Exam 2 Chapter 6

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed Ratio

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Latent

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

Teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park.

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS = UCS; continuous

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

Classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical Conditioning

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

Increases

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Instinct

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus Generalization

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Punishment

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable Interval

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable Ratio

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

A rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog.

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

Cognitive Map

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

Conditioned Response

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle.

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed Interval

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

Stimulus Discrimination

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.

Latent Learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

Observational

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat this behavior.