exam 2 college bio multiple choice portion
decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants
a shade-tolerant plant that's provided its preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, would likely experience ____
He might have recently had a round of antibiotics that killed the bacteria that usually live in his gut and allowed a yeast species to overgrow. Put him on probiotics & a low carb diet for a week & recheck his blood alcohol.
In Texas, a man showed up at a medical facility claiming that he felt drunk when he had not ingested any alcohol. Indeed his blood alcohol measured 0.37, many times the legal limit. Although he was a home brewer, he claimed that this intoxication had been happening often without his drinking alcohol. Which of these hypotheses & actions might be most useful in diagnosing this problem?
telophase
____ is a stage of mitosis
H2O
____ is the source of oxygen gas released by a photosystem
pine tree
a ____ is an autotroph
zebra shark
a _____ is an example of an organism that can sometimes reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis
have 2 nuclei
a cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ____
photon
a discrete packet of light is called a ____
electron transport chain
which processes is found in both cellular respiration & in the light reactions of photosynthesis
eye color
a karyotype (a display of the chromosomes in a cell) is often used to look for genetic disorders, karyotype results would not be useful to determine _____
O2
a process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ____
pyruvic acid
a product of glycolysis is ____
16
for a species with 4 pairs of chromosomes, ____ chromosome combinations are possible
the events of meiosis 2
genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. choose the EXCEPTION
green
the energy of wavelengths that appear ____ is LEAST useful to photosynthesis
Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + ATP
the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately ____
NAD+
the first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ____
increasing the genetic variation in groups of algae
scientists are working to create a better biofuel factory through which processes
CO2 is a product of anaerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration
which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes
sexual reproduction, because the diversity of genotypes increases the likelihood that there's one which can survive in a new environment
which type of reproduction is the most adaptive in a rapidly changing environment with many different parasitic diseases present
generating ATP
ATP synthase plays a role in ____
the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produces alcohol in the absences of oxygen
Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture & have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days, they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that____.
biofuels are cheaper to produce
all but one of these is an advantage of biofuels from food crops. choose the EXCEPTION
cells in which meiosis occurs
bdelloid rotifers appear to reproduce only asexually. which outcome, if found in this group, would demonstrate that sexual reproduction may occur?
DNA & protein
chromatin consists of _____
autosomes
chromosomes that do NOT determine the sex of an individual are called ____
genetic recombination
crossing over during prophase 1 results in _____
telophase
cytokinesis typically begins during the ____ stage of mitosis
homologous chromosomes randomly separate & migrate to opposite poles
during anaphase 1 _____
homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
during metaphase 1 ____
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
during metaphase ____
the events of prophase are reversed
during telophase, _____
mitochondria
electron transport takes place in the ____
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
glycolysis results in ____
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
homologous chromosomes ____
2n --> 1
how many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrom have
4 times as much
how much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase 1 compared to a cell that has completed meiosis 2
produce ATP without O2
human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ____
fewer than 50
in an active muscle cell, aerobic cellular respiration generates about ____ ATP from 1 glucose
during prophase 1 there is 1 diploid cell; during prophase 2 there are 2 haploid cells
in meiosis, how does prophase 1 differ from prophase 2
H2O; CO2
in photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ____ to _____
haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg cell
in sexual reproduction in humans _____
thylakoids; stroma
interconnected sacs of membranes inside the chloroplasts called ____ are suspended in a thick fluid called the _____
insufficient O2 is reaching the muscles
lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that _____
billions
large amounts of O2 gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ____ of years ago
n+1 or n-1
nondisjunction might result in gametes with the chromosome numbers?
produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
one difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis ____
to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll A can't
one reason plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll B & carotenoids, is ____
taking in CO2 & making sugars (carbohydrates)
photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ____
producers that make their own organic matter from inorganic molecules
photosynthetic organisms are _____
have chloroplasts & mitochodria
plant cells ____
thylakoid membranes
plant photosystems are located in ____
roots
plants obtain most of their water through their ____
store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy from molecules
plants use photosynthesis to ____
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
the CORRECT sequence of stages in mitosis is _____
CO2, ATP, & NADPH; sugar
the calvin cycle makes direct use of ____ to make ____
ATP; NADPH
the calvin cycle requires ____ & _____ from the light reactions in order to operate
2 cells, each with the same amount of genetic material & the same genetic information
the cells that result from the mitotic cell can be described as ____
in the thylakoid membrane
the light reactions of photosynthesis take place ____
glycolysis
the only stage of cellular respiration that isn't dependent on the other stages of cell respiration is ____
ATP & NADPH
the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are _____
greater the energy
the shorter the wavelength of visible light, the _____
centromere
the structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ____
production of sperm & egg
the type of cell division that produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT ____
sun
the ultimate source of energy in food is ____
H2O & CO2
the waste products of cellular respiration includes
2 haploid
upon completion of telophase 1 & cytokinesis in meiosis, there is (are) _____ cell(s)
stacks of membranous sacs (thylakoids) in chloroplasts
what are grana
CO2, H2O, & ATP
what are products of cellular respiration
thylakoids
what are the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast
CO2, H2O, & ATP
what are the products of cellular respiration
ATP
what compound directly provides energy for cellular work
chlorophyll A
what compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem
chromosome duplication occurs
what happens during interphase
the mitotic spindle begins to form
what happens during prophase
carotenoids
what is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall
44 autosomes & 2 X chromosomes
what is the chromosome composition of a normal human female
44 autosomes, 1 X chromosome, & 1 Y chromosome
what is the chromosome composition of a normal human male
gas exchange
what is the function of stomata
acetyl CoA
what must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle
lactic acid
what waste product does yeast produce under anaerobic conditions
blue
what wavelength of light is reflected by a plant that appears blue to us?
excited
when a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the _____ state
light, fluorescence, heat (all of the above)
when a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon, in what form may that energy be released?
O2 is eventually reduced by the electrons in the formation of H2O
when electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules in cellular respiration _____
are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object
when looking at a pigment object, the color we see is the wavelengths that ____
are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object
when looking at a pigmented object, the color we see if the wavelengths that _____
cytoplasm
where in the cell does glycolysis occur
seek early detection of tumors
which activity will help prevent cancers & increase survival
anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere
which claim about the history of the Earth has the most scientific support
6 CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
which equation best summarizes photosynthesis
sister chromatids become separate chromosomes
which event occurs during anaphase?
glycolysis
which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic & anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown
O2
which molecule is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis
H2O
which molecule is the source of electrons in the light reactions
citric acid cycle
which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH
