Exam 2
B
A 90-mph fastball thrown from a professional baseball mound reaches home plate in _____ second(s). A) 2 B) less than 0.5 C) 4 D) less than 0.1
A
A display in which a grid is filled with tiny, randomly placed black and white square dots and in which the dots in a region of the grid are then moved rigidly together as a group is known as a(n) _____. A) random dot kinematogram B) point-light walker C) histogram D) apparent motion quartet
B
A dynamic depth cue—the gradual revealing ("de-occlusion") of an object as it emerges from behind another one is called: A) deletion. B) accretion. C) accomodation. D) horopter.
B
A mirror neuron that is stimulated when a monkey picks up a raisin with its hand is also activated when the monkey watches a human: A) drop a raisin by hand. B) pick up a raisin by hand. C) pick up a raisin by using a tool. D) drop a raisin by using a tool.
B
A neuron who's response is based on the object's location relative to the hand and not on the retinal location stimulated by the object is said to have a: A) pseudo-unipolar response. B) hand-centered receptive field. C) retina-centered receptive field. D) high-spatial-frequency response.
C
A point-light walker display would NOT identify: A) a runner, a dancer, or a walking dog. B) the elasticity of a surface. C) the hair color of a person being studied. D) the effort exerted to lift a weight by a person being studied.
C
A rising fastball: A) occurs only when a pitch actually exceeds 100 mph. B) appears to travel upward in a straight line at a constant speed. C) is an illusion caused by the batter's underestimation of the speed of the pitch. D) is an illusion caused by the batter's overestimation of the speed of the pitch.
B
A viewer can distinguish a runner from a dancer or a man from a woman in a(n) _____. A) random dot kinematogram B) point-light walker display C) MAE D) apparent motion quartet
A
Accommodation provides depth information only for objects up to about: A) 2 m away. B) 10 m away. C) 5 m away. D) 7 m away.
A
According to the action-specific perception theory, _____. A) our perceptions are shaped by our abilities to perform actions B) our actions are not shaped by our perceptions C) perihand space determines our actions and perceptions D) prism adaptation is a consequence of our actions and perceptions
D
According to the phenomenon of color contrast, which surrounding color would make blue appear brightest? A) red B) green C) blue D) yellow
D
According to the ratio principle of lightness constancy, the perceived lightness of a region is based on the: A) relative intensity of the illuminating light. B) absolute amount of light reflected from the region and its surround. C) difference in color between the region and its surround. D) relative amounts of light reflected from the region and its surround.
C
According to the relative height depth cue, _____. A) the farther away an object is from an observer, the smaller is its retinal image. B) the retinal image size of two equal-size features decreases as their distance increases. C) the lower the base of an object is in the retinal image, the closer the object is to an observer. D) the higher the base of an object is in the retinal image, the closer the object is to an observer.
C
According to the study conducted by Britten (2004), _____ is a critical motion center in the primate brain. A) area V1 B) area V2 C) area MT D) the superior colliculus
C
According to the text, a color called reddish green cannot be imagined because: A) red and green are two non-opponent colors. B) red and green are both non-primary colors. C) red and green are two opponent colors. D) red and green respond to the same cone photopigment.
B
According to the text, a fastball traveling at 90 mph arrives at the plate about _____ than a fastball traveling at 95 mph. A) 3 inches higher B) 3 inches lower C) 6 inches higher D) 6 inches lower
A
According to the text, digital color printing does NOT use _____ ink. A) white B) magenta C) black D) yellow
C
According to the text, if a 95-mph pitch is estimated to be traveling at 75 mph, the batter would misestimate the height of the ball by nearly _____. A) 3 inches B) two feet C) a foot D) an inch
B
According to the text, the lateral occipital cortex and inferotemporal cortex are well positioned to deliver visual information to structures of the _____. A) parietal lobe B) medial temporal lobe C) prefrontal lobe D) occipital lobe
D
According to the text, the responses of ML and MR neurons do NOT depend on the: A) direction of a moving stimulus. B) speed of a moving stimulus. C) degree of binocular disparity. D) weight of a moving stimulus.
A
According to the text, which lobes are well suited for guiding actions due to their location near the motor regions of the frontal lobe? A) parietal B) frontal C) occipital D) temporal
A
An anaglyph: A) requires two slightly different superimposed images. B) can be viewed without special colored lenses. C) produces a vivid perception of depth for people viewing an image with only one eye. D) consists of two depictions of a scene that differ in the same way as an observer's two retinal images.
A
An apparent motion quartet contains _____ frames, each containing two stimuli presented in _____ alternation. A) two; rapid B) two; slow C) four; rapid D) four; slow
C
An experiment conducted by Pratt et al. (2010) to reveal differences in the way people perceive animate versus inanimate motion showed that: A) large changes in inanimate motion evoke quicker reactions than small changes in animate motion. B) small changes in animate motion evoke quicker reactions than large changes in inanimate motion. C) the participants were quicker to notice the disappearance of spots that had just exhibited animate motion. D) the participants were quicker to notice the disappearance of spots that had just exhibited inanimate motion.
D
An individual _____ can experience visually induced motion sickness. A) riding in a car B) riding on a roller coaster C) flying in an airplane with lots of turbulence D) playing a video game
C
An individual _____ would NOT experience visually induced motion sickness. A) wearing a VR helmet B) watching an IMAX movie C) in the back seat of a moving car D) playing a video game
C
As David drives down a long straight road with his eyes focused on the steep cliff straight ahead, the entire landscape at the side of the car whizzes by in a blur and then disappears out the edges of his field of view. Only the point where David is heading remains stationary in his retinal image. This illustrates the depth cue of: A) stereopsis. B) deletion and accretion. C) optic flow. D) crossed disparity.
A
As the distance between an object and the horopter increases, the binocular disparity for the object _____, regardless of whether disparity is crossed or uncrossed. A) increases B) decreases C) remains unchanged D) reaches an intermediate point
D
As the speed of a movement increases, its accuracy decreases. This is called: A) the perception/action cycle. B) the problem of visual feedback. C) optic flow. D) the speed-accuracy tradeoff.
B
Binocular cells are neurons that: A) respond to parallel lines as they appear to converge and recede in depth. B) respond best to the stimulation of their receptive fields in both eyes simultaneously. C) respond to stimulation of one eye only. D) produce a vivid sense of depth arising from the visual system's processing of the different retinal images in the two eyes.
C
Cues that provide information about depth on the basis of the position of objects in the retinal image, the size of objects in the retinal image, and the effects of lighting in the retinal image are called _____. A) binocular depth cues B) dynamic monocular depth cues C) static monocular depth cues D) oculomotor depth cues
B
Compared with neurons in area V1, neurons in area MT: A) have much smaller receptive fields. B) have receptive fields that are 5 to 10 times larger. C) can represent motions of larger objects moving over extended distance. D) can respond to motion only in a highly restricted region of the retinal image.
C
Digital color video displays such as digital television and computer screens use _____ of three primary colors. A) complementary mixtures B) subtractive mixtures C) additive mixtures D) supplementary mixtures
A
Douglas looks at a large field of densely packed sunflowers. He notices that the heads of the sunflowers appear to get smaller the farther away they are from his eyes. The depth cue that Douglas perceives is called _____. A) texture gradient B) linear perspective C) familiar size D) relative size
B
Newsome et al. (1989) used motion coherence to study monkeys' perception of motion. It was found that with a coherence level of _____ percent, the monkeys' judgments of the direction of motion were correct _____ percent of the time. A) 12.8; less than 20 B) 12.8; more than 95 C) 3.2; more than 95 D) 12.8; about 50
A
Emmert's law states that the perceived size of an afterimage: A) is proportional to the distance of the surface on which it's "projected." B) remains constant, regardless of the distance of the surface on which it's projected. C) increases as the distance of the surface on which it's projected decreases. D) remains constant despite changes in the size of the object's retinal image due to the object's changing distance.
B
Experiments by Keele and Posner (1968) estimated the visual feedback processing time was between: A) 400 and 500 msec. B) 190 and 260 msec. C) 100 and 150 msec. D) 300 and 350 msec.
D
Experiments by Woodworth (1899) illustrating the speed-accuracy tradeoff showed that the estimated time to use visual feedback was _____ msec. A) 129 B) 229 C) 329 D) 429
C
Experiments by Woodworth (1899) on the speed-accuracy tradeoff showed that: A) up to a movement speed of about 120-140 per minute, there was a distinct advantage with eyes closed. B) below the speed of 120 per minute , participant's under the eyes open condition performed worse than participants' with their eyes closed. C) at movement speeds of about 140 per minute and faster, there was little difference between eyes open and eyes shut conditions. D) for both slow and fast speeds, there was no difference between the eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions.
C
My friend has a picture on the beach where she appears to hold the setting sun in her hands like a ball. This illusion is called the: A) Ponzo illusion. B) linear perspective. C) forced perspective. D) moon illusion.
A
The depth cue based on the slightly different retinal images in our two eyes is called: A) binocular disparity. B) motion parallax. C) accommodation. D) convergence.
B
Experiments performed by Symes et al. (2008) showed that, when participants had to pinch a button instead of grasping a lever on identifying a difference in a visual display, they were: A) always faster at pinching the button, no matter what the change in the display was. B) faster at detecting the difference between small items in the display. C) faster at detecting the difference between large items in the display. D) always slower at pinching the button, no matter what the change in the display was.
D
Experiments with monkeys have shown that hand-centered receptive fields of bimodal neurons expand to include locations near a handheld tool in order to support control of visually guided actions with tools. The neuron's receptive field expanded to include the entire length of the tool after ____ of the tool use. A) 1 week B) 1 day C) 60 mins D) 5 minutes
A
Fraka is standing still when the wall in front of her suddenly moves away from her. She will respond reflexively by leaning sharply _____ to compensate for the perceived sway. A) forward B) backward C) to the left D) to the right
A
High-resolution part of the retina is known as the _____. A) fovea B) pinna C) cochlea D) endolymph
A
Neuron ML is stimulated the MOST when an individual: A) sitting on the third-baseline of a baseball game and seeing the ball travel sideways from the pitcher to the catcher. B) watches a waterfall. C) walks on a treadmill. D) looks forward while traveling through a tunnel
A
How would a fielder use linear optical trajectory to catch a fly ball? A) The fielder must run in a path and at a speed such that the ball appears to travel upward in a straight line at a constant speed. B) The fielder must run in a path and at a speed such that the ball appears to travel in a curved arc with a constant speed. C) The fielder must run in a curved path and at a constant speed. D) The fielder must run in a straight path such that the ball appears to travel in a curved arc with an increasing speed.
B
If your hands were within reach of a mug, which characteristic of the mug would you be better at perceiving than if your hands were out of reach? A) the texture of the mug B) the handle shape of the mug C) the writing on the mug D) the details of the picture on the mug
D
Images with low spatial frequencies: A) provide a lot of fine detail about the visual image. B) tend to lack contrast with the background. C) are unable to capture the overall shape of the objects. D) provide information that is more useful for actions than high-spatial-frequency images.
A
In a neural circuit, the subunit with the motion-selective neuron ML: A) responds strongly to leftward motion. B) responds weakly to leftward motion. C) fires at baseline rate during leftward motion. D) becomes inhibited during leftward motion.
D
In a neural circuit, the subunit with the motion-selective neuron MR: A) responds strongly to circular motion. B) responds weakly to circular motion. C) continues to fire at its baseline rate during rightward motion. D) sends inhibitory signals to neuron D.
C
In a point-light walker display, the recognizability of point-light displays depends most crucially on the: A) setting where a person's movements are being studied. B) activity performed by the person being studied. C) coordinated timing of the point motions. D) brightness of the small lights.
C
In a random dot kinematogram, a particular shape of a region is defined only: A) by the brightness of the region. B) when the region is not moving. C) by the relative motions at its edges. D) by the color of a defined region.
C
In a study on perception of objects within perihand space, Abrams and Weidler (2014) showed that: A) visual perception of objects is unrelated to the perihand space. B) visual perception of objects is better when the object is not in perihand space. C) visual perception of objects is better when the object is in perihand space. D) visual perception of objects is the same for objects both in and outside perihand space.
D
In an apparent motion quartet, the display is perceived as spots moving rapidly: A) in a circular pattern and later in a triangular manner. B) in a triangular manner and later in a circular pattern. C) in a diagonal or a circular pattern. D) back and forth horizontally or up and down vertically.
C
In an fMRI experiment conducted by Murray et al. (2006) where the researchers studied the brain's response to ponzo illusion, it was found that: A) the objects and surfaces near the point toward which a person heads, move outward slowly in the retinal image. B) when the object is perpendicular to the line of sight, the retinal image has the same trapezoidal shape as the object. C) there is a larger area of activity in V1 when the participants were fixating at the center of the "large" sphere than when they were fixating at the center of the "small" one. D) the depth cues of linear perspective and texture gradients lead to the perception of two same sized-spheres.
B
In holographic technology, which type of depth cue enables a viewer to get different views of the scene by moving the head or walking around the display? A) static B) dynamic C) binocular D) monocular
C
In order to switch focus from one object to the other object, an observer in this situation would have to increase the angle of convergence between the eyes. Hence, the disparity of objects closer than the horopter is called _____. A) zero disparity B) stereopsis disparity C) crossed disparity D) uncrossed disparity
C
In principle, the information in the CDS could be more useful than information from the extraocular muscles because the CDS would be sent _____. A) after the eyes move B) when the eyes move C) before the eyes move D) only during sleep
C
In real-world situations, integrating depth cues provide us with: A) neural signals that rapidly identify the shape and color of objects rather than locating them. B) misleading information about objects at higher altitudes as they often lack dynamic cues and binocular disparity. C) same or complementary information about the depths of the objects and surfaces in the scene. D) complex depth cues that are often at conflict with each other.
D
In the Ames room illusion, an observer is required to look through the peephole with just one eye because: A) that eliminates misperception of distance, which leads to misperception of object size. B) that eliminates linear perspective and as the participant moves across the room from left to right, the objects in the room appear to move right to left at different speeds. C) the objects in the room appear to converge as they recede in depth. D) that eliminates the binocular depth cue and the trapezoidal shapes all look rectangular.
B
In the context of MAE, the concept of motion contrast is similar to: A) trichromatic mechanisms for color vision. B) opponent color circuits. C) the mechanisms used to explain depth perception. D) Gestalt principles of object perception.
C
In the context of a point-light walker display, when a person walks, piecewise rigidity refers to the: A) constant distance between the wrist and the ankle. B) constant distance between the knee and the wrist. C) constant distance between the knee and the ankle. D) placement of dots in a random dot kinematogram.
D
In the context of a simple neural circuit that responds to motion, direction and speed tuning of neurons: A) results in inhibition of firing when a stimulus with a direction of motion near the preferred one is used. B) produce firing in a discontinuous manner. C) are all-or-none events. D) have a gradual falloff from the preferred direction or speed to nearby directions or speeds.
B
In the context of autostereoscopy, the parallax barrier method works BEST with: A) the Ames room. B) handheld video games. C) corrective lenses for improving vision. D) forced perspective.
A
In the context of binocular disparity, a point on the left retina and a point on the right retina are _____ if they would coincide if the two retinas were superimposed. A) corresponding points B) noncorresponding points C) horopter points D) crossed disparity points
A
In the context of binocular disparity, the horopter is an imaginary surface defined by the locations in the scene from which objects would: A) project retinal images at corresponding points on each retina. B) project retinal images at noncorresponding points on each retina. C) produce uncrossed disparity. D) produce crossed disparity.
B
In the context of dynamic cues, as a person moves through the environment, objects farther from the fixation point: A) appear to move faster than objects nearer the fixation point. B) appear to move slower than objects nearer the fixation point. C) appear to move in the same direction as the observer, while objects nearer the fixation point appear to move in the opposite direction. D) do not appear to move, while objects nearer the observer move in the same direction as the observer.
C
In the context of evolutionary influences on motion sickness, a major cause of ill health was: A) old age. B) improper nutrition. C) ingestion of toxic substances such as poisonous plants or spoiled meat. D) the brain's inability to process information from more than one sense at a time.
B
In the context of figure-ground organization, an abrupt discontinuity in the _____ of a stimulus is a powerful cue to the boundary between two surfaces. A) temperature B) color C) frequency D) continuum
C
In the context of lighting in the retinal image, which statement explains that distant objects appear less distinct than nearby objects? A) The farther away an object is, the less air the light must pass through to reach us, and the more that light can be scattered. B) When the air is very clear and dry, less air passes through the light to reach us that makes objects appear increasingly hazy with distance. C) The farther away an object is, the more air the light must pass through to reach us, and the more that light can be scattered. D) As you move through the environment, more distant objects move more slowly across your retina than nearby objects, making it less distinct.
B
In the context of neural basis of motion perception in area V1 and area MT, _____ tuning is determined by the length of a delay in the transmission of signals from Neuron 1 or Neuron 2. A) direction B) speed C) linear D) curvilinear
A
In the context of neural basis of motion perception in area V1 and area MT, _____ tuning is determined by whether the delay is built into the transmission of signals from Neuron 1 or Neuron 2. A) direction B) speed C) linear D) curvilinear
B
In the context of perceptual constancy, size constancy is a tendency to: A) perceive changes in the retinal image size of an object. B) perceive an object's size as constant despite changes in the size of the object's retinal image. C) use variety of cues simultaneously to obtain information about depth. D) perceive the size of an object in relation to its perceived distance.
A
In the context of the moon illusion, how does the size-distance relation affect our perception of the moon? A) It leads us to perceive the moon near the horizon as larger. B) It leads us to perceive the moon as greater in size well above the horizon than it is near the horizon. C) It leads us to perceive the moon as being at the height of the clouds, thereby it appears closer when it is near the horizon. D) It leads us to perceive the moon as actually being farther away from the earth when it is in the zenith position than when it is on the horizon.
D
In the context of visually induced motion sickness, a virtual nose would _____ motion sickness. A) have no effect on B) increase C) inhibit D) decrease
B
In the context of visually induced motion sickness, the study conducted by Keshavarz et al. (2015) found that: A) pleasant odors that were either noticed or unnoticed both helped prevent motion sickness. B) pleasant odors that were noticed helped prevent motion sickness more than other odors. C) there was no significant difference in the intensity of motion sickness before and after perceiving the pleasant odor. D) the participants were much more likely to suffer motion sickness than if there had been no odor at all.
A
John leans against a wall and watches a squirrel approach a tree. As the squirrel crosses behind the tree, its body gradually disappears. This illustrates the process of: A) deletion. B) accretion. C) accommodation. D) crossed disparity.
C
Kellan has been wearing prism goggles that shift his field of view to the left. Initially, he threw a ball too far to the left of a target, but later he was able to hit the target accurately. He removes the goggles and aims at the target again. His throw will likely: A) be too far to the left of the target. B) be too much in front or too far behind the target. C) be too far to the right of the target. D) accurately hit the target.
B
Larry and Theo are both 6 feet tall. Larry stands at 10 feet from an observer and Theo stands at 15 feet from the observer. Here, Larry would produce a: A) smaller visual angle than Theo would produce. B) larger visual angle than Theo would produce. C) same-size visual angle as Theo would produce. D) smaller retinal image than Theo would produce.
D
Lee and Aronson (1974) experimentally demonstrated the role of: A) visual perception in carrying out future planned actions. B) perception and action cycle in initiating and guiding a movement. C) prism adaptation in compensating for inaccurate movements. D) optic flow in standing upright.
C
Linear optical trajectory is a strategy suggested to explain: A) how people stand upright even when the walls and ceiling of a room appear to move. B) the expansion of hand-centered receptive field. C) how fielders catch fly balls. D) how baseball batter's hit a fastball.
D
MT neurons respond to _____. A) temperature B) frequency C) amplitude D) shape
D
Marr and Poggio (1979) suggested that the visual system determines the correspondences in the two retinal images, and thus it is possible to compute the binocular disparities by making two simple and quite reasonable assumptions about the world when matching features in the left and right retinal images. Here, one of these assumptions states that: A) if surface variations are fairly regular in size and spacing, the retinal image size of these equal-size features decreases as their distance increases. B) each feature in one retinal image will match three or more features in the other retinal image. C) almost every point in the field of view is surrounded by points at about different depths. D) each feature in one retinal image will match only one feature in the other retinal image.
D
Martha gazes out the window of a moving train. Billboards, telephone poles, and other objects near the railway track move past Martha very quickly, while objects in the distance moves slowly. This illustrates the depth cue of: A) deletion and accretion. B) optic flow. C) cast shadows. D) motion parallax.
C
Minh, during football practice on Monday, judges by visual perception that he can easily score a 40-yard field goal. However, on Tuesday, he strains his leg. Afterward, when he looks at a similar 40-yard field goal attempt, he says it looks harder and more like a 50-yard attempt. This is consistent with: A) perihand space theory. B) demand characteristic theory. C) action-specific perception. D) the role of optic flow in visual feedback.
D
Mirror neurons are neurons that fire in response to: A) tactile stimulation of the hand and to visual stimuli near the hand. B) only the right hand being stimulated by a visual stimuli near the hand. C) a handheld tool being included in the hand-centered receptive field. D) an action produced and when the same action is observed being produced by others.
A
Motion sickness is thought to occur because of a conflict between the _____ systems. A) vestibular and visual B) auditory and visual C) tactile and visual D) vestibular and tactile
B
Movshon et al. (1985) studied the combination-of-motions effect using two superimposed sets of moving stripes. Their study found that: A) MT neurons cannot combine the responses of V1 neurons and were quite ineffective. B) MT neurons can combine the responses of V1 neurons and/or component neurons in MT itself. C) V1 neurons responded only to the motion of many different component sets of stripes. D) MT neurons respond only to the motion of individual component sets of stripes.
A
Newsome et al. (1989) used the coherence of motion technique to study monkeys' perception of motion. When comparing the results of single-cell recordings from area MT with the monkeys' judgments, they found that: A) the judgments were about what one would expect if the judgments were based on the responses of the population of MT neurons. B) the judgments were about what one would expect if the judgments were based on the responses of the population of V1 neurons. C) the judgments were inconsistent with what one would expect if the judgments were based on the responses of the population of MT neurons. D) the responses of the population of MT neurons appeared unrelated to the judgments that the monkeys made.
A
Nick stares at a spiral shaped object that is spiraling outwards. The movement stops after some time and he stares at the still image. As a result of motion aftereffect, the object would appear to be: A) spiraling inwards. B) spiraling outwards. C) moving sideways. D) moving vertically.
A
Objects on the horopter produce: A) zero disparity. B) uncrossed disparity. C) crossed disparity. D) either crossed or uncrossed disparity.
D
Objects that are either closer to an observer or farther away from the observer than the horopter will project retinal images that fall: A) on corresponding points. B) at zero disparity. C) at crossed disparity. D) on noncorresponding points.
A
Optic ataxia, as illustrated in the opening vignette with patient J. R., is a deficit in the: A) ability to produce appropriate motor movements in response to visual information. B) ability to differentiate colors based on visual information. C) ability of photopigment molecules to regenerate after isomerization to the all-trans shape. D) ability of the lens shape to accommodate in order to focus on objects at different distances.
C
Optic flow is a critical cue to depth when a person is driving, though it also operates, of course, when a person moves slowly through a scene. The objects and surfaces near the point toward which the person is heading is called _____ that move outward slowly in the retinal image. A) motion parallax B) cast shadows C) focus of expansion D) linear perspective
B
Perhaps the most widely accepted explanation of the moon illusion is that, like most other size illusions, it results from a misperception of distance. The actual distance from an observer on the earth's surface to the moon is _____. A) virtually greater when the moon is at the horizon B) virtually the same when the moon is at the horizon and when it is directly overhead C) virtually closer when the moon is at the horizon and when it is directly overhead D) virtually the same when the moon is at the zenith position
D
Physiological support for opponent color representation comes from: A) the discovery of two types of cones in the fish retina that responded in similar ways to different wavelengths. B) the observation that people sorted a stack of cards into four piles of colors rather than three. C) measurements of neurons in the ventral geniculate nucleus of rats that responded to color in an opponent fashion. D) confirmation of the existence of neural circuits involved in the opponent color representation process.
B
The corollary discharge signal: A) informs the brain about the speed of a stimulus. B) informs the visual system about upcoming eye movements. C) comes from the extraocular muscles. D) depends on the speed tuning of neurons.
D
Research by Bekkering and Neggers (2002) on action plans showed that, when participants had to either point at or grasp target blocks, _____. A) the participants looked to an object with the correct color significantly more often when the task was grasping than when the task was pointing B) the participants looked to an object with the correct orientation significantly more often when the task was pointing than when the task was grasping C) regardless of whether the task was pointing or grasping, participants almost always looked to an object with the correct orientation D) regardless of whether the task was pointing or grasping, participants almost always looked to an object with the correct color
C
Research findings of random dot stereograms have shown that: A) object recognition precedes correspondence matching. B) correspondence matching is not necessary for the perception of binocular disparity. C) correspondence matching precedes object recognition. D) object recognition occurs simultaneously with correspondence matching.
D
Researchers have examined what happens when they manipulate the number of depth cues available and the degree to which those cues conflict. Such experiments have revealed a few basic principles. Identify a basic principle of depth cues. A) The processing of depth cues requires conscious thought. B) Multiple depth cues tend to decrease the accuracy of depth perception. C) Depth perception based on multiple cues is a slow and automatic process. D) No single depth cue dominates in all situations, and no single cue is necessary in all situations.
A
Salzman et al. (1992) used microstimulation to demonstrate that motion perception is caused by: A) neural activity in area MT. B) neural activity in area V1. C) the aperture problem. D) a motion aftereffect.
D
Shape-slant invariance means that the perceived shape of an object depends on its: A) perceived distance. B) perceived depth. C) perceived size. D) perceived slant.
B
Simulator displays cause visually induced motion sickness because they have wide fields of view and convey strong _____ cues of a stimulus. A) color B) motion C) shape D) size
C
Sommer and Wurtz (2006) conducted an experiment where they recorded from single neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys' prefrontal cortex. Their findings offered support for the importance of the corollary discharge signal (CDS) since a flash of light on the _____ led to a strong response _____ a saccade. A) receptive field (RF); before B) future field (FF); after C) future field (FF); just before D) receptive field (RF); just after
A
Stereopsis is a depth cue arising from the visual system's processing of the: A) different retinal images in the two eyes. B) different retinal images in a single eye at two different times. C) texture elements that project a retinal image as distance of the object from the observer increases. D) light that falls on curved surfaces in ways that give rise to shading differences.
A
Studies on prism adaptation show that when people initially wear wedge prism goggles, they: A) make large errors in executing more complex actions. B) are highly accurate in executing complex tasks. C) are unaffected by the shift in focus caused by the prism. D) are unable to adapt to wearing the prism.
A
Studies with prism adaptation show that after adaptation, if a person is asked to point straight ahead with eyes closed: A) the person will point off to one side. B) the person will point upward. C) the person will point downward. D) the person will point straight ahead.
B
The Ponzo illusion illustrates the principle of: A) lighting effects in the retinal image that function as depth cues. B) size-distance invariance and the powerful influence of linear perspective on size perception. C) perceived size of an afterimage that is proportional to the distance of the surface on which it is projected. D) shape-slant invariance where the perceived shape of an object depends on its perceived slant.
A
The _____ contains a somatosensory representation of the body's surface. A) anterior parietal lobe B) posterior parietal lobe C) medial intraparietal area D) lateral intraparietal area
B
The _____ contains a variety of functionally specialized regions that support perceptually guided action and other functions. A) anterior parietal lobe B) posterior parietal lobe C) premotor cortex D) motor cortex
A
The _____ contains neurons that are active when a monkey or human is involved in planning a reach to a specific location. A) medial intraparietal area B) lateral intraparietal area C) premotor cortex D) motor cortex
D
The anterior intraparietal area of the posterior parietal lobe is thought to be involved in _____ movements. A) perceptually guided B) eye C) reaching D) grasping
D
The aperture problem can be solved by neurons in area _____. A) V1 B) V2 C) V4 D) MT
A
The difference in the speed and direction with which objects appear to move in the retinal image as an observer moves within a scene provide the depth cue of _____. A) motion parallax B) optic flow C) accretion D) linear perspective
C
The dynamic monocular depth cues are: A) familiar size, relative size, and linear perspective. B) partial occlusion, relative height, and texture gradients. C) motion parallax, optic flow, and deletion and accretion. D) atmospheric perspective, shading, and cast shadows.
B
The estimate of the visual feedback processing time as determined by Keele and Posner (1968) was: A) greater than the time estimated by Woodworth's original study. B) lesser than the time estimated by Woodworth's original study. C) the same as was estimated by Woodworth's original study. D) more than three times of that determined by Woodworth's original study.
D
The figure given below shows the tabletop illusion. It illustrates that the tabletop on the left is _____ the tabletop on the right. A) longer and narrower than B) farther than C) more distorted than D) exactly the same shape and size as
A
The hand-centered receptive fields of bimodal neurons _____ to include locations near a handheld tool in order to support control of visually guided actions with the tool. A) expand B) shrink C) retain their size D) shift
D
The motion of a visual feature such as a spot of light is affected by its position, its direction of motion, and its _____. A) frequency B) color C) amplitude D) speed
D
The next generation of 3-D video will be based on _____ technology, where a viewer will be able to get different views of the scene by moving her head or walking around the display. This will involve dynamic depth cues that result from the viewer's own motion, not just from the motion of objects in the scene. A) stereoscopic B) liquid-crystal shutter C) autostereoscopic D) holographic
B
The oculomotor cues of accommodation and convergence provide information about depth based on information from the muscles that control the _____ and the _____. A) shape of the lens; retinal image B) shape of the lens; position of the eyes C) size of the objects; position of the eyes D) optic flow; position of the objects in the retinal image
C
The oculomotor depth cue that involves adjusting the shape of the lens to focus an image sharply on the retina is called: A) binocular disparity. B) convergence. C) accommodation. D) optic flow.
A
The parietal lobe is divided into the anterior and posterior lobes by the _____ sulcus. A) postcentral B) central C) intraparietal D) cingulate
C
The perceptual grouping principle of _____ strongly influences whether the dots in an apparent motion quartet appear to move vertically or horizontally. A) similarity B) good continuation C) proximity D) pragnanz
D
The position-based depth cues are: A) binocular disparity and motion parallax. B) convergence and accommodation. C) deletion and accretion. D) partial occlusion and relative height.
A
The process of gradual hiding of an object as it passes behind another one is called: A) deletion. B) accretion. C) accommodation. D) binocular disparity.
B
The rapid adjustment referred to as _____ shows that one can use visual information to recognize errors in one's movements and correct future movements. A) optic flow B) prism adaptation C) spatial frequency D) perihand space
B
The region of the posterior parietal lobe in monkeys that is involved in the control of eye movements is the _____. A) medial intraparietal area B) lateral intraparietal area C) premotor cortex D) motor cortex
B
The role of mirror neurons is to: A) provide a way for an animal to expand the hand-centered receptive field. B) provide a way for an animal to better perceive and understand the actions of others. C) help a baseball batter in estimating the speed of a pitch. D) aid a baseball fielder in catching a fly ball
A
The size-distance relation states that the: A) farther away an object is from an observer, the smaller is its retinal image. B) farther away an object is from an observer, the larger is its retinal image. C) farther away a familiar object is from an observer, the larger is its retinal image. D) farther away a familiar object is from an observer, the more air the light must pass through the retinal image.
A
The technique of pointillist painting was adopted: A) to avoid the dimming effect of subtractive color mixtures. B) to avoid the dimming effect of additive color mixtures. C) to highlight the brushstrokes of the painters. D) to expand the range of colors by using synthetic pigments.
A
The tendency to perceive an object's shape as constant despite changes in the shape of the object's retinal image due to the object's changing orientation is called: A) shape constancy. B) shape-slant invariance. C) size constancy. D) binocular disparity.
D
The types of oculomotor depth cues are: A) binocular disparity and motion parallax. B) motion parallax, optic flow, and deletion and accretion. C) accommodation and optic flow. D) convergence and accommodation.
C
The visible spectrum is that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that ranges from: A) 100 to 300 nm. B) 300 to 600 nm. C) 400 to 700 nm. D) 800 to 1000 nm.
B
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STSp) would temporarily lead to impaired: A) perception of texture. B) perception of biological motion. C) perception of a randomly moving dot display. D) depth perception.
B
Two cargo boxes fall off a train onto the railway track at a distance of 20 feet apart from one another. These two boxes are together viewed by Jim from a linear perspective. He interprets the tracks as two lines perpendicular to the line of sight and tilted symmetrically inward rather than as two lines receding into the distance. According to the Ponzo illusion, which statement is MOST likely to be true? A) The box that is farther away from Jim will appear smaller in size than the box that is closer to him. B) The box that is closer to Jim will appear smaller in size than the box that is farther away from him. C) Both the boxes will appear to be of the same size to Jim. D) The box that is closer to Jim will appear bigger in size than the box that is farther away from him.
C
Ungerleider and Mishkin's (1982) studies on the dorsal pathway showed that lesions in the parietal cortex led to an inability to carry out tasks related to knowing the: A) 'what' of the object. B) 'when' of the action. C) 'where' of the object. D) 'who' of the action.
B
Using a room in which the walls and ceiling could move independent of the floor, Lee and Aronson (1974) demonstrated that: A) optic flow was unrelated to maintaining an upright position. B) optic flow could cause children to stagger and fall. C) the focus of expansion corresponded to the position of a stationary object. D) the navigation and focus of expansion overlap if a person walks straight ahead
C
Visual information used to control an ongoing movement is known as _____. A) spectral sensitivity B) visual acuity C) visual feedback D) prism adaptation
C
Warren and Hannon (1998) showed that when the eyes of individuals move as they walk forward—say, to track a stationary object off to one side, the individuals: A) focus of expansion corresponds to the navigation goal. B) lose their balance and fall. C) can still judge their heading accurately. D) are unable to judge their heading accurately.
A
When a light source emits a wide range of different wavelengths, it is called _____. A) heterochromatic light B) monochromatic light C) achromatic light D) multivariate light
A
When an individual is moving through a scene, objects and surfaces in the retinal image move _____ from the point in the scene toward which one is moving. A) outward B) inward C) backward D) forward
D
When one is looking straight ahead at one's navigation goal while walking forward, the pattern of optic flow tells the person that his or her: A) focus of expansion moves inward from the periphery. B) focus of expansion is shrinking. C) heading is toward a stationary object in the scene. D) heading is directly toward the focus of expansion.
B
When the visual angle for a basketball is less than the visual angle for a baseball, then the: A) basketball must be closer to the observer than the baseball. B) basketball must be farther away from the observer than the baseball. C) basketball and the baseball are located at the same distance from the observer. D) basketball partially occulates a more distant baseball.
B
When viewing a 3-D movie in a theater using 3-D glasses with polarized lenses, _____. A) everyone in the theater sees a slightly different stereoscopic view. B) everyone in the theater sees the same stereoscopic view. C) viewers see either double images or no image at all. D) viewers get different views of the scene by moving the head or walking around the display.
B
Which depth cue would you miss the MOST if you were poked in the eye and had to wear an eye patch for a week? A) shading B) binocular disparity C) motion parallax D) accommodation
A
Which observation constituted evidence for the process of opponent color representation? A) Colors observed in the afterimages are the other member of the opponent color pairs. B) Colors often appear to be mixtures of two opponent colors but never appear to be mixtures of two non-opponent colors. C) People sort a stack of differently colored cards into three piles-red, green, and blue. D) Ewald Hering discovered a fourth cone type (for yellow wavelength) using retinal densitometry.
B
Which statement BEST describes texture gradient that serves as a cue to depth? A) Moisture and particles in the air scatter light, which makes objects appear increasingly hazy with distance. B) The impressions created by stones in a dry riverbed are fairly regular in size and spacing, and the retinal image size of these equal-size features decreases as their distance increases. C) The top and bottom edges of the train appear to converge and project a smaller retinal image as it recedes from an observer. D) The objects and surfaces, near the point toward which you are driving, move outward slowly in your retinal image.
B
Which statement explains the principle of size-distance invariance? A) The perceived size of an afterimage is proportional to the distance of the surface on which it's "projected." B) The perceived size of an object depends on its perceived distance. C) The perceived size of an object tends to remain constant despite changes in the wavelengths and intensity of the light. D) The depth cues of two objects depend on their perceived distance.
B
Which statement is true of photopigment bleaching? A) Color assimilation is a form of photopigment bleaching. B) It is one of the primary mechanisms of dark and light adaptation. C) It helps in correctly perceiving the color of a surface under different illuminants. D) It is a method for measuring the amount of light at each wavelength absorbed by a foveal cone.
D
Which statement is true of trichromatic color representation? A) The three cone types limit the creation and perception of all the colors associated with wavelengths in the visible spectrum. B) The three cone types have the same spectral sensitivity function that spans part of the visible spectrum. C) The amount of light at every wavelength at every point in the retina can be measured. D) Many pairs of lights that are physically different in their wavelength composition are perceived as identical.
C
Which technology has been developed to permit 3-D viewing on television, computer, or mobile phone displays without special glasses? A) liquid-crystal shutter B) binocular lenses C) autostereoscopy D) holography
C
Which two parietal lobules are separated by the intraparietal sulcus? A) anterior and posterior B) anterior and central C) superior and inferior D) superior and anterior
A
While reading _____ prevents a blur on the retina. A) saccadic suppression B) smooth pursuit eye movement C) vergence eye movement D) corollary discharge signal
A
White light is also called _____ light. A) achromatic B) dichromatic C) monochromatic D) trichromatic
D
With a point-light walker display, a viewer can distinguish a runner from a dancer or a person walking on a sidewalk from one on a trampoline, and accurately perceive the display: A) with fewer light points. B) with light points that are located on the torso only. C) when the timing of the movement of light points is not coordinated. D) when light points are placed on the joints.
A
With the help of transcranial magnetic stimulation, Beckers and Zeki (1995) conducted a deliberate temporary deactivation of MT done at just the right moment relative to the presentation of a moving-dot stimulus. The research found that the perception of _____ was impaired due to deactivation of MT. A) motion B) weight C) color D) shape
B
___ is referred to as the waterfall illusion. A) Motion perception B) Motion aftereffect C) The Ponzo illusion D) Motion coherence
A
____ are characteristics of an experiment that might lead participants to respond differently than they otherwise would have if they weren't participating in the experiment. A) Demand characteristics B) Receptive characteristics C) Lateral characteristics D) Bimodal characteristics
C
____ are sensitive both to visual information from the space near the hand as well as to tactile stimulation of the hand. A) Pseudo-unipolar neurons B) Bipolar neurons C) Bimodal neurons D) Mirror neurons
B
____ eye movements occur when a person tracks a moving object. A) Saccadic B) Smooth pursuit C) Vergence D) Vestibulo-ocular
C
____ is a strategy used by baseball fielders to ensure that they arrive at the ball's landing point at the same time as the ball. A) Prism adaptation B) Parabolic optical trajectory C) Linear optical trajectory D) Focus of expansion
A
____ is an imaginary surface defined by the locations in a scene from which objects would project retinal images at corresponding points. A) The/A horopter B) optic flow C) stereopsis D) The/A texture gradient
D
____ is the visual receptive field of a neuron that responds to visual stimuli near the hand, based on the location of the stimulus relative to the hand, not on the retinal location stimulated. A) Center-surround receptive field B) Off-center receptive field C) On-center receptive field D) Hand-centered receptive field
C
_____ is a heterochromatic light source that contains proportionately more long-wavelength light than sunlight does. A) Flashbulb light B) Fluorescent light C) Incandescent light D) Candle light
B
_____ is a position-based depth cue—in scenes where one object partially hides another object, this indicates that the former is closer than the latter. A) Linear perspective B) Partial occlusion C) Atmospheric perspective D) Relative height
C
_____ is a visual illusion in which two stimuli separated in time and location are perceived as a single stimulus moving between the two locations. A) MAE B) Apparent motion quartet C) Apparent motion D) Aperture problem
D
_____ is an experimental technique where a person cancels out any perception of a particular color in a test light by adding light of another color. A) Metameric color matching B) Color assimilation C) Photopigment bleaching D) Hue cancellation
A
_____ is an intrinsic property that typically does not change, whereas the _____ of the light reflected from an object changes whenever the illumination changes. A) Reflectance; SPD B) SPD; reflectance C) Wavelength; reflectance D) Intensity; polarization
C
_____ is the intensity of the light at each wavelength in the visible spectrum. A) Color circle B) Spectral reflectance C) Spectral power distribution D) Spectral sensitivity function
B
_____ is the tendency to see a surface as having the same color under illumination by lights with different spectral power distributions. A) Color assimilation B) Color constancy C) Lightness constancy D) Light contrast
A
_____ is the tendency to see a surface as having the same perceived reflectance under illumination by very different amounts of light.
D
_____ occurs when a single neuron in area V1 is unable to determine the actual direction of motion of a stimulus. A) Visually induced motion sickness B) Apparent motion C) Motion aftereffect D) The aperture problem
A
_____ results from exposure to relatively intense light consisting of a narrow range of wavelengths. A) Chromatic adaptation B) Color constancy C) Lightness constancy D) Hue cancellation
