exam 2 college bio multiple choice portion

decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants

a shade-tolerant plant that's provided its preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, would likely experience ____

He might have recently had a round of antibiotics that killed the bacteria that usually live in his gut and allowed a yeast species to overgrow. Put him on probiotics & a low carb diet for a week & recheck his blood alcohol.

In Texas, a man showed up at a medical facility claiming that he felt drunk when he had not ingested any alcohol. Indeed his blood alcohol measured 0.37, many times the legal limit. Although he was a home brewer, he claimed that this intoxication had been happening often without his drinking alcohol. Which of these hypotheses & actions might be most useful in diagnosing this problem?

telophase

____ is a stage of mitosis

H2O

____ is the source of oxygen gas released by a photosystem

pine tree

a ____ is an autotroph

zebra shark

a _____ is an example of an organism that can sometimes reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis

have 2 nuclei

a cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ____

photon

a discrete packet of light is called a ____

electron transport chain

which processes is found in both cellular respiration & in the light reactions of photosynthesis

eye color

a karyotype (a display of the chromosomes in a cell) is often used to look for genetic disorders, karyotype results would not be useful to determine _____

O2

a process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ____

pyruvic acid

a product of glycolysis is ____

16

for a species with 4 pairs of chromosomes, ____ chromosome combinations are possible

the events of meiosis 2

genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. choose the EXCEPTION

green

the energy of wavelengths that appear ____ is LEAST useful to photosynthesis

Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP

the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately ____

NAD+

the first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ____

increasing the genetic variation in groups of algae

scientists are working to create a better biofuel factory through which processes

CO2 is a product of anaerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration

which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes

sexual reproduction, because the diversity of genotypes increases the likelihood that there's one which can survive in a new environment

which type of reproduction is the most adaptive in a rapidly changing environment with many different parasitic diseases present

generating ATP

ATP synthase plays a role in ____

the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produces alcohol in the absences of oxygen

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture & have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that____.

biofuels are cheaper to produce

all but one of these is an advantage of biofuels from food crops. choose the EXCEPTION

cells in which meiosis occurs

bdelloid rotifers appear to reproduce only asexually. which outcome, if found in this group, would demonstrate that sexual reproduction may occur?

DNA & protein

chromatin consists of _____

autosomes

chromosomes that do NOT determine the sex of an individual are called ____

genetic recombination

crossing over during prophase 1 results in _____

telophase

cytokinesis typically begins during the ____ stage of mitosis

homologous chromosomes randomly separate & migrate to opposite poles

during anaphase 1 _____

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

during metaphase 1 ____

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

during metaphase ____

the events of prophase are reversed

during telophase, _____

mitochondria

electron transport takes place in the ____

the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

glycolysis results in ____

carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

homologous chromosomes ____

2n --> 1

how many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrom have

4 times as much

how much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase 1 compared to a cell that has completed meiosis 2

produce ATP without O2

human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ____

fewer than 50

in an active muscle cell, aerobic cellular respiration generates about ____ ATP from 1 glucose

during prophase 1 there is 1 diploid cell; during prophase 2 there are 2 haploid cells

in meiosis, how does prophase 1 differ from prophase 2

H2O; CO2

in photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ____ to _____

haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg cell

in sexual reproduction in humans _____

thylakoids; stroma

interconnected sacs of membranes inside the chloroplasts called ____ are suspended in a thick fluid called the _____

insufficient O2 is reaching the muscles

lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that _____

billions

large amounts of O2 gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ____ of years ago

n+1 or n-1

nondisjunction might result in gametes with the chromosome numbers?

produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

one difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis ____

to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll A can't

one reason plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll B & carotenoids, is ____

taking in CO2 & making sugars (carbohydrates)

photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ____

producers that make their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

photosynthetic organisms are _____

have chloroplasts & mitochodria

plant cells ____

thylakoid membranes

plant photosystems are located in ____

roots

plants obtain most of their water through their ____

store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy from molecules

plants use photosynthesis to ____

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

the CORRECT sequence of stages in mitosis is _____

CO2, ATP, & NADPH; sugar

the calvin cycle makes direct use of ____ to make ____

ATP; NADPH

the calvin cycle requires ____ & _____ from the light reactions in order to operate

2 cells, each with the same amount of genetic material & the same genetic information

the cells that result from the mitotic cell can be described as ____

in the thylakoid membrane

the light reactions of photosynthesis take place ____

glycolysis

the only stage of cellular respiration that isn't dependent on the other stages of cell respiration is ____

ATP & NADPH

the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are _____

greater the energy

the shorter the wavelength of visible light, the _____

centromere

the structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ____

production of sperm & egg

the type of cell division that produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT ____

sun

the ultimate source of energy in food is ____

H2O & CO2

the waste products of cellular respiration includes

2 haploid

upon completion of telophase 1 & cytokinesis in meiosis, there is (are) _____ cell(s)

stacks of membranous sacs (thylakoids) in chloroplasts

what are grana

CO2, H2O, & ATP

what are products of cellular respiration

thylakoids

what are the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast

CO2, H2O, & ATP

what are the products of cellular respiration

ATP

what compound directly provides energy for cellular work

chlorophyll A

what compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem

chromosome duplication occurs

what happens during interphase

the mitotic spindle begins to form

what happens during prophase

carotenoids

what is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall

44 autosomes & 2 X chromosomes

what is the chromosome composition of a normal human female

44 autosomes, 1 X chromosome, & 1 Y chromosome

what is the chromosome composition of a normal human male

gas exchange

what is the function of stomata

acetyl CoA

what must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle

lactic acid

what waste product does yeast produce under anaerobic conditions

blue

what wavelength of light is reflected by a plant that appears blue to us?

excited

when a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the _____ state

light, fluorescence, heat (all of the above)

when a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon, in what form may that energy be released?

O2 is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of H2O

when electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration _____

are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object

when looking at a pigment object, the color we see is the wavelengths that ____

are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object

when looking at a pigmented object, the color we see if the wavelengths that _____

cytoplasm

where in the cell does glycolysis occur

seek early detection of tumors

which activity will help prevent cancers & increase survival

anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere

which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support

6 CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

which equation best summarizes photosynthesis

sister chromatids become separate chromosomes

which event occurs during anaphase?

glycolysis

which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic & anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown

O2

which molecule is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis

H2O

which molecule is the source of electrons in the light reactions

citric acid cycle

which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH