Exam 2

The Miles Davis Nonet, a nine-piece ensemble with three-piece rhythm section and a novel six-piece horn configuration played music by Gil Evans, Gerry Mulligan, John Lewis and Miles Dave, and ___________.

-Made the significant album, Birth of Cool -Defined a style that became known as "cool" -Was modeled after one of the swing era's most impressionistic big bands, the Claude Thornhill Orchestra -Was the first important post-bebop group -All of the above!!!!!!!

Many of the top Chicago jazz musicians moved to New York in the late ______ and ________ and found literally thousands of nightclubs, speakeasies, cabarets and dancehalls.

1920s and 1930s

Between _______ and ________ jazz (or swing as it came to be called) was more popular than anytime in its history, and it influenced clothing styles, retail marketing, fashion, dance and even language.

1935 and 1946

During his career, Duke Ellington wrote roughly __________ compositions.

2000

Throughout the late 1920s and into the 1930s, jazz bandleaders were experimenting with increasing the size of their bands. Because dancehalls kept getting bigger and bigger, the amount of volume a band needed to fill them kept growing (these were days before amplified sound reinforcement). Duke Ellington exemplified this trend: his first band in 1924 had ______ members. By 1927, he had ________ members, by 1930 _________ members and by 1940 ________ members.

6, 10, 12, 15

Fugue

A formal structure first used during the Baroque Era (1600-1750) that makes extensive use of counterpoint based on an opening theme or subject

Theodore "Fats" Navarro (1923-1950)

A major trumpet stylist of the bebop era. He showcased a more lyrical style as compared to Gillespie

Rhythm & Blues

A more commercial, dance-oriented version of the blues, often utilizing coordinated costumes and dance steps by performers. The phrase was coined in 1949 by Jerry Wexler of Billboard Magazine as a label for charting purposes.

Tadd Dameron (1917-1965)

A prolific composer of many bebop standards, this musician was one of the first arrangers in the bebop style, and was also a fine pianist.

Third Stream

A stylistic development of the 1950s characterized by the merging of jazz and classical music. The name was coined by composer Gunther Schuller in 1957

Soul Jazz

A substyle of hard bop that drew heavily from R&B influences and artists like Ray Charles

True or False: Like Louis Armstrong before him, Chet Baker was influential and popular both as a trumpet player and vocalist.

True

Reharmoniation

Also known as chord substitution, this involves replacing the existing chords of a chord progression with new ones; it was a common practice among bebop musicians and composer.

Bebop changed jazz from popular dance music to intellectual _________.

Art Music

After first arriving in New York, Charlie Parker took a job as a dishwasher at Jimmy's Chicken Shack, where __________ played the piano nightly. Listening to his astonishing harmonic restructuring, virtuoso phrasing, and breakneck tempos every night for three months, Charlie Parker challenged himself to adopt these qualities into his playing, and he continued to practice tirelessly.

Art Tatum

To measure the greatness of ___________, a different set of standards must be used. With a limited range of about fifteen notes and a frail, delicate voice, she can hardly be called a virtuoso. But she gave some of the most inspired performances by a jazz singer on record with unlimited emotion and expresiveness.

Billie Holiday

Duke Ellington's creative output as composer and arranger was enhanced in 1939 with the addition of __________ as a collaborator.

Billy Strayhorn

Who wrote Take the A Train, Passion Flower, Chelsea Bridge and Lush Life. (Hint: Close friend to Duke Ellington).

Billy Strayhorn

Melodies found in hard bop were often derived from the ____________.

Blues Scale

In an environment of experimentation and spirited camaraderie, _________, the first ___________ jazz style, was born. It changed jazz from popular dance music to intellectual art music.

Bebop, Modern

On January 16, 1938 Benny Goodman's orchestra headlined the "first ever" jazz concert at _________ to a standing room only crowd.

Carnegie Hall

Running north and south through the heart of southern Los Angeles in the predominately black South Central neighborhood was, ________, which by the 1940s, because of its large number of jazz, blues, and R&B clubs, became a kind of West Coast 52 Street.

Central Avenue

Although many musicians participated in the bebop revolution, and history has undoubtedly forgotten many who were in the trenches of the Harlem jam sessions, it is clear that the most important and influential architects of bebop were ________, __________ and ____________.

Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonius Monk

Max Roach (1924-2007)

Considered to be the greatest bebop drummer. He is credited with making drumming more melodic and more polyrhythmic, and was also a composer and bandleader.

Owney "the Killer" Madden, proprietor of the __________, was one of the white downtown gangsters that controlled much of the Harlem nightlife by bootlegging liquor to speakeasies and operation exclusive nightclubs that catered to the rich and famous patrons.

Cotton Club

Hot bands were true jazz bands with the most exciting and jazz-oriented arrangements as well as the best jazz soloist. The best hot bands were _______, _______, ________, __________, and ____________.

Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford and Benny Goodman

Popular Tunes

a huge catalogue of popular and dance tunes written throughout his career, often using the 32-bar standard song form or 12-bar blues form

True or False: A new breed of bepop jazz musicians experimented with new musical ideas at Harlem's many tiny, out-of-the-way clubs, (such as Rhythm Club, Pod and Jerry's, Minton's Playhouse, Hoofer's Club, Uptown House, the Hollywood, the 101 Ranch, the Heatwave, and the Nest), with the most important of these clubs undeniably the Rhythm Club due to the caliber of musician's it consistently attracted.

False

True or False: Although Thelonious Monk was an innovator known as The High Priest of Bop, Dizzy Gillespie credited Bud Powell, not Monk, with inventing many of the harmonic principles of bepop.

False

True or False: By the mid 20th century, jazz music saw an increase in record sales and popularity.

False

True or False: Charlie Parker (1920-1955) started playing the alto sax as a freshman in high school and was gigging around town by the time he was 15. Those who played with him at that time said he was often the best musician on the bandstand.

False

True or False: From the start, bebop was extremely popular which contributed to the wealth of bebop recordings created during the music's developmental stages.

False

Sarah Vaughan (1924-1990)

First came to prominence as the vocalist in the Billy Eckstine Orchestra from 1944-1945. Combining superb scat vocals with distinct interpretations, this vocalist was also a fine pianist and a favorite among musicians.

Even though __________ was never as commercially successful as Paul Whiteman or Benny Goodman, his contributions as bandleader, arranger and talent scout were critical to the popularity of jazz in the 1930s and 1940s.

Fletcher Henderson

Sweet bands were cut in the mold of the Paul Whiteman Orchestra, playing stock arrangements of overly commercial dance music. Some of the most popular bands of the era were sweet bands, including _______ and ________.

Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians and the Sammy Kaye Orchestra

The __________, as it was called, was focused on the arts: theatre, literature, art, poetry, and music.

Harlem Renaissance

Bud Powell (1924-1966)

Influenced virtually all jazz pianists that followed him. His amazing right-hand technique produced runs that rivaled those of Gillespie and Parker.

Overdubbing

Is a feature of multi-track tape recorders that allows musicians to record additional parts independently of each other while listening to already recorded tracks with headphones.

Counterpoint

Is two ore more melodic lines occurring simultaneously, sometimes referred to as polyphony

In 1962, Stan Getz recorded the LP __________, with guitarist Charlie Byrd. This album was a huge success, and featured a new jazz/samba-hybrid music style from Brazil called ____________.

Jazz Samba, Bossa Nova

In 1923, Duke Ellington and his cohorts joined a band called the Washingtonians which provided steady income. The Washingtonians got their first important gig at a tiny basement tavern called the Hollywood Club at 49th and Broadway, where they would stay off and on for the next four years. They also made an important addition with the hiring of trumpeter ________, who had studied the mute techniques of Joe Oliver and was now a master himself in using a plunger mute to get a guttural, growling wah-wah effect.

James "Bubber" Miley

Stan Getz teamed up with the creators of bossa nova, guitarist and vocalist ______ and composer/pianist _________ to produce the album Getz/Gilberto, which was one of the most successful albums of the 1960s (it peaked at #2 on the charts, won three Grammy Awards, and became Getz's only gold album).

Joao Gilberto, Antonio Carlos Jobim

As compared to Jazz Combos and Bid Bands, __________ were R&B bands placed more emphasis on honking saxophone solos and a heavy backbeat from the rhythm section. These bands gained popularity during the mid 20th century.

Jump Bands

Duke Ellington had several different writing styles. ___________ became known as his first recognizable style that made his orchestra famous. He used the talents of trumpet James "Bubbler" Miley, trombonist Joe "Tricky Sam" Nanton and clarinetist Barny Bigard and drummer Sonny Greer who used a giant set of percussion instruments that included tympani, gongs, and chimes.

Jungle Style

__________ with its isolated, rural setting, was an unlikely locale to support an important music scene. Nonetheless, it was the most wide-open town in America, and the music that came out of it was exciting, modern, and drenched in the blues.

Kansas City

With all the musical activity and competition that were the hallmarks of the times, Kansas City jazz took on a sound all its own, unlike anywhere else in America. The backbone of the ___________ was the 12 bar blues, a convenient format that could spontaneously be melded into many different styles and tempos.

Kansas City Style

Chick Webb

Led one of the most hard-swinging and powerful bands of the era. Was the house band at the Savoy Ballroom

Which person below was not a key member to Goodman's Small Group.

Louis Armstrong (Who was apart? Teddy Wilson, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, and Charlie Christian)

The Clouds of Joy

Mary Lou Williams joined the band, and she became one of the finest pianists and arrangers in the territories

In 1947, Charlie Parker lead a quintet that included _______ on trumpet and Max Roach on drums. By then, Parker was the leading figure of the bebop movement.

Miles Davis

After making a recording of the song, ________ Chet Baker's popularity skyrocketed. By 1954 after the release of the album Chet Baker Sings, he began winning critics and fan polls in Down Beat and Metronome.

My Funny Valentine

J.J. Johnson (1924-2001)

One of the first trombonists to adapt the unwieldy nature of the instrument to bebop. He led a quintet with fellow trombonist Kai Winding from 1954 to 1956.

In 1919 a pivotal and controversial musician appeared on the New York scene. Hiring some of New York's best composers. and arrangers to realize his ambition, _____________ created what became known as "symphonic jazz". Through his genius for self-promotion during the next few years, he soon became the most popular bandleader in New York, operated some two dozen bands on the East Coast and sold records by the million. He was also grossing more than a million dollars a year by 1922.

Paul Whiteman

John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie (1917-1993) was a trumpeter and was extremely influential in the development of bebop. Also an accomplished pianist, he often held informal talks at his home on Seventh Avenue on bop chord progressions. During the developmental years of bebop, he was referred to as the ___________.

Professor

________________ changed the entertainment business in profound ways in the late 1920's and early 1930's. It helped feed an ever-expanding music business that increasingly controlled who was going to make it, and what they were going to be playing.

Radio

Which of the following was NOT a factor leading to the end of the Swing Era?

Ragtime Revival (Was a factor: changing economics, World War II, predictability, bebop)

Rhythm changes

Refers to the chord progression of George Gershwin's 1930 song "I Got Rhythm" that were used for many bop compositions. The song uses the AABA standard song format, and is still used today for many contemporary jazz compositions.

Ella Fitzgerald (1917-1996)

Regarded as the greatest scat singer in the history of jazz

In the beginning, bebop was a __________ whose repercussions brought turmoil to the jazz world: some musicians stubbornly ignored it; others embraced it; still others initiated a nostalgic backlash against it.

Revolution***** WRONG????? Other choices: Revolution, Evolution, Insurgency, Reflection of the societal changes at the time, All of the Above

The ___________ was the scene of many Battle of Bands where the winner was determined by the vote of the dancers.

Savoy Ballroom

The son of Jewish Ukrainian immigrants, _____________ was born and raised in the lower class neighborhoods of the East Bronx, New York, and by the age of 17, he was on the road playing with the Stan Kenton Orchestra. His light, graceful, pretty saxophone sound clearly showed an influence from ___________, but he also incorporated modern bebop elements into his playing.

Stan Getz (1927-1991), Lester Young

____________ contained players whose talent was not quite ready for a band with a national reputation. Occasionally a player with outstanding talent would get "called up" to a national band, sometimes becoming a national band themselves.

Territory Bands

A critical ingredient to the swing era was dancing, and there were a number of dance crazes that came and went, all of which were more athletic and individually spontaneous than dance fads from previous years. Which of the following was NOT a dance fad.

The Flip and Flop (Dance Fads: Jitterbug, The Suzie-Q, The Lindy Hop, and the Shag)

In Harlem during the 1940s, tensions between black and whites began to escalate which lead to the jazz scene eventually moving downtown to a one-block area on 52nd Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. This area, known as _________, was home to a cluster of clubs that had been speakeasies during prohibition. As the 1930s gave way to the 1940s, more and more of them converted to jazz venues.

The Street

True or False: During the swing era, socially speaking, age-old suspicions and prejudices among different ethnicities had to be abandoned as people increasingly saw a need to come together for the common good.

True

True or False: Harlem was home to some of the biggest dancehalls in the country in the 1920s.

True

True or False: In 1953, Mingus formed the Jazz Workshop, a group dedicated to performing his compositions that at one time or another included reedmen Eric Dolphy and Rahsaan Roland Kirk, trombonist Jimmy Knepper, and Mingus's longtime drummer, Dannie Richmond. Some examples of his works are Black Saint and the Sinner Lady, and a 19-movement two-hour long Epitaph. His most well-known album, and some argue his finest work, was Mingus Ah Um.

True

True or False: In December 1949, with great fanfare, a live radio broadcast and Charlie Parker himself performing, Birdland, the "Jazz Corner of the World" opened at the corner of 53rd and Broadway. Never before had a club been named after a jazz musician.

True

True or False: Jimmy Smith's "Walk on the Wild Side," Ramsey Lewis's "The In Crowd," and Cannonball Adderley's "Mercy, Mercy, Mercy" were all huge hits and examples of Soul Jazz

True

The Count Basie Orchestra

This band was put together from the remnants of the Bennie Moten Orchestra. When Columbia Records producer John Hammond heard the band from his car radio in Chicago in 1936, he drove to Kansas City and set the wheels in motion for the band to debut in New York, get a recording contract, and become the most famous of the Kansas City bands

Dexter Gordon (1923-1990)

This musician's saxophone playing was a unique blend of the laid-back rhythmic style of Lester Young, and the dark, biting tone of Coleman Hawkins. He worked with Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson and the Billy Eckstine big bands, plus he played quite often on 52nd street. After being sent to prison for two years on drug charges, he moved to Europe in 1962. In 1976 he returned with a triumphant engagement at the Village Vanguard.

Hard Bop

This style is characterized by a return to roots, gospel and blues influences, with simpler harmony, rhythm, and melody than bebop and a powerful, explosive, and hard driving sound with an emphasis on virtuoso improvisation. It was, in many ways, black musicians's reaction to the commercially nice sounds of cool jazz

Indicted for income tax evasion in 1938, he was convicted and sent to Leavenworth prison. His administration was one of the most remarkable and corrupt in U.S. history. Dealing with the huge debt that he left meant that Kansas City faced years of rebuilding its economy.

Tom "Boss" Pendergast

Eddie Jefferson (1918-1979)

Took existing instrumental jazz solos and composed witty and inventive lyrics to them, which is a vocal technique called vocalese.

Trad Jazz

Traditional Jazz. This style was promoted by "Moldy Figs," a term coined in the 1947 Metronome article to describe those musicians who refused to keep up with modern trends. This style was featured at a club names Nicke's in Greenwich Village.

True or False: Cool Jazz was sometimes referred to as West Coast Jazz

True

True or False: During the swing era many bandleaders in fact achieved celebrity status that rivaled that of movie stars, some dated or married starlets and some even starred in movies themselves.

True

True or False: Miles Davis First Quintet was formed after he made his debut at the second annual Newport Jazz Festival, where he received a standing ovation for his rendition of Monk's "Round Midnight." The Miles Davis First Quintet included Philly Joe Jones on drums, Paul Chambers on bass, Red Garland on piano, and Sonny Rollins on tenor.

True

True or False: The high prices at these Harlem clubs essentially instilled a "whites only" policy by keeping the local middle class blacks out. The "Big Three" were Connie's Inn, Small's Paradise, and the Cotton Club.

True

True or False: Thelonious Monk was an eccentric genius and considered to be one of the greatest composers in jazz history.

True

True or False: During the swing era, jazz became a commercial product that had to be produced, marketed, and sold to the consumer in much the same way as a soft drink or a bar of soap.

True

True or False: The racial inequities of the music business during the swing era had allowed white dance band musicians to earn a confortable living while denying the same economic opportunities to black musicians. Black swing bands were routinely forced to play lesser paying gigs, had to travel farther to get to them, and, particularly in the South, had to deal with racial indignities, stereotypes, segregation, and in some cases violence.

True

Charlie Christian (1916-1942)

Was the first great electric guitarist of the bebop era, and the first guitarist to exploit the melodic potential of single-note runs on the electric guitar, which took it past its role as a purely rhythm instrument. He worked in Benny Goodman's sextet.

Kenny Clarke (1914-1985)

Was the founder of modern jazz drumming. He earned the name "Klook" because of the syncopated "dropping bombs" on the snare drum and bass drum. He also began to use his ride cymbal to keep time (the beat).

Oscar Peterson (1925-2007)

With incredible technique that is often compared to that of Art Tatum, this pianist has been active in jazz since his teens in his hometown of Montreal. His style is somewhat transitional, falling between stride, swing, and bebop.

Artie Shaw

achieved national fame with the hit "Begin the Beguine"

Harry Carney

baritone saxophonist for 47 years

Sonny Greer

drummer for 28 years

Impressionistic

extended works written mainly in his middle and later career that evoked images or memories of people, places, or history

Tin Pan Alley composers and lyricist wrote romantic songs with elaborate and clever rhyming schemes, and often worked within the structure known as the _________.

standard song form

Coleman Hawkins was experimenting with solos based on harmonic chord tones, a concept that became known as harmonic improvisation, or vertical playing. This required a thorough knowledge of _______ and _______. This improvisational concept was highly influential to the future of bebop musicians.

harmony and music theory

Cab Calloway

in 1931 recorded is biggest hit "Minnie the Moocher"

The Bennie Moten Orchestra

it was widely considered to be the top band in Kansas City from 1930 until the band leader died on the operating table during a tonsillectomy in 1935

Johnny Hodges

lead alto saxophonist for 38 years

The Blue Devils

led by a college educated bassist Walter Page, the band also included at various times Lester Young on tenor sax, Count Basie on piano, Buster Smith on alto sax and Jimmy Rushing on vocals

Bossa Nova

literally means "new" flair in Portuguese; containing Brazilian, jazz, and classical influences, bossa nova became popular in the early 1960

Jimmie Lunceford

noted for a two-step beat that dancers loved

Concerto

these were written to feature the unique talents of his many fine and versatile soloists

Ray Nance

trumpet, violin and vocal for 34 years

Jungle

written for the Cotton Club floorshows