Exam 2 (CH. 5-8)

punishment

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

In the context of memory storage, which of the following structures of the brain is especially active when an individual retrieves information from memory?

Left frontal lobe

The stage when bedwetting (in children) and sleep talking occur is

N3 or delta sleep

Nightmares v. Night Terrors

Nightmares: during REM cycle, person usually wakes up Nigh terrors: NREM cycle, during N3 stage, person looks awake but they aren't

Awareness

_____ includes knowing about oneself and thoughts about one's experiences.

Psychoactive drugs act on the nervous system to...

alter consciousness, modify perceptions, change moods

Liam is studying in his room for an exam but is disturbed by the loud music from his neighbor's house. He closes the window so that he can no longer hear the loud music. In this scenario, Liam's behavior demonstrates _____ in operant conditioning.

negative reinforcement

Connectionism

the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in networks among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory

is limited in capacity

Jillian, a flight attendant, is fluent in Spanish. Ever since she has learnt French, however, Jillian finds it difficult to remember Spanish words and phrases. In this scenario, Jillian's failure to retrieve Spanish words and phrases is most likely caused by

retroactive interference

circadian rhythms

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles. Daily circadian rhythms involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level

Identify the true statement about automatic processes.

They are considered to be conscious behaviors.

In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when

a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Sleep apnea

a disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

People who are easily hypnotized usually...

can become deeply immersed in an imaginative activity

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of

declarative memory

The prototype model

emphasizes that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties.

Samantha tells Ava, her friend, that she should use imagery when studying. In the context of the science of memory, this tip will be most useful to Ava when she is _____ information.

encoding

Sarah is reading a book on the different species of insects found in the Amazon Basin. In this scenario, Sarah is primarily

encoding information into her memory

Cylia fails to figure out the solution to a puzzle given by her friend. However, on her drive home, she figures out the solution to the puzzle even though she wasn't thinking about the puzzle. In this scenario, Cylia is demonstrating the altered state of consciousness called

incubation

Insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Executive function

refers to higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving.

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions. Her response is an example of a...

reflex

Observational learning is different from the associative learning described by behaviorism because observational learning

relies on mental processes.

somnambulism

sleepwalking. Occurs during N2 and N3 stages, unlikely to be dreaming

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are

stimulants

narcolepsy

sudden, overpowering urge to sleep

Learned helplessness

the organism learns through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food, the dog's salivation in response to the food was the

unconditioned response

In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction, every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage, he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea. In classical conditioning terminology, the nausea-inducing agent is the

unconditioned stimulus.

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with

unlearned, involuntary responses