotator cuff

infraspinatus

when a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement, the more movable end of attachment to the muscle is termed

insertion

the cerebellum functions as a comparator. this means that the cerebellum compares....

intended movements with actual movements

which of the following muscles contracts during forced expiration/ exhale

internal intercostals

a neuron within the CNS that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called

interneuron

the site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the

intervertebral foramen

muscles that change the shape of the tongue are called

intrinsic muscles

the opposite of eversion is

inversion

which of the following is correctly matched A) lateral malleolus- distal end of tibia B) patella- bone within the quads C) medial malleolus- proximal end of tibia D) greater trochanter- distal shaft of femur E)tibial tuberosity- superior to the patella

patella- bone within the quads

in an EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)there is a

local depolarization of the cell body or dendrite

which of the following muscles of the chest has its insertion on the humerus

pectoralis major

the covering of the outer surface of the bone is the

periosteum

reflexes function in

maintaining blood pressure, removing the bod from painful stimuli, maintaining blood CO2 levels, keeping the body from falling (all choices)

the extrapyramidal system

maintains control of unconscious movements

Some marrow of long bones is termed red marrow. The function of red marrow is to

manufacture blood cells

which of the following muscles is involved with chewing

masseter

which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere

math and speech

Which of the following bones contains a sinus

maxilla

the muscles responsible for extending the wrist and fingers are mostly found on the _____ of the forearm, while the muscles responsible for flexing the wrist and fingers are found mostly on the ____ of the forearm

posterior, anterior

an injury to the wrist that results in edema in the carpal tunnel would comoress the _____ and cause numbness in the thumb and 2-3 fingers and weakness of the thenar muscles

median nerve

which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord

medulla oblongata

the nervous system

monitors internal and external stimuli, interprets or assesses info, tansmits info in the form of action potentials, maintains homeostasis )all choices)

lesion of the basal nuclei could cause

movement dysfunction of the hands or the head

the sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the

muscle spindle

the brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following

muscles of the arm and forearm

using the biceps brachii to flex the forearm requires innervation of the ____ nerve

musculocutaneus

ATPase is found in

myosin heads

which of the following is mismatched

myosin myofilaments- thin myofilaments

which of the following is not a carpal

navicular

when the myosin head flexes into a bend, pulling the actin filament along with it, this is called the

power stroke

the adaptive significance of the crossed extensor reflex when a person steps on a tack is to

prevent the person from falling done

chromatin condenses and nucleoli disappear during _____ of mitosis

prophase

which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water

proteoglycan

flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the

psoas major and iliacus

If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured you

radius

what type of tissue contains cells called neurons

nervous tissue

gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

nodes of Ranvier

adduction of the thigh involves what nerve

obturator nerve

A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones

occipital

in the process of diffusion, net movement of substances is always from a region

of higher concentration to lower concentration

the sarcomere extends from

one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk

the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

only motor fibers

the digastric muscle is involved in

opening the mouth

of the following muscles of the head, which one wraps around the orbits

orbicularis oculi

closing or puckering the lips is an action of the ____ muscle

orbicularis oris

the brachioradialis is named for its

origin and insertion

what type of cells break down bone tissue

osteoclast

the cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the

osteocyte

which type of bone cells lie in lacunae

osteocytes

Osteoclast activity is increased by

parathyroid hormone

muscles exhibit the property of excitability. this means that the muscle

responds to stimulation by the nervous system

the sleep/ wake cycle is influenced by the

reticular formation

which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton

rib

what organelles are the sites of protein synthesis

ribosomes

contracting the right sternocleidomastoid muscle would

rotate the head toward the left

the muscle that is used to cross the legs is the

sartorius

an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is

scoliosis

ATP

serves as the energy currency of the cell

which of the following is correctly matched? short bone- carpal bone irregular bone- femur flat bone- phalanges of the toes long bone- vertebra short bone- humerus

short bone- carpal bone

what type of epithelial tissue is found in the stomach

simple columnar epithelium

hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

size of muscle fibers

movement of food through the digestive tract results from the action os

smooth muscle

which type of muscle tissue has spindle shaped cells

smooth muscle

depolarization of the nerve cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx of

sodium ions

during an action potential, depolarization of the cell membrane occurs when there is a rapid inflow of

sodium ions

ehich of the following is mismatched A PNS- sensory and motor divisions B CNS- brain C PNS- spinal nerves D somatic nervous system- sensory division of the PNS E ANS- sympathetic and parasympathetic

somatic nervous system- sensory division of the PNS

when two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron

spatial summation occurs

The foramen magnum is a large opening in the base o the skill for the ____.

spinal cord

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium ions

The epidermis of the skin is composed of

stratified squamous epithelium

during a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations

subarachnoid space

which of the following describe the position of the nose

superior to the mouth

the junction of a neuron with another cell is a

synapse

most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _____ joints

synovial

transcription

synthesizes RNA from DNA

the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and the fibula is the

talus

the region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called

the A band

oxygen deficit represents

the amount of oxygen that cells need to replenish ATP supplies after exercise

what if found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

what is found in the dorsal root ganglion

the cell bodies of pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons

homeostasis is defined as

the maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

the coccyx is

the most inferior portion of the vertebral column

the prime mover is

the muscle that does most of the movement

whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying

the number of motor units recruited

the primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in

the postcentral gyrus

impulses that initiate motivation of forethought originate in

the prefrontal area

the various types of epithelium are classified by

the shape of cells and number of cell layers

the origin in

the stationary end of the muscle

the cerebral gyri increase

the surface area of the cortex

the cerebral aqueduct connects

the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

which of the following statements concerning fast twitch muscles is true

they split ATP rapidly

the speed of an action potential depends upon

thickness of the myelin sheath, whether an axon is myelinated or not, the diameter of the axon (all choices)

which ventricle is located between the two halves of the thalamus

third ventricle

the ribs articulate with the _____ vertebrae

thoracic

the extensor pollicis brevis moves the

thumb

which nerve is involved when a dancer points her toes

tibial

the sciatic nerve is composed of th

tibial nerve and the common fibular nerve

the type of cell connection that serves as a permeability barrier is a

tight junction

what type of epithelial tissue is found in the urinary bladder

transitional epithelium

which of the following muscles moves the scapula

trapezius

which of the following has its insertion on the olecranon process of the ulna

triceps brachii

a symporter will transport _____ across the cell membrane

two different ions or molecules in the same direction

the sagittal suture is located between the

two parietal bones

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true

when blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases

which of the following correctly describes myoglobins special function in muscle tissue A) stores glucose B) acts as a reservoir for oxygen C) breaks down glycogen D) synthesizes ATP E) produces action potentials

B

which of these muscles origin in on the anterior inferior iliac spine A sartorius B rectus femoris C biceps femoris D vastus lateralis E all

B

an isometric contraction is described as

a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant

an eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension by the length of the muscle is increasing

an antagonist is

a muscle working in opposition to another muscle

dysfunction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle could result from damage to the

accessory nerve

which nerve has branches that extend to the thoracic and abdominal viscera

accessory nerve

synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain

acetylcholine

the active sites to which cross bridges attach are found on the

actin myofilaments

the oculomotor nerve

adjust pupil size to the level of lighting and controls four of the six eye muscles

saltatory conduction of an action potential means

an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node

All of the synthesis reactions in the body are called

anabolism

the middle, thin spider like layer of the meninges is the

arachnoid mater

haversian systems or osteons

are the basic units in compact bone tissue

dendrites

are the input system of of the neuron

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are under involuntary control

the first cervical vertebrae is the

atlas

supination of the forearm and hand is accomplished by the

biceps brachii and supinator

which of the following muscles would be considered an antagonist to the rectus femoris

biceps femoris

which of these muscles origin in the ischial tuberosity and linea aspera

biceps femoris

neurons have a single axon and a single dendrite are

bipolar

A researcher discovered a new hormone that raises blood calcium levels. According to the principles of negative feedback, this hormone would be secreted when

blood calcium levels decrease

collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of

bone matrix

ligaments attach

bone to bone

The thumb and big toe are similar in that

both have two rather than three phalanges

which type of muscle tissue possesses striations

both skeletal and cardiac

which of the arteries supply blood to the brain

both the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries

spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____ plexus

brachial

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the ____ and is reabsorbed by the ____

choroid plexus, arachnoid granulation

Which of the following events occurs during anaphase

chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell

what structural feature of the brain circulation creates collateral circulation for blood into the brain

circle of Willis

tracts of white matter that connect the right and left hemispheres are composed of

commissural fibers

T tubule

conduct action potentials deep into the muscle cell

a general characteristic of connective tissue is that it

consists of cells with much intercellular material (matrix) between them

a proper definition of muscle tone is

constant tension produced by muscles for long periods of time

the primary motor area

contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow

spongy bone tissue

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

muscle tissue is characterized by its

contractility

the zygomaticus major muscle

contributes to laughing and smiling

the ANS

controls organs and smooth muscles

the insertion for the pectoralis minor is

coracoid process

cutting off your nose would be a section in the _____ plane

coronal

what is the large C- shaped mass of white matter that consists of nerve fibers that connect to the two cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

the ___ tract and the ____ tract make up the pyramidal system

corticospinal, corticobulbar

articular cartilage

covers the ends of bones in synovial joints

rigor mortis occurs after death because

cross bridges form but cannot release

Synovial fluid

decreases friction between bone

enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by

decreasing the activation energy of the reaction

the fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla

arrange the lust of biochemical events that occur during excitation- contraction coupling in the correct sequence 1 action potential is conducted deep into the muscle fiber by the T tubule 2 calcium ions bind to troponin 3 the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum become more permeable to calcium ions 4 calcium ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm around the myofibril 5 the troponin-tropomyosin complex moves exposing active sites

1,3,4,2,5

organize the following structural levels of the human body from simplest to most complex 1) cell 2) tissue 3) chemical 4) organ system 5) organ

3,1,2,5,4

arrange the events of synaptic transmission in correct sequence 1) sodium ions diffuse into the cell and cause a local potential 2) neurotransmitter binds with receptor on postsynaptic cell 3) neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft 4) membrane permeability to sodium ions on postsynaptic cell increases 5) action potential causes release of neurotransmitter

5 3 2 4 1

place the parts of the reflex arc in the correct order beginning with sensory receptor ! motot nerron 2 interneuron 3 effectr 4 sensory enuron 5 sensory receptor

5 4 2 1 3

there are _____ cervical spinal nerves

8

which of the fllowing is true A optimal actina and myosin overlap will produce maximal contraction B overstretching a muscle will increase its tension C the greatest amount of tension is achieved when actin and myosin do not overlap D tension is great when actin and myosin overlap as much as they can E the greater the overlap of actin and myosin, the stronger the contraction

A

which of the following events is not a characteristic of an action potential A as sodium enters the, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative B in repolarization, K ios flow out of the cell C action potentials occur according to the all or none principle d at the peak of depolarization, sodium channels close and K channels open E the plasma membrane sodium channels open and depolarization results

A

which of the following helpe explain the increased tension seen in multiple wave summation A) increased concentration fo calcium ions around the myofibrils B decreased stimulus frequency C the breakdown of eleastic elements ub the cell D increased motor unit recruitment E exposure of more active sites on myosin myofilaments

A

which of the following is mismatched A microglia- support neuron celll body B astrocytes- blood brain barrier C oligodendrocytes- form myelin sheaths D ependymal cells- prodcue cerebral spinal fluid E ependymal cells- choroid plexus

A

which of the following statements regarding neuroglia is false A produce action potentials for skeletal muscles B form part of the blood brain barrier C serve as supporting tissue in CNS D produce cerebral spinal fluid E form myelin sheaths around some axons

A

whih of the following is true during the resting membrane potential A a greater concentration fo calcium ions is found inside the cell B potassium is concentrated ptmarily inside the cell C negatively charged proteins are more concentrated outside the cell D sodium ion concentration is greater inside the cells E none

B

which of the following is an example of procedural or implicit memory A reciting a poem B remembering your a name C riding a bike D locating russia on a globe E being afraid of snakes

C

which of the following is false A the ventral root of the spinal cord converys motor nerves impulses away from the spinal cord B the dorsal root of the spinal cord conveys sensory nerve impulses to the spinal cord C the posterior horn of the cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons D the dorsal and ventral roots unite to form spinal nerves E the ventral root is formed by the axons of neurons in the lateral and anterior horns

C

which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum A control of posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination B control of spinal muscles to maintain balance C control the heart rate D coordinate the control of voluntary movements E help with muscle tone

C

which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately rferred to as oppsoites A) medial and inferior B anterior and deeo C distal and proximal D superior and central E lateral and superior

C

which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata A contains enlargements called cerebral peduncles B gives rise to conscious thoughts C relays sensory info D contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameters E most superior portion of the brainstem

D

callie is a world class marathon runner. which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeltal muscle in her legs is false A they have a well developed blood supply they have large deposits of myoglobin they have low glycogen stores D they split ATP rabidly E they are well developed to anaerobic activity

E

whch of the following is NOT a function of skeletal musscle A respiration B production of heat C maintainence of posture D body movement E constriction of organs

E

which of the following muscles in names for its shape A adductor pollicis B pectoralis major C pectoralis minor D vastus lateralis E trapezius

E

which of the following pairs of terms are opposites A) pronation - rotation B) inversion - retraction C) elevation- protraction D) abduction- extension E) plantar flexion- dorsiflexion

E

which of the following statements are true A) the spinal cord protects the vertebral column B) lumbar vertebraae are generally smaller than thoracic vertebrae C) the ffirst certical vertebrae is the axis D) the sacral vertebrae are superior to the lumbar vertebrae E) thoracic vertebrae have long, thin spinous processes

E

which of these muscles inserts on the greater trocanter A vastus lateralis psoas gluteus maximus tensor fascia lata gluteus medius

E

Scwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which way

Scwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

a synergist is

a group of muscles that work together to cause movement

the function of acetylcholinesterase is to

breakdown acetylcholine in the synapse

the perineurium

bundles axons into fascicles

white matter is composed of

bundles of myelinated axons

when a nerve action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the neuromuscular junction, the next step is?

calcium ions diffuse into the presynaptic terminal through voltage gated ion channels

dermatomal maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate nerve damage

what type of muscle is found in the wall of the heart

cardiac muscle

which type of muscle tissue causes contraction of the heart

cardiac muscle

chondroblasts produce

cartilage matrix

the _____ region of the vertebral column located in the neck

cervical

the major movement produced during quiet breathing is accomplished y the

diaphragm

An x-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____ of the bone

diaphysis

damage to the phrenic nerve would result in

difficulty breathing

the thickest of the meninges is the

dura mater

cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called

electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current

covalent bonds form when

electrons are shared between two atoms

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is

endochondral

the study of tissues is

histology

which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the ANS and the endocrine system

hypothalamus

the conus medullaris

is a tapered, cone like region inferior to the lumbar enlargement

during absolute refractory period, the cell

is insensitive to further stimulation

a fasciculus

is surrounded by perimysium

complete tetanus

is the condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there is no intervening relaxations

a person with a fractures mandible has a broken

jaw

in the body's lever systems, the

joint represents the fulcrum point

a waste product of anaerobic respiration in muscles cells is

lactic acid

the time between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of contraction is called the _____ phase

latent or lag

the thumb is ____ to the fifth digit

lateral

the infraspinatus

laterally rotates the arm

cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

which of the following nitrogen bases is found in RNA but not DNA

uracil

if abdominal muscles are contracted while the vertebral column is fixed this will aid in

urination, defecation, vomiting, childbirth (all choices)

a deer hunter lost the hearing in his right ear, his hearing loss is the result of damage to what nerve

vestibulocochlear

what chemical ingested or synthesized by the body is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines

vitamin D

channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge or voltage across the plasma membrane are called

voltage- gated ion channels

a reflex that protects limbs by removing them from painful stimuli is the

withdrawal reflex

aerobic respiration

yields as many as 36 ATP per glucose molecule metabolized