Exam 2 (Ch. 5-8)
44) Skye got into a habit of watching TV and using social media to keep up with all of her friends before starting homework. She was embarrassed when she turned in an incomplete history paper and fell asleep during science class last week. She set a goal of doing her homework as soon as she gets home from school every day. What system is most likely to help her change her behavior? A) Self-management C) Positive behavior supports B) Functional behavioral assessment D) Behavior modification
A) Self-management
48) Raj smelled the aroma of the dinner rolls baking in the cafeteria down the hall from his classroom. What memory system is at work as Raj processes this stimulus? A) Sensory B) Episodic buffer C) Phonological loop D) Visuospatial sketchpad
A) Sensory
31) Bryson was three when his neighbor's house burned down. He heard the loud sirens and saw the fire and trembled with fear. Now he's starting preschool. He hears the loud bell ring and associates it with the fire and fire trucks and begins to tremble. In this setting, the sound of the bell is: A) a conditioned stimulus. B) a neutral stimulus. C) an unconditioned response. D) a neutral response.
A) a conditioned stimulus.
29) In his research, Dr. Benton examines change in children's performance of skills with and without teacher support. His research seems to be based on: A) behavioral learning theories. B) contingency theory. C) theory of mind. D) cognitive learning theories.
A) behavioral learning theories.
34) Michael often gets out of his seat in the classroom. His buddy has noticed a pattern. Any time the teacher leaves the room, Michael gets out of his seat. When the teacher returns, she reprimands Michael. What is the antecedent of Michael's behavior? A) Michael gets out of his seat. B) The teacher leaves the room. C) Michael's buddy observes Michael's behavior. D) The teacher reprimands Michael.
B) The teacher leaves the room.
33) Lily does not like conflict. When her parents argue and raise their voices, Lily feels frightened. She has seen her dad strike her mom after yelling at her. At school, Mr. Nash raises his voice and Lily begins to tremble. Lily's trembling is: A) a conditioned stimulus. B) a conditioned response. C) a neutral response. D) an unconditioned response.
B) a conditioned response.
56) As a seven-year-old boy, Dean likes to catch butterflies and moths. He is fascinated by the colors and patterns on their wings. Today he saw several monarchs and caught one in his net. In his mental representations of butterflies and moths, the monarch he caught today is: A) a concept. B) an exemplar. C) a defining attribute. D) a prototype.
B) an exemplar.
23) What was the outcome of the famous 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka? A) Segregation in neighborhood housing was ruled illegal. B) Segregated seating on public transportation was ruled illegal. C) Segregated schooling for Black children was ruled illegal. D) Segregated rest rooms for Black people in public establishments were ruled illegal.
C) Segregated schooling for Black children was ruled illegal.
22) Mr. Thibodaux teaches in a large middle school with students from all socioeconomic levels and a wide range of racial and ethnic diversity. He is examining the standardized test scores of his students in an effort to determine their areas of strength and weakness. If his students represent national averages, where will he find the greatest gaps in academic achievement? A) The gaps between scores of White and Hispanic students B) The gaps between scores of White and Asian American students C) The gaps between scores of wealthy and poor students D) The gaps between scores of White and African American students
C) The gaps between scores of wealthy and poor students
19) Juanita is from a low-SES family. Her friends are also from low-SES families, though most of their peers are from middle class families. Jerita has decided that school is a dead end and does not want to succeed academically. Her Spanish teacher believes Juanita could make high grades in Spanish and some of her other classes. The teacher encourages Juanita to turn in homework and raise her grades, but Juanita does not want to sell out and act like the middle class kids. She seems to have become part of: A) a self-imposed poverty culture. C) a resistance culture. B) a rebel gang. D) a school-imposed exclusion.
C) a resistance culture.
43) Punishment is often ineffective. Based on studies about the use of punishment, why is it typically ineffective? A) It fails to use reinforcement to discourage the behavior. B) It fails to teach children what they did wrong and what they should stop doing. C) It fails to apply operant conditioning. D) It fails to teach children what to do in place of the behavior being punished.
D) It fails to teach children what to do in place of the behavior being punished.
18) Which of the following children of poverty is most likely to perform well in school? A) Natalie's teacher knows how difficult it is for Natalie to do school work at home, and he accepts incomplete homework from Natalie. B) Amy's teacher understands that she is embarrassed about being poor. He seldom calls on her during class, but provides scaffolding if Amy asks for help. C) Ding's teacher allows him to sleep during class, knowing that he helps his younger siblings at home and stays up late most nights. D) Jeb's teacher calls on him frequently and expresses high expectations of his academic performance.
D) Jeb's teacher calls on him frequently and expresses high expectations of his academic performance.
4) Which of the following situations is an example of subtractive bilingualism? A) Jasmina learned Croatian as a baby. She became fluent in English when her family moved to Minneapolis and eventually forgot her Croatian. B) Marco learned Spanish as a child growing up in Mexico. He later learned English, moved to California for college, and continued to use his Spanish. C) Maurice grew up in New Orleans. He heard a lot of French dialect spoken around him and on the radio, but he only speaks English. D) Kim heard English and Mandarin from the time she was born. She speaks both languages fluently.
A) Jasmina learned Croatian as a baby. She became fluent in English when her family moved to Minneapolis and eventually forgot her Croatian.
5) Elvin speaks Spanish with his grandmother and English with everyone else at home, but he is starting school and needs to use English at school. Based on research about bilingualism, what should Elvin be encouraged to do about developing skills in both languages? A) Keep developing skills in both languages. Being bilingual increases cognitive abilities. B) Focus on developing English and teach his grandmother to speak English. C) Speak English only. Avoid speaking Spanish. The dual languages will interfere with his ability to read and write English correctly. D) Develop English only. Bilingual students tend to use code -switching, an indication of low-level language skills.
A) Keep developing skills in both languages. Being bilingual increases cognitive abilities. B) Focus on developing English and teach his grandmother to speak English.
8) Ms. Fonteneau has six ELL students in her fifth grade classroom. For science and social studies lessons, she introduces new vocabulary to these students, provides extra background information in simple terms, and often gives them handouts with graphics and summaries to help them learn English as they learn content. Ms. Fonteneau is most likely using: A) sheltered instruction. B) two-way immersion. C) language maintenance. D) structured English immersion.
A) sheltered instruction.
11) Mrs. Adams is going to refer an ELL student for testing. She is not pleased with the girl's progress in reading and suspects the child may have a learning disability. What information probably tipped Mrs. Adams and helped her identify the need to refer the student? A) The child's parents both speak Spanish and very little English. B) The child contracted a serious illness as a baby, but recovered after several weeks. C) The child attended a bilingual program as a preschooler, but has not been in ESL classes. D) The child had access to books in Spanish as a preschooler, but not books in English.
B) The child contracted a serious illness as a baby, but recovered after several weeks.
25) Dana is nervous about the upcoming physics exam. She is the only girl in the class and has achieved higher scores on the assignments than most of the boys in class. She knows the boys think they're smarter and better at applying principles of physics. In this situation, Dana's nervousness is an example of: A) general test anxiety. C) resistance to feminism. B) negative schema. D) stereotype threat.
D) stereotype threat.
28) Learning causes change. Which of the following examples of change illustrates learning? A) A child burned his hand on the iron last week and now stays away from the iron. B) A boy experiments with drugs and his behavior changes; he becomes moody. C) A child came down with the measles yesterday and her appearance is changing. D) A girl's shoe size changes as she gets bigger and her feet grow longer.
A) A child burned his hand on the iron last week and now stays away from the iron.
26) Mr. Gloster teaches high school and observes the long-term effects of stereotype threat with various groups of students in his classes. He wants to prevent their misidentification with academics and help them overcome this threat. Which of the following actions on his part is most likely to help him reach his goal? A) Help students see academic achievement as part of their ethnic, racial, and gender identity by introducing role models. B) Help students avoid academic challenge and develop a positive mindset about their connections at school. C) Help students feel a sense of belonging by lowering the expectations for individuals who exhibit signs of stereotype threat. D) Help students recognize that intelligence is inherited and encourage them to accept their level of ability without anxiety about stereotypes.
A) Help students see academic achievement as part of their ethnic, racial, and gender identity by introducing role models.
3) Which child is using outside -in skills? A) Mariana tells a story about going to a baseball game with her dad. B) Charlie tells his granddad what sounds the letters make in the word "bed." C) Randy thinks of all the words he knows that rhyme with the word "glad." D) Trinity writes her name but leaves out two of the letters.
A) Mariana tells a story about going to a baseball game with her dad.
14) Which of the following is an example of the invisible influence of culture? A) Mika is a Native American girl who shows respect by avoiding eye contact with her teacher. B) Cate is an Irish American girl who styles her hair like the lead singer of her favorite musical group. C) Stefano is a Mexican American boy whose favorite holiday celebration is Cinco de Mayo. D) Darius is an African American boy who often wears a tee shirt bearing the name of his favorite baseball star.
A) Mika is a Native American girl who shows respect by avoiding eye contact with her teacher.
27) Which of the following teachers uses language that perpetuates gender bias? A) Mrs. Woodson asks her students if any of them know a policeman. B) Ms. Arensen opens the floor for nominations for a committee chair. C) Mr. Kotts invites two firefighters to discuss fire danger. D) Mr. Goodeau talks to his students about the role of mail carriers.
A) Mrs. Woodson asks her students if any of them know a policeman.
24) Discrimination is one of the elements of prejudice. Discrimination is the element of prejudice that deals with a person's: A) behaviors and actions toward others. B) impressions of others as outsiders. C) attitudes and feelings about others. D) beliefs about others.
A) behaviors and actions toward others.
32) Ms. Cardot wants her students to enjoy math. In order to help students associate math with pleasant thoughts, she introduces new manipulatives at the math center each week to help students solve math problems. Often the manipulatives involve edible snacks. Ms. Cardot's approach is an example of: A) classical conditioning. B) operant conditioning. C) unconditioned response. D) neutral response.
A) classical conditioning.
40) Estefan has problems with penmanship. His fine motor skills are not well developed and Mrs. Finch believes that he will never perform well enough to gain reinforcement. Mrs. Finch breaks the task of forming letters with long stems into small steps. First, she expects Estefan to make straight stems. She will reinforce his efforts when he makes straight stems on his writing assignment. In this case, she is using: A) shaping. B) cueing and prompting. C) cueing. D) the Premack principle.
A) shaping.
37) Which of the following teachers is using cueing and prompting? A) "What part of the task are you going to do first? I hope you remember the steps in the process." B) "First, remember to put your heading on your paper. Here's the reminder of the proper paper heading on the board." C) "Many of you heard my instructions and got ready for lunch. We are still waiting for about four students to respond." D) "We are having a quiz, and I expect everyone to have read the chapter and prepared sufficiently."
B) "First, remember to put your heading on your paper. Here's the reminder of the proper paper heading on the board."
45) Which teacher seems to understand the ethics involved in using behavioral methods? A) "This is an infraction of the rules. You will be punished every time you break a rule." B) "Stay in your seat until you finish this task and meet your goal. It will help you focus on the material and learn." C) "You need to sit still and raise your hands to be recognized. Stop blurting out spontaneous responses." D) "You will receive a reward for finishing your work on time. I hope everyone gets the reward at the end of the day."
B) "Stay in your seat until you finish this task and meet your goal. It will help you focus on the material and learn."
46) In the following learning situations, which one is described in a way that illustrates a cognitive view of learning? A) Sybil's teacher gave her a gold star for getting the correct answers on all of the practice problems. B) Carla listened carefully to the lesson about fractions and remembered learning similar information about time signature in her piano lesson. C) Deidra's teacher complimented the way she created a Venn diagram in her notebook. D) Montie's coach demonstrated the correct way to hold the bat and stand at the plate. Then Montie moved his hands down on the bat and practiced the correct stance.
B) Carla listened carefully to the lesson about fractions and remembered learning similar information about time signature in her piano lesson.
55) During the standardized test, which student demonstrates implicit long-term memory? A) Dan ponders questions four and five. He is trying to remember how to do the analysis required in the questions. B) Haley's hand shakes as she begins the test, just like her hand shook when she took the SAT. C) Shaylee begins the second section of the test and suddenly remembers that she forgot to text her mom and tell her what time to pick her up. D) Jeremy reads the first few questions and is able to answer them quickly with confidence that they are right.
B) Haley's hand shakes as she begins the test, just like her hand shook when she took the SAT.
1) Kolton is almost four years old and has an expressive vocabulary of about 1000 words. Based on milestones in early childhood language, what should Kolton's parents be doing to encourage Kolton's language development? A) Repeat new words and name body parts such as feet, hands, and tummy. B) Help him tell stories and encourage play with other children. C) Talk about his interests and ask numerous "why" questions. D) Talk with him as they would talk to an adult.
B) Help him tell stories and encourage play with other children.
38) Praise is more effective if used appropriately. Based on guidelines for giving praise, which teacher seems to understand and use praise appropriately? A) You are a good boy. You did a much better job in class today, Felipe. B) I am glad to see that you used the correct heading on your paper and turned in a very neat paper today, Carson. C) Everyone should be watching LeVonne and doing exactly what she is doing. She is modeling the correct way to start the day. D) I see that you did better than the others in your group today. Good work, Amanda.
B) I am glad to see that you used the correct heading on your paper and turned in a very neat paper today, Carson.
41) In her fifth grade classroom, Ms. Latimer has several students who don't cooperate when she tells the class to get into group formation. These students are vocal about disliking group work. Ms. Latimer told them today that they may shorten their group task time by getting into groups quickly and completing cooperative tasks according to the ten-minute schedule she has planned. Ms. Latimer is using which of the following methods to get her students to cooperate? A) Response cost B) Negative reinforcement C) Reprimands D) Social isolation
B) Negative reinforcement
39) When Mr. Conrad's high school students asked him to allow them to get into their groups and talk about the upcoming field trip rather than discussing the chapter, Mr. Conrad said, "I'm going to invoke the Premack principle." What did he most likely do? A) Tell students to promise to do a good job of discussing the chapter if he allowed them to talk about the field trip first. B) Tell students they must discuss the chapter first and then get into groups to talk about the field trip. C) Tell students to stop asking for class time to talk about the field trip if they still want to go on the field trip. D) Tell students to discuss the field trip in groups and agree to do the chapter questions for homework.
B) Tell students they must discuss the chapter first and then get into groups to talk about the field trip.
16) A group of people constructs a program for living and communicates the program, its values, norms, traditions, self-definitions, and rules to its members. This program for living is the group's: A) value system. B) culture. C) social foundation D) ethnic identity.
B) culture.
35) In the teachers' workroom, Mrs. White boasted that she squelched Martin's name -calling by making a video of him in the act of name-calling and sending it to his parents. Mrs. White's method is an example of: A) positive reinforcement. B) presentation punishment. C) removal punishment. D) negative reinforcement.
B) presentation punishment.
17) A societal designation of upper, middle, working, or lower class based on income, power, background, and prestige is called: A) comprehensive social classification. B) socioeconomic status. C) social identity. D) cultural classification.
B) socioeconomic status.
52) If Rhonda wants to use maintenance rehearsal to keep information in working memory, which of the following will she do? A) "I need to write down the tracking number as soon as I find a pen to copy it from the Web site." B) "Two plus 6 is 8 and that helps me remember the first part of the number." C) "The tracking number is 2680 5589, 2680 5589, 2680 5589." D) "The number has part of my phone number plus my favorite number and 89."
C) "The tracking number is 2680 5589, 2680 5589, 2680 5589."
59) Students are working in groups. In one group, students make the following comments. Which student uses episodic memory in a comment? A) "Look in the glossary to find the definition. I'll check the index for the reference I saw when I was reading." B) "Remember the information from chapter 7. Try to use that information to answer the question." C) "This is like the time we came up with a skit for Mr. Meeks in speech class and we all missed the point." D) "We remember the facts the teacher wrote on the board. We can use that information."
C) "This is like the time we came up with a skit for Mr. Meeks in speech class and we all missed the point."
15) Mr. Chavez teaches high school science. During the first week of school, he describes the diversity among his students. Which description is stereotypical? A) A Mexican American boy who says he wants to play professional baseball like his uncle B) A Native American girl who achieved low scores in science last year C) An Asian American girl who is probably a model student D) A tall African American boy who is competing for the position of starting wide receiver on the football team
C) An Asian American girl who is probably a model student
58) Ashton is one of Mrs. O'Connor's students. She is working on a math task that requires the use of a formula. She tries one formula and gets the wrong answer. She checks her work and realizes she is using the wrong formula. She tries a different formula and gets the right answer. What type of knowledge does she demonstrate as she decides which formula to use? A) Declarative knowledge B) Procedural knowledge C) Conditional knowledge D) Elaborative knowledge
C) Conditional knowledge
51) A child listens to the sound of the letter k and watches the teacher write the letter k on the chart paper. Then the teacher tells the child to recall the character in yesterday's story who has a name that begins with the sound made by the letter k. What element or process of working memory is being used? A) Phonological loop C) Episodic buffer B) Visuospatial sketchpad D) Automaticity
C) Episodic buffer
21) Which of the following terms relates to shared cultural characteristics such as common history, religion, traditions, and language? A) Minority group B) Race C) Ethnicity D) Socioeconomic status
C) Ethnicity
20) Chet, the seven-year-old son of Thai parents, is growing up in a Thai community in a large metro area. His family is poor and most of his friends come from poor families. Based on statistics, why is Chet less likely than children from wealthier families to succeed academically? A) He is less likely to succeed academically because teachers in metro area schools are typically underqualified and underprepared to help children overcome the setbacks associated with poverty. B) He is less likely to succeed academically because his family, unlike wealthier families, is likely to encourage him to become a part of the resistance culture in the community. C) He is less likely to succeed academically because he, more than children from wealthier families, is likely to lose ground academically during the summers. D) He is less likely to succeed academically because academic expectations are low despite high quality schools and resources in poor communities.
C) He is less likely to succeed academically because he, more than children from wealthier families, is likely to lose ground academically during the summers.
7) Based on information about genderlects, which of the following statements is most likely made by Calli, a middle school girl, and not one of the boys in her class? A) I have a right to sit in this chair. I got the top score on the test last week. B) I think it's unfair for the other groups to get more time to work on their projects. C) I saw your sister at the ball game, and she seemed to be getting around on her crutches as fast as anyone else. D) We have to beat the other team today and regain our status as the best in the league.
C) I saw your sister at the ball game, and she seemed to be getting around on her crutches as fast as anyone else.
49) Which of the following students is probably most efficient in his multitasking? A) Darren is driving to football practice and conversing with his dad about the budget for his birthday party. B) Kobe is listening to his favorite country songs and memorizing the conversation he needs to recite in Spanish class. C) Owen is listening to Mozart and reading his literature assignment. D) Rashawn is texting his girlfriend and driving to work after school.
C) Owen is listening to Mozart and reading his literature assignment.
54) Rico is learning the steps to use when he accesses the secure sight to check his grades, look at assignments, and receive messages from his teachers. What kind of knowledge is he using? A) Elaborative B) Declarative C) Procedural D) Conditional
C) Procedural
42) Russ broke the rule about using outdoor equipment outdoors only. He threw the baseball and put a dent in the trashcan. Now he is giving up his baseball privileges for two weeks as a result of his infraction. What method of punishment is being used? A) Premack principle B) Social isolation C) Response cost D) Negative reinforcement
C) Response cost
57) As a seven-year-old boy, Dean likes to catch butterflies and moths. He is fascinated by the colors and patterns on their wings. He has caught many different butterflies and moths and pinned them to his display board. He looks up each one he catches and records specific information about it. He can explain their life cycles and numerous facts about them. What is his knowledge structure for all of this information? A) Visuospatial sketchpad B) Images C) Schema D) Story grammar
C) Schema
10) Mr. Larson is beginning a social studies unit about communities with his first grade students. He invited Mateo's dad, Mr. Gomez, to bring one of his masonry tools to class and demonstrate his work with his construction crew in building new homes. By tying Mr. Gomez's skill into the lesson, Mr. Larson is using: A) reverse cultural knowledge. B) two-way immersion. C) cultural funds of knowledge. D) sheltered instruction.
C) cultural funds of knowledge.
2) Alexa screamed to her mother in the grocery store, "I want Cheerios." Her mother told her to use her small, indoor voice at the store. Alexa shows that she does not yet understand: A) receptive vocabulary. B) expressive vocabulary. C) pragmatics of language. D) metalinguistic awareness.
C) pragmatics of language.
9) Damian is an ELL student in high school. He is able to converse enough to make friends and play games, but he does not understand academic language very well. Based on guidelines for providing emotional support for ELL students, which one of his teachers seems to be most effective in working with Damian? A) "Who can help Damian learn how to punctuate sentences correctly? He needs help from someone who is good in English." B) "Damian, you will probably do best working on this assignment alone while other students work in groups." C) "This is science class. I don't want you to worry about English in this class. Just try to get the science concepts." D) "I talked to Damian about this event in history, and he created a timeline that compares events in his country with events in the US at that time."
D) "I talked to Damian about this event in history, and he created a timeline that compares events in his country with events in the US at that time."
50) Based on guidelines for gaining and maintaining students' attention, which of the following teachers is using an effective strategy? A) "This is Monday. Do the same spelling activity we always do on Mondaywrite each word ten times." B) Mr. Ganesh is demonstrating a procedure at the front of the room and pauses to say loudly to a student in the back row, "Put away the iPad." C) Mrs. Thornton moves back and forth as she presents a new concept. She never stands still when she makes a presentation. D) "Let's read our lessons objectives on the board. This lesson is important because it helps us count money."
D) "Let's read our lessons objectives on the board. This lesson is important because it helps us count money."
13) Ayo's parents are from Nigeria, but emigrated to the U.S. before Ayo was born. Ayo's dad is a medical doctor in a Houston suburb, and his mom has an art gallery in the city. Ayo attends an elite private high school and is one of the top players on his school's basketball team. Based on this information, what is the best description of Ayo's cultural ties? A) Culturally, Ayo's influences are American and Nigerian. B) Culturally, Ayo is Nigerian. C) Ayo's cultural ties are African American. D) Ayo's cultural ties are Nigerian, American, upper class, and basketball.
D) Ayo's cultural ties are Nigerian, American, upper class, and basketball.
30) Mrs. Delaney wants her students to learn to start their seat assignment and stop talking when the second morning bell rings. By pairing this stimulus-response sequence, Mrs. Delaney is applying which of the following principles of learning? A) Operant conditioning B) Observational learning C) Theory of mind D) Contiguity
D) Contiguity
47) Marcelo focuses his attention on the diagram and studies the details to help him capture a visual image that he will remember. What kind of knowledge is Marcelo using? A) Domain-specific knowledge B) Reinforcement C) Abstract knowledge D) General knowledge
D) General knowledge
53) Kele has a history assignment that requires her to recall the events of World War II taking place in the Pacific and in Europe. She plans to draw a timeline showing the timing of major battles on both fronts, their duration, and their overlapping time frames. Which kind of cognitive load is required for her to do the deep processing related to the assignment and apply knowledge from two units as well as skills learned in other courses? A) Intrinsic B) Episodic C) Extraneous D) Germane
D) Germane
60) Mr. Anthony has set up the lab many times for the experiment of acids and bases using litmus paper. In fact, he says he can practically do it with his eyes closed. He follows the same steps in the same order. What kind of memory is Mr. Anthony using to set up the lab for this experiment? A) Production B) Priming C) Classical conditioning D) Script
D) Script
12) Ms. Jovanovich works with several gifted students who are English language learners. She sees all of the following characteristics in these students EXCEPT: A) The child looks for similarities between English words and words in her native language. B) Without a large English vocabulary, the child takes risks in trying to communicate in English. C) The child practices new words and phrases by using them in conversation and trying to establish them in his memory. D) The child frustrates easily when feedback from the teacher indicates lack of understanding.
D) The child frustrates easily when feedback from the teacher indicates lack of understanding.
36) Luana is learning to stay in her seat and work on her language arts tasks without talking to friends around her. She has been working on this new behavior for a week. During the first week, Ms. Kalani reinforces Luana every time Luana completes one of the tasks without talking. Now Ms. Kalani wants to use the reinforcement schedule that is most likely to result in the greatest persistence from Luana. What reinforcement schedule will be most effective in meeting her goal? A) Fixed-ratio schedule B) Fixed-interval schedule C) Continuous schedule D) Variable -ratio schedule
D) Variable -ratio schedule
6) Polina is a Russian immigrant. She has no problems talking to her friends in English, but she struggles to understand concepts in content areas when they are presented in English. This indicates that Polina is proficient in: A) academic language skills. C) code-switching skills. B) inside -out skills and processes. D) contextualized language skills.
D) contextualized language skills.