Exam #2
During the course of a meal, as food enters the GI tract and hunger diminishes, satiation occurs. What is satiation? *hint* determines how much food is consumed during a meal.
As receptors in the stomach stretch and hormones become active, the person begins to feel full. Prompts the person to stop eating
___= weight (kg) / height (m)^2 or weight (lb) / height (in)^2 x 703 To convert pounds to kilograms, divide by 2.2. To convert inches to meters, divide by 39.37.
BMI
Carbohydrates contribute to ___ and ___.
Liver & muscles
> involved in bone mineralization, the building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscular contraction, and transmission of nerve impulses, > deficiency: Low blood calcium; muscle cramps; confusion, > toxicity: From nonfood sources only; diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps *OR* acid-base imbalance; potassium depletion > Nuts, legumes, whole grains, can be described as?
Magnesium
> Facilitator, with enzymes, of many cell processes; bone formation > Deficiency: rare > Nervous system disorders > Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea
Manganese
There are *NO* toxicity symptoms of Vitamin B2, Riboflavin but where can it found though?
Milk products; enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products; *liver*
Vitamin B3 (niacin) can be found in?
Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, nuts, and all protein-containing foods
Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B3 (Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
Scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion, convulsions, anemia
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) toxicity symptoms are *Diarrhea*, *GI distress*. Deficiency symptoms include,
Scurvy (bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, abnormal bone growth, and joint pain)
> Assists a group of enzymes that break down reactive chemicals that harm cells > Deficiency: Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (uncommon) > Toxicity: Nausea, abdominal pain, nail and hair changes, nerve damage > Seafoods, organ meats, other meats
Selenium
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation, Primary amenorrhea is menarche delayed beyond 16 years of age. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of three to six consecutive menstrual cycles.
Vitamin precursors in foods are converted into _______ vitamins in the body. Vitamins can be readily ________ during processing
active & destroyed
obesogenic environment
all the factors surrounding a person that promote weight gain, such as an increased food intake—especially of unhealthy choices—and decreased physical activity.
The risks of obesity drugs:
an effective drug—or more likely, a combination of drugs—that can be used over time without adverse side effects or the potential for abuse.
Factors of BMR includes,
Sleep, Caffeine, Smoking, Hormone (thyroid), environmental temperature, age, stresses, height, body composition and fever
thermic effect of food *hint* This cellular activity produces heat
an estimation of the energy required to process food (digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store ingested nutrients).
body mass index (BMI):
an index of a person's weight in relation to height; determined by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the square of the height (in meters).
the psychological desire to eat; a learned motivation that is experienced as a pleasant sensation that accompanies the sight, smell, or thought of appealing foods is ?
appetite
Because leptin is a protein, it would be destroyed during digestion if given orally; consequently, it must be given by ______.
injection
To maintain water balance, intake from liquids, foods, and metabolism must equal losses from the _______ ,________, _______, and _______
kidneys, skin, lungs, feces.
Although 9% of calcium is stored in the body's bones (including teeth),The 1 percent of the body's calcium that circulates in the fluids as ionized calcium is vital to life. It plays these major roles:
maintain blood pressure essential role in blood clotting muscle contraction (heartbeat) activates enzymes & allows secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters
Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Sulfur are all ____ minerals. *hint* a way to remember is CCMPPSS
major
Three good food sources of calcium are:
milk, sardines, and broccoli
Over the long term, a diet only ____ ____ _____ _____ promotes primarily fat loss and the retention of more lean tissue than a severely restrictive fast.
moderately restricted in energy
No toxicity symptoms reported for Vitamin Biotin & Pantothenic acid but both deficiency symptoms include? *hint* biotin includes Skin rash, hair loss
neurological & digestive disturbances (for pantothenic)
(Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide), vitamin B3 ; precursor is dietary tryptophan, an amino acid) are types of which Vitamin ? *hint* found in widespread of foods, and GI Bacteria synthesis
niacin
pellagra *hint* pellis: skin & agra= seizure
niacin deficiency disease; diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and, ultimately, death
_____ ______, may be an option for people who are unable to achieve adequate weight loss with diet and exercise; have a BMI ≥30 (or ≥27 with weight-related health problems); and have no medical contraindications.
obesity drugs
Potassium toxicity can result from _____________________ of potassium salts or supplements and from certain diseases or medications.
overconsumption
Fresh fruit and vegetables provide ________ in abundance
potassium
an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover. As deficiency progresses, symptoms include *irregular heartbeats*, *muscle weakness*, and glucose intolerance are characteristics of ______ ________?
potassium deficiency
Two groups of people who are especially at risk for zinc deficiency are: Asians and children. infants and teenagers. smokers and athletes. pregnant adolescents and vegetarians.
pregnant adolescents and vegetarians.
dietary supplements
products that are added to the diet and contain any of the following ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a metabolite, a constituent, or an extract.
dietary antixodinats found in plants ....
significantly decrease the adverse effects of oxidation on living tissues. The major antioxidant vitamins are vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta-carotene.
Vitamin B deficiency is linked to
skin disorders, mental confusion, anemia
All of the major minerals influence the body's fluid balance, but _____, _______, ________ are most noted for this role.
sodium, chloride, and potassium
beriberi *hint* edema/muscle wasting
thiamin deficiency disease; *loss of sensation* in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action.
One way to increase BMR
to maximize lean body tissue by participating regularly in endurance and strength-building activities.
Niacin flush, liver damage, *impaired glucose tolerance* are all ?
toxicity symptoms of niacin (Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, niacinamide)
Chromium Copper Fluoride Iodine Iron Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc are all ____ minerals. *hint* a way to remember is Ch.Co.FIIMMSZ
trace
resistance training *hint* known as weight training
training designed to increase strength, power, and muscular endurance; the use of free weights or weight machines to provide resistance for developing muscle strength, power, and endurance or push-ups, pull-ups, or abdominal crunches
*liver, legumes, and leafy green vegetables* are sources of Folate (Folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid) but its toxicity symptom is masking ______ ______ _____?
vitamin B12 deficiency
Which Vitamin is Synthesized in the body by GI bacteria; and can be found in green, leafy vegetables; cabbage-type vegetables; vegetable oils?
vitamin E
The essential, non-kcaloric, organic nutrients needed in tiny amounts (smaller than than do the energy-yielding nutrients) in the diet are? *hint* contribute no energy to the body
vitamins
Two situations in which a person may experience fluid and electrolyte imbalances are: vomiting and burns. diarrhea and cuts. broken bones and fever. heavy sweating and excessive carbohydrate intake.
vomiting and burns
Vitamin B and C are ______ soluble
water
Vitamin A are good sources in? *hint* found best in liver & fish oil
(Retinol) dairy products & eggs bara-carotene): spinach and other dark, leafy greens; broccoli; deep orange fruit (apricots, cantaloupe) and vegetables (carrots, winter squashes, sweet potatoes, pumpkin)
the BMR is highest in people who are growing ____, _____, ______ and in those with considerable lean body mass (physically fit people and males).
(children, adolescents, and pregnant women)
ghrelin *hint* Lean people have high ghrelin levels and obese people have low levels.
(hunger hormone) a hormone produced primarily by the stomach cells. It signals the hypothalamus of the brain to stimulate appetite and food intake.
feasting
(overeating) when a person eats in excess of energy needs, the body stores a small amount of glycogen and much larger quantities of fat
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body. About 85 percent of the body's phosphorus is found combined with calcium in the crystals of the bones and teeth. What are its toxcity symptoms?
*Calcification* of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the *kidneys*
Vitamin B3 (Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) can be found in ?
*Meats*, fish, poultry, potatoes, legumes, *non-citrus fruit*, fortified cereals, liver, soy products
Name 4 hazards of fasting:
1)Wasting of lean tissues. 2)Impairment of disease resistance. 3)Lowering of body temperature. 4)Disturbances of the body's fluid and electrolyte balances.Two activities that contribute to the basal metabolic rate are:
a healthy weight falls between a BMI of ____ and ____, with underweight below 18.5, overweight above 25, and obese above 30 .
18.5 and 24.9
A man with a BMI within the recommended range may have between 18 and 24 percent body fat; a woman, because of her greater quantity of essential fat, ____ to ___ percent.
24 & 31
Glucose is needed for the brain + nervous system since it can't use fatty acids. Normally, the nervous system consumes a little more than half of the total glucose used each day—about ____ ____ _____ kcalories' worth.
400 to 600
For athletes, then, body fat might be ___ to 10 percent for men and 15 to __ percent for women.
5 & 20
The fat stores of even a healthy-weight adult represent an ample reserve of energy—_____ _____ ______ kcalories.
50,000 to 200,000
A nutritionally sound weight-loss diet might restrict daily energy intake to create a:
500-kcalorie-per-day deficit.
Water makes up about __ percent of the body's weight.
60
Defieciency: Infectious diseases, night blindness, blindness (xerophthalmia), keratinization are deficiency symptoms of which vitamin? Toxicity: Chronic: reduced bone mineral density, liver abnormalities, birth defects Acute (single large dose or short term): blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo; increase of pressure inside skull; headache; muscle in coordination *hint* Excessive use of this vitamin during pregnancy can injure the spinal cord and other tissues of the developing fetus
A
female athlete triad
A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns (and excessive exercising) followed by lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea) and decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis)
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency symptoms is *Anemia*; *nerve damage* and *paralysis* but its key functions are ?
Activates folate; helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth; protects nerve cells
Two types of vitamin E are? *hint* both are similar names and means "offspring"
Alpha-tocopherol, tocopherol
Folate (Folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid) helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth. Its deficiency symptoms include,
Anemia; smooth, *red tongue*; mental confusion; elevated homocysteine
Synthesis of collagen, carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters; antioxidant describes what type of vitamin ?
C
Which mineral is critical to keeping the heartbeat steady and plays a major role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance? A- Sodium B- Calcium C- Potassium D- Magnesium
C- Potassium
Inflammation of the mouth, skin, and eyelids; sensitivity to light; sore throat are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B2, ________.
Riboflavin
Vitamin D toxicity symptoms?
Calcium imbalance (calcification of soft tissues and formation of stones)
In addition, one mineral stands out as being overconsumed by most people: Sodium. According to the Dietary Guidelines 2015 committee, intakes of the following minerals may fall below recommended intakes—they are shortfall nutrients: *hint* C.M.I.P
Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Potassium
A day's energy balance can be stated like this: *hint* equal in & out
Change in energy stores = energy in (kcalories) - energy out (kcalories)
> Enhances insulin action and may improve glucose tolerance > Deficiency: Diabetes-like condition marked by an inability to use glucose normally > Toxcity: None > Meats, whole grains
Chromium
Sources of Vitamin C (asorbic acid) ?
Citrus fruit, cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli), cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes
> Necessary for the absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin; part of several enzymes > Deficiency: bone abnormalities & Anemia > Toxicity: Vomiting, diarrhea, liver damage > Organ meats, seafood, water
Copper
Calciferol, cholecalciferol, dihydroxy vitamin ___; precursor is cholesterol what vitamin is this?
D
Antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA] and vitamin A) is which vitamin?
E
Calculate the energy requirement : consider an active 30-year-old male who is 5 feet 11 inches tall and weighs 178 pounds. First, convert his weight from pounds to kilograms and his height from inches to meters, if necessary: PA factors for men & women Sedentary 1.0 vs 1.0 (Typical daily living activities) Low active 1.11 vs 1.12 (Plus 30 to 60 minutes moderate activity) Active 1.25 vs 1.27 (Plus >60 minutes moderate activity) Very active 1.48 vs 1.45 (Plus >60 minutes moderate activity and 60 minutes vigorous activity or 120 minutes moderate activity) (A reminder: do calculations within the parentheses first, and multiply before adding or subtracting.)
EER = 3199 The estimated energy requirement for an active 30-year-old male who is 5 feet 11 inches tall and weighs 178 pounds is about 3200 kcalories/day.
_________ help maintain the appropriate distribution of body fluids and acid-base balance.
Electrolytes
Although thiamin has *NO* toxicity symptoms where can it be found?
Enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products; pork
Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E?
Erythrocyte hemolysis (rupture of the red blood cells.) , nerve damage
Myth or Fact? Upper-body fat is more common in men or women and is closely associated with heart disease, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and some types of cancer.
Fact
True or False? For the person who wants to lose weight, fasting is the best way to go
False; The body's lean tissue continues to be degraded, sometimes amounting to as much as 50 percent of the weight lost over the first week.
Toxicities are likely from supplements but occur rarely from food. Water or fat soluble?
Fat soluble
Realistic energy intake nutritional adequacy small portions lower energy density limiting sugar/alcohol meal spacing adequate water (Water also helps the GI tract adapt to a high-fiber diet.) Are all part of an _____ _____ _____?
Healthful Eating Plan
For Men (19+): EER= [662 - (9.53 x age )] + Physical Activity x [(15.91 x weight) + (539.6) x height)] For Women (19+): EER= [354 - (6.91 x age )] + Physical Activity x [(9.36 x weight) + (726) x height)] *hint* First, convert his/her weight from pounds to kilograms and his height from inches to meters, if necessary: wt/2.2. kg 1in/39.37
How to estimate energy requirements:
What type of fasting gained interest in recent years? Described as alternating days of consuming no energy-containing foods or beverages with days of eating and drinking whatever they like. Others consume only 20 to 25 percent of their energy needs a couple of nonconsecutive days each week. These eating patterns result in some weight loss, although no more than typically occurs with standard energy-restricted weight-loss diet plans. Little evidence suggests that this type of fasting is harmful physically or mentally, and a few studies even suggest some health benefits
Intermittent
> A component of two thyroid hormones, which help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate > Deficiency: Goiter, cretinism > Toxicity: Depressed thyroid activity; goiterlike thyroid enlargement > salt; seafood; bread; plants grown in most parts of the country and animals fed those plants
Iodine
> Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood > Deficiency: Anemia > Toxicity: infections, liver injury, possible increased risk of heart attack, acidosis, bloody stools, shock > Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried fruit
Iron
Eating foods containing vitamin C at the same meal can increase the absorption of which mineral?
Iron
Myth or Fact? Lower body fat is more common in women is usually associated with chronic diseases
Myth
Myth or Truth? Hot baths do speed up metabolism so that pounds can be lost in hours. Steam and sauna baths do melt the fat off the body, although they may dehydrate people so that they lose water weight. Brushes, sponges, wraps, creams, and massages intended to move, burn, or break up fat .
Myth
Toxicity symptoms of Vitamin B3 (Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
Nerve degeneration, skin lesions
Which vitamin is used in used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism? ____ _____.
Niacin B3 (Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
_______________________________________ are not associated with successful weight loss and maintenance, and they may not be safe. In fact, the FDA has found an alarming number of products that illegally contain prescription medications. Strong diuretics, unproven experimental drugs, psychotropic drugs used to treat mental illnesses, and even drugs deemed unsafe and so banned from U.S. markets have been identified and all pose serious health risks
OTC weight-loss pills, powders, herbs, and other "dietary supplements"
> Foods from animal sources (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk) > Involved in the mineralization of bones and teeth. (works w/ calcium) Important in cells' genetic material, in cell membranes as phospholipids, in energy transfer, and in buffering systems can be described as ?
Phosphorus
Strategies for weight gain?
Physical Activity to Build Muscles, Energy-Dense Foods, three mails daily, large portions, extra snacks and juice & milk
Where can Vitamin E be found? *hint* synthesized in GI bacteria
Polyunsaturated *plant oils* (margarine, salad dressings, shortenings), green and leafy vegetables, wheat germ, whole-grain products, nuts, seeds
> part of amino acids > *stabilizes protein shape* > toxcity happens when eaten excessively (depress growth in animals) > All protein-containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts) can be described as?
Sulfur
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone, menaquinone, naphthoquinone). The functions include, ....
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins
Which of the following describes water-soluble vitamins? > They all play key roles in bone maintenance > They are frequently toxic > They are stored extensively in tissues > They are easily absorbed and excreted
They are easily absorbed and excreted.
Names of all Vitamin B: *hint* two of them start with a B & the acronym Please Rake The Farm Before Noon
Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Biotin, Folate, Vitamin B6/B12
1)Reduce body weight by about 5 to 10 percent over half a year's time. 2)Maintain a lower body weight over the long term. 3)At a minimum, prevent further weight gain.
Three broad goals that may help obese people who must reduce their weight to lower the risks of disease
True or False? excess energy from alcohol is also stored as fat. Alcohol has also been shown to slow down the body's use of fat for fuel, causing more fat to be stored, much of it as abdominal fat tissue. Alcohol therefore is fattening, both through the kcalories it provides and through its effects on fat metabolism.
True
True or Lie? Riboflavin is light sensitive; the ultraviolet rays of the sun or of fluorescent lamps can destroy it, as can irradiation. For this reason, milk is often sold in cardboard or opaque plastic containers to protect the riboflavin in the milk from light. In contrast, riboflavin is heat stable, so ordinary cooking does not destroy it.
True
Myth or Truth? Hunger is physiological, whereas appetite is psychological, and the two do not always coincide.
Truth
Which of the following health risks is not associated with being overweight? Hypertension Heart disease Type 1 diabetes Gallbladder disease
Type 1 diabetes
Before you can decide how much food will supply the energy you or one of your clients needs in a day, you must first become familiar with the amounts of energy in foods and beverages. Computer programs such as the _____ _____ _____ ______ (ndb.nal.usda.gov) can readily provide this information.
USDA Food Composition Database
People sometimes ask about "spot reducing." Does it actually work?
Unfortunately, no one part of the body gives up fat in preference to another. Fat cells all over the body release fat in response to demand, and the fat is then used by whatever muscles are active. No exercise can remove the fat from any one particular area
Vitamin A key functions
Vision, maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin; bone and tooth growth; reproduction; regulation of gene expression; immunity
According to the Dietary Guidelines 2015 committee, today's intakes of the following vitamins may fall below recommended intakes:
Vitamin A, D, E, & C
Foods derived from *animals* (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs), fortified cereals are sources of ? *hint* No toxicity symptoms
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Which of the following nutrients is an antioxidant that protects water-soluble substances from oxidizing agents? > Beta-carotene > Thiamin > Vitamin C > Vitamin D
Vitamin C
People can change this to expend more or less energy in a day, and over time they can also change their basal metabolism by building up the body's metabolically active lean tissue. What is it called ? *hint* deliberate muscular work—walking, lifting, climbing, and other physical activities, normally require less energy in a day than basal metabolism does.
Voluntary activies
Yes or No? In contrast, those with access to health-promoting foods and built environments more easily make healthy choices. Safe, affordable biking and walking areas and public exercise facilities help maintain health and body leanness.
Yes
> Part of the hormone insulin and many enzymes; involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport for Vitamin A > Deficiency: Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, loss of taste, poor wound healing, eye and skin lesions > Toxicity: Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, copper and iron deficiencies > protein foods: meats, fish, shellfish, poultry, grains, vegetables can be described as..?
Zinc
The U.S. prevalence of clinically severe obesity is estimated at 8 percent What is clinical severe obesity? *hint* also called morbid obesity
a BMI of 40 or greater, or a BMI of 35 or greater with one or more serious conditions such as hypertension.
A gain in body fatness stimulates the production of leptin, which, by way of the hypothalamus, suppresses the appetite, increases energy expenditure, and produces fat loss. What is the hypothalamus?
a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.
skinfold measure *hint* provide an accurate estimate of total body fat and a fair assessment of the fat's location.
a clinical estimate of total body fatness in which the thickness of a fold of skin on the back of the arm (over the triceps muscle), below the shoulder blade (subscapular), or in other places is measured with a caliper.
antioxidant
a compound that protects other compounds from oxygen by itself reacting with oxygen
retinol-binding protein (RBP) *hint* blood concentration of RBP is a sensitive test of vitamin A status.
a protein made in the liver that transports retinol through the blood to the cells
coenzyme *hint* co= with & many contain vitamin B as part of their structures
a small molecule that works with an enzyme to promote the enzyme's activity.
beta-carotene
a vitamin A precursor made by plants and stored in human fat tissue; an orange pigment.
The beating of the heart, the inhalation and exhalation of air, the maintenance of body temperature, and the transmission of nerve and hormonal messages to direct these activities are all ____ processes.
basal
The body expends energy in two major ways: to fuel its ________, and _________?
basal metabolism & voluntary activities
the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used; The amount of vitamins available from foods depends on the quantity provided by a food and the amount absorbed and used by the body is the vitamin's ______?
bioavailability
emetic
causing vomiting
excess fat around the trunk of the body; also called abdominal fat or upper-body fat.
central obesity
Vitamin D can found in milk, butter/margarine, and .....? *hint* Most of the world's population relies on natural exposure to sunlight to maintain adequate vitamin D nutrition. The sun imposes no risk of vitamin D toxicity
cereals; eggs; liver; fatty fish (salmon, sardines)
The number of fat cells increases most rapidly during the growing years of late ______ and early puberty
childhood
Behavior therapists often teach ______ ______, or new ways of thinking, to help overweight people solve problems and correct false thinking that can undermine healthy eating behaviors.
cognitive skills or known as cognitive restructuring
potassium deficiency can also result from the regular use of certain medications, including _______, _______, and ________.
diuretics, steroids, cathartics.
Which strategy would not help an underweight person to gain weight?
drink plenty of water
Thiamin (B1), & Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Biotin & Pantothenic acid are part of a coenzyme used in _______ metabolism.
energy
1) Metabolism may slow in response to a lower kcalorie intake and loss of metabolically active lean tissue. 2) Less energy may be expended in physical activity as body weight diminishes.
factors that contribute to a decline in the rate of weight loss
Vitamin A, D, E, and K are _______ soluble
fat
Pharmaceutical companies are eager to develop products that mimic _______ to treat wasting conditions, as well as products that oppose ________'s action to treat obesity.
ghrelin
As fasting begins what is used first ? Within a day, liver glycogen is exhausted, and most of the glucose is used up. Low blood glucose concentrations serve as a signal to promote ____ _____ ______.
glycogen & further fat breakdown
Despite advertisements that claim otherwise, the B vitamins do not give people energy. Carbohydrate, fat, and protein—the energy-yielding nutrients—are used for fuel. The B vitamins _____ the body use that fuel but do not serve as fuel themselves.
help
Vitamin E treatment corrects...
hemolytic anemia
There are *NO* toxicity symptoms of Vitamin K but there is one deficiency effect....
hemorrhagic disease : deficiency disease in which blood fails to clot.
Toxicity symptoms of vitamin E?
hemorrhagic effects
free radicals
highly reactive chemical forms that can cause destructive changes in nearby compounds, sometimes setting up a chain reaction.
One possible explanation for why fat in the abdomen may increase the risk of disease involves adipokines,which are ____ released by _____ _____ tissue. Adipokines help to regulate inflammation and energy metabolism in the tissues
hormones & adipose
The main characteristic of a weight-loss diet is that it provides less energy than the person needs to maintain present body weight, known as _____ _____ ______. If food energy is restricted too severely, dieters may not receive sufficient nutrients and may lose lean tissue. Rapid weight loss usually means excessive loss of lean tissue, a lower BMR, and a rapid weight regain to follow. Restrictive eating may also set in motion the unhealthy behaviors of eating disorders
realistic energy intake
Three-fourths of the sodium in people's diets comes from: fresh meats home-cooked foods. frozen vegetables and meats. salt added to food by manufacturers.
salt added to food by manufacturers.
cathartic
strong laxative
US clinically severe obesity is 8%. At this level of obesity, lifestyle changes and modest weight losses can improve disease risks a little, but the most effective treatment is ________. Three procedures, gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy have gained wide acceptance.
surgery
Behavior modification
the changing of behavior by the manipulation of antecedents (cues or environmental factors that trigger behavior), the behavior itself, and consequences (the penalties or rewards attached to behavior).
basal metabloism
the energy needed to maintain life when a person is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest. Basal metabolism is normally the largest part of a person's daily energy expenditure.
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (in people who abuses alcohol) may be treated with supplements of
thiamin
___ is also high in tall people.Who have a large surface area for their weight, in people with fever or under stress, in people taking certain medications, and in people with highly active thyroid glands.
BMR
Since the glycogen-storing cells have a limited capacity. Once glycogen stores are filled, excess glucose can be converted to fat, but this conversion is not energy-efficient. Excess carbohydrate may also be _____ ______ _______, displacing the body's use of fat for energy and allowing body fat to accumulate. Thus, excess carbohydrate can contribute to ______.
burned for energy & obesity
Three factors that affect the body's basal metabolic rate are:
age, body composition, and height
researchers have identified a genetic deficiency of leptin in human beings as well. An error in the gene that codes for leptin was discovered in two extremely obese children whose blood levels of leptin were barely detectable. Without leptin, the children had little , ________ ______, were constantly hungry and ate more then their peers Given daily injections of leptin, these children lost a substantial amount of weight, confirming leptin's role in regulating appetite and body weight.
appetite control
Surplus dietary fat contributes more directly to the body's fat stores where is store until needed for energy. Excess fat is easily adds to ____ ____.
body fat
Too much food, too little physical activity, or both encourage ____ _____ _____.
body fat accumulation
stress fractures
bone damage or breaks caused by stress on bone surfaces during exercise
if the fast continues beyond glycogen depletion: Body protein is broken down into amino acids then used for energy for the _____, ______ _____, and _____?
brain, nervous system, RBC's
The body's top priority is to meet the energy needs for this ongoing cellular activity. Its normal way of doing so is by periodic refueling, which can be described as?
by eating several times a day.
In general, women with a waist circumference greater than 35 inches and men with a waist circumference greater than 40 inches have a high risk of _____ _____ ______ _____.
central obesity-related health problems
1)less useful for evaluating nonobese people's body fatness 2)they don't reveal how much of the weight is fat 3)they don't indicate where the fat is located. To obtain these data, measures of body composition are needed. are ___ of BMI.
cons
For those women with visceral fat, the risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality are _________, just as they are for men. Interestingly, smokers tend to have more visceral fat than nonsmokers even though they typically have a lower BMI.
increased
When fasting, the body makes a number of adaptations: increasing the breakdown of fat to provide energy for most of the cells, using glycerol and amino acids to make glucose for the red blood cells and central nervous system, to produce _______ to fuel the brain and ________ the metabolism?
ketones & slowing
Most obese people do not have leptin deficiency, however. In fact, most obese people produce plenty of leptin, but they fail to respond to it, a condition called ______ ________. Researchers speculate that blood leptin rises in an effort to suppress appetite and inhibit fat storage when fat cells are ample. Obese people with elevated leptin concentrations may be resistant to its satiating effect.
leptin resistance
The BMR slows down with a ___ ____ ____ ____ ____ and during fasting and malnutrition.
loss of lean body mass
Two activities that contribute to the basal metabolic rate are:
maintenance of heartbeat and body temperature
People with high LPL activity are especially efficient at storing fat. Obese people generally have_____ LPL activity in their fat cells than lean people do (their muscle cell LPL activity is similar, though).
more
Psychological stimuli also trigger inappropriate eating behaviors in some people. Appropriate eating behavior is a response to hunger. Hunger is ...?
the physiological need to eat, experienced as a drive to obtain food; an unpleasant sensation that demands relief; a drive programmed into people by their heredity.
basal metabolic rate (BMR) *hint* It is usually expressed as kcalories per kilogram of body weight per hour.
the rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after a 12-hour fast and restful sleep, without any physical activity or emotional excitement, and in a comfortable setting.
Food desserts ?
urban and rural low-income areas with limited access to affordable and nutritious foods
An estimated 71 percent of U.S. _____ are overweight (BMI of 25 or greater) or dangerously obese (BMI of 30 or greater). Even among children and adolescents, 18 percent are obese and many more are overweight.
adults
Researchers have identified a gene in humans called the obesity (ob) gene. The obesity gene codes for the protein leptin. Leptin is ? *hint* leptos=thin
a hormone produced by fat cells under the direction of the (ob) gene. It decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure.
resting metabolic rate (RMR) *hint* Consequently, slightly higher than the BMR
a measure of the energy use of a person at rest in a comfortable setting—similar to the BMR but with less stringent criteria for recent food intake and physical activity.
waist circumference *hint* good indicator of fat distribution and central obesity
a measurement used to assess a person's abdominal fat.
adiposity-based chronic disease *hint* refers to fat cells and tissues and identifies them as the source of the disease.
a medical name for obesity.
weight cycling *hint* also called yo-yo dieting
a repeated pattern of losing and regaining body weight
RED-S (relative energy deficiency in sport)
a syndrome of impaired physiological function including, but not limited to, metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular health caused by relative energy deficiency.
if they have no choice (as in a famine), we say they are starving. The body, however, makes no distinction between the two—metabolically, fasting and starving are identical. In either case, the body is forced to switch to a wasting metabolism, which is ?
drawing on its stores of carbohydrate and fat and, within a day or so, on its vital protein tissues as well.
pro of BMI
easy (only need weight and height), are most accurate in assessing degrees of obesity
disordered eating
eating behaviors that are neither normal nor healthy, including restrained eating, fasting, binge eating, and purging.
Fat cells ____ when a persons eats too much of any energy-yielding nutrients (carbs, protein, fat)
enlarge
Although the body possesses enzymes to convert ____ ______ to body fat, this process is far less efficient than converting excess carbohydrate, and especially excess fat, to body fat. Researchers are investigating the degree to which it occurs under normal conditions.
excess proteins
If people voluntarily choose not to eat, we say they are _______?
fasting
suppression of leptin production, increased appetite, and decreased energy expenditure are all produced because of?
fat loss
Visceral fat creates the "apple" profile of central obesity. Subcutaneous fat around the hips and thighs creates more of a "pear" profile. What is subcutaneous fat? *hint* sub = beneath & cutaneous = skin
fat stored directly under the skin.
Visceral fat *hint* is common in women past menopause and even more common in men. Even when total body fat is similar, men have more visceral fat than either premenopausal or postmenopausal women.
fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs, as opposed to fat stored directly under the skin (subcutaneous fat); also called intra-abdominal fat.
When carbohydrate is not available to provide energy for the brain, as in starvation, the body produces ketone bodies from:
fatty acid fragments
the two extremes of energy imbalance:
feasting & fasting
Some of the research investigating genetic influence on obesity focuses on the enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL), it is an enzyme that is ? *hint* which promotes fat storage in fat cells and muscle cells
mounted on the surface of fat cells (and other cells) that hydrolyzes triglycerides in the blood into fatty acids and glycerol for absorption into the cells. There they are metabolized or reassembled for storage.
The number of kcalories spent on voluntary activities depends on three factors: ______ ______, _____ ______ and ________. *hint* another factor includes activity duration, the longer, the more frequent, and the more intense the activity, the more kcalories are expended.
muscle mass, body weight & activity.
Ghrelin fights to maintain a stable body weight. On average, ghrelin levels are high whenever the body is in _________ energy balance, as occurs during low-kcalorie diets, for example. This response may help explain why weight loss is so difficult to maintain. Ghrelin levels decline again whenever the body is in ________ energy balance, as occurs with weight gains.
negative & positive
The easy availability of large portions of energy-dense foods is a major environmental factor thought to be contributing to the _____ _____.
obesity epidemic
The problem with food desserts?
people purchase mostly refined packaged sweets and starches, sugary soft drinks, fatty canned meats, or fast foods, and have eating patterns that predict high rates of obesity and chronic diseases.
50 -65% accounts for basal metabolism 30- 50% accounts for ______ ______ 10% is for thermic effect of food
physical activites
Some aspects of the built environment, including buildings, sidewalks, and transportation opportunities, can discourage _______ _______.
physical activity
the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality and shows that both underweight and overweight present risks of a ____ _____.
premature death.
The guidelines for identifying and evaluating the risks to health from overweight and obesity rely on three indicators: a person's BMI, waist circumfrence and _____ _____, which takes account life-threatening diseases, family history, and risk factors for heart disease (such as blood lipid profile).
risk profile
The first step toward making healthy changes may be ____ - _____.
self-acceptance.
the theory that the body tends to maintain a certain weight by means of its own internal controls. *hint* One popular theory of why a person may store too much fat
set point theory
With fat loss, the size of the fat cells ______, but their number cannot. For this reason, people with extra fat cells may tend to regain lost weight rapidly.
shrinks
A lack of______ increases levels of ghrelin, which may help to explain the associations between inadequate _______, higher energy intakes and weight gain.
sleep
