EXAM 2 Connect Questions

The auditory tube (eustachian tube) and pharyngeal tonsils are associated with which portion of the pharynx? -nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

a ______ is a leukocyte that functions to nonspecifically destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals.

neutrophil

which tissue lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx? (X) -pseudostratified columnar epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium -simple squamous epithelium -stratified cuboidal epithelium

-stratified squamous epithelium

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

superior and inferior

pulmonary ________ is a substance found lining the alveoli which decreases surface tension.

surfactant

what is the distal most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of of gas exchange? terminal bronchioles tertiary bronchioles bronchioles respiratory bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

Name the duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb, and the left side of the head neck and thorax.

thoracic

?? Identify the extrinsic ligaments of the larynx. Choose 2 of the options below. Cricothyroid cricoarytenoid thyrohyoid cricotracheal

thyrohyoid cricotracheal

The laryngeal prominence (also called the Adam's apple) is an anterior peak on the ___________ cartilage, the largest of the pharyngeal cartilage.

thyroid

Match each respiratory volume to its definition.

- Tidal volume (TV) --- The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing - Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) --- The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume - Residual Volume (RV) --- the amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration - Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) --- The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval

Match each receptor to the type of stimulus it detects

- central chemoreceptors --- pH of CSF - peripheral chemoreceptors --- O2 level, CO2 level, pH of the blood - stretch receptors --- inflation of lungs - irritant receptors --- smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

With the exception of the vestibule, the nasal cavity is lined with which type of tissues? (X) -pseudostratified columnar epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium -simple columnar epithelium -pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium -stratified columnar epithelium

-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What is the function of trachealis muscle? -Contract to produce suction and pull air into the lungs -they constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air. - they pull on arytenoid cartilages to abduct or adduct the vocal cords -they elevate the larynx during swallowing

-they constrict the trachea for more forceful expulsion of air.

Place the structure that lymph flows through a lymph node in order:

1. afferent lymphatic vessel 2. subcapsular sinus of the cortex 3. sinuses of the cortex and medulla 4. efferent lymphatic vessel

Place the flow of fluid in order. Begin with blood in the blood capillaries.

1. blood capillaries ( blood) 2. interstitial spaces ( interstitial fluid) 3. lymphatic capillaries (lymph) 4. Lymphatic vessels ( lymph) 5. lymphatic ducts (lymph) 6. subclavian veins (blood)

how many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

1. each lung has one primary bronchus

which describe allergens?

1. environmental antigens 2. occur in mold, dust and pollen 3. induce allergies

Why do memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again?

1. fewer steps for activation 2. there are more of them

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one tertiary bronchus? pulmonary lobule alveolus lobe bronchopulmonary segment

bronchopulmonary segment

Which are paired, horn-shaped cartilages that articulate with arytenoid cartilage?

corniculate cartilages

The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ____________ cartilage.

cricoid

Which ligament joins the larynx to the trachea? Thyrohyoid thyrotracheal cricotracheal cricohyoid

cricotracheal

Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the arytenoids and the epiglottis? Corniculate arytenoid thyroid cuneiform cricoid

cuneiform

long term of inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to ______, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface.

emphysema

select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. emphysema chronic bronchitis dyspnea pulmonary edema

emphysema chronic bronchitis

The thymus is considered part of which body systems?

endocrine, lymphatic, immune

An elevated eosinophil count is called

eosinophilia --- in the case of allergy or parasitic infection

the _______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group.

expiratory

True or false: all of the oxygen transported in the blood is usually unloaded at a systemic capillary.

false

a person expelling air while yelling is performing ______ breathing

forced

which terms refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?

forced expiratory volume

The C- shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue? hyaline cartilage bone fibrocartilage elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

which term refers to an excess of CO2 in the blood? hypercapnia acidosis

hypercapnia respiratory acidosis is blood pH lower than 7.35. although it may result from hypercapnia (excessive CO2 in the blood) these terms are not synonymous

the condition called _______ occurs when arterial CO2 concentration falls below normal.

hypocapnia

________ hypoxia is caused by inadequate pulmonary gas exchange.

hypoxemic

_________ refers to the inability to produce a normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement.

immunodeficiency

the function of complement is to induce pathogen destruction by several mechanism. identify four of these.

inflammation, phagocytosis of pathogens, immune clearance, cytolysis

The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the __ capacity

inspiratory

The __________ _____________ volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory reserve

in a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value? tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume

inspiratory reserve volume

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? choose 2 answers from the list below. intercostals diaphragm sternocleidomastoid rectus abdominis pectoralis major and minor scalenes

intercostals diaphragm

which protein inhibits the vial infection of neighboring cells?

interferon

which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration?

internal and external intercostal muscles

specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi small intestines are the ________

lacteals

Which byproduct of fermentation is excreted in the sweat where it inhibits microbial growth?

lactic acid

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus? laryngopharynx oropharynx larynx nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

which of these occurs during exhalation?

lung volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases

???Which structures enter the lung at the hilum? Select all that apply. Bronchioles lymphatic vessels blood vessels nerves

lymphatic vessels blood vessels nerves

Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? Select all that apply. alveoli main bronchi pharynx trachea larynx

main bronchi pharynx trachea larynx

Which cell is very similar to basophils in that they both secrete histamine, heparin, and other chemicals involved in inflammation?

mast cells

What are the four predominant components of inspired air?

nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen

Where are the sensory receptors of smell located?

olfactory epithelium

the palatine and lingual tonsils are located on the walls of the ____________ (division of the pharynx).

oropharynx

which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present?

partial pressure

Which are found in tonsils?

patches of lymphatic tissue, tonsillar crypts, an incomplete fibrous capsule

A patient is brought to the emergency room with an obstruction in the laryngopharynx. As the resident physician, what would you do?

perform a tracheaostomy

which segment of the respiratory system extends from the choane to the larynx and function as a passageway for air, food, and drink?

pharynx

The visceral __ covers the lung surface

pleura

A(n) _________ is a clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity.

pneumothorax

The ______ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.

pontine

Place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs:

pri bronchus sec bronchus ter bronchus terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct

Which tissues lines the nasopharynx? -stratified cuboidal epithelium -Stratified squamous epithelium -pseudostratified columnar epithelium -simple squamous epithelium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing? pulmonary compliance angiogenesis compartmentalization ventilation-perfusion coupling

pulmonary compliance

The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, tissue debris is called:

pus

which process is facilitated by the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree?

quiet exhalation

Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs:

redness and heat increased flow of blood to a tissue due to vasodilation

which term refers to the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation? residual volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume tidal volume

residual volume

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs are the principal organs of which system?

respiratory

____________ _______________ are the first airways capable of gas exchange and are therefore considered part of the respiratory zone of the respiratory system.

respiratory bronchioles

the _______ lung has 3 lobes and 2 fissures.

right

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus? right left

right. right primary is wider and more vertical than left

which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?

second

the nasal ________ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves

septum

The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory disease syndrome. why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?

surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities

_______ volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle.

tidal

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? Trachea bronchioles epiglottis pharynx

trachea

which are the components of the lower respiratory tract? Select all that apply. Pharynx trachea bronchi alveoli nasal cavity larynx

trachea, bronchi, alveoli

The ______ is a smooth muscle that connects the ends of the C-shaped tracheal cartilages.

trachealis

A procedure called a ___________involves making an incision within the trachea in order to bypass an airway obstruction.

tracheostomy

Along with the arytenoid cartilage, the ___ cartilages are also involved in movement of the vocal folds.

corniculate

irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

coughing

the connective tissue of skin and mucuous membranes produces _____ acid, a viscous gel that inhibits the migration of microbes.

hyaluronic

insufficient oxygen level in a tissues is called:

hypoxia insufficient O2 in blood is called hypoxemia

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called _________

inspiration

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the _________ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

medial

which includes all of the regions of airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?

physiological dead space

which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease? lung compliance physiological dead space vital capacity anatomic dead space

physiological dead space

The branched ________ cells help form the connective tissue framework of the thymus.

reticular

?? Which of the following would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? select all that apply. - Decreased PO2 of surrounding tissues - Decreased blood pH - Increased PO2, of surrounding tissues - Increased blood pH

- Decreased PO2 of surrounding tissues - Decreased blood pH

Which factors affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing? Select 2. - elevation of the larynx - movement of the tongue - downward movement of the larynx - elevation of the trachea

- elevation of the larynx - movement of the tongue

which equation represents the alveolar ventilation rate?

(volume of air inhaled-dead space) X (respiratory rate)

What is the role of Epiglottis? (X) - Covers the esophagus when breathing. - Covers the glottis when swallowing. - Covers the glottis when breathing. - Covers the posterior nasal aperture when breathing.

- Covers the glottis when swallowing.

Which are the functions of the larynx? - to absorb atmospheric O2 - To keep food and drink out of the airway - to detect odors - To produce sounds

- To keep food and drink out of the airway - To produce sounds

Where does voluntary control of respiration originate? - VRG - Dorsal respiratory group - pontine respiratory group - respiratory motor cortex

- respiratory motor cortex

Identify the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Select all that apply. Bound to heme Bicarbonate ion carboxyhemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin dissolved gas

Bicarbonate ion carbaminohemoglobin dissolved gas

Active tissues generate extra CO2, which lowers the pH of the blood and facilitates the unloading of oxygen. Because of this, more oxygen is released to tissues with higher metabolic rates, a phenomenon known as the _______ effect.

Bohr

Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?

C- shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilages

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat?

CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site

The ___________ is an elastic cartilage structure in the larynx which helps prevent food from entering the airway during swallowing. (X)

Epiglottis

True or false: lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.

F . close ended

True or False: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.

False

True or False: the volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

False

True or false: the respiratory control centers of the brainstem are involved in the voluntary respiration.

False

which hormones promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphoglycerate synthesis?

GH, thyroxine, epinepherine, testorone.

deoxygenated blood can carry more carbon dioxide, whereas oxygenated blood has a lower carbon dioxide carrying capacity. This phenomenon is known as the ________ effect

Haldane

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following? Oropharynx Laryngopharyx Nasopharynx Oral cavity

Laryngopharynx

The trachea, primary bronchi, and the alveolar sacs all belong to which of the following? Lower respiratory tract Upper respiratory tract conducting division respiratory division

Lower respiratory tract

which are types of lymphocytes?

NK, B, T cells

Which of the two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below. Choanae Nares Nostrils Vestibule

Nares Nostrils

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not from food? Laryngopharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx

Nasopharynx

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates an underlying physiological problem. It indicates: nerve damage O2 deficiency vitamin deficiency CO2 deficiency

O2 deficiency

hypoxic drive refers to a condition where the respiratory centers of brainstem respond to which of the following?

PO2 of arterial blood

The functional residual capacity is obtained by adding together which of the following respiratory volume? Select all that apply. Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume tidal volume

Residual volume Expiratory reserve volume

Where does the diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood occur? Conducting division Respiratory division Upper respiratory tract

Respiratory division

The majority of the surfaces of the nasal cavity are lined with which of the following? Respiratory epithelium Erectile tissues Cartilage Olfactory Epithelium

Respiratory epithelium

What is the function of the mucociliary muscle?

Sweeps mucous toward the pharynx to be swallowed.

What is the role of erectile tissue within the inferior nasal concha?

To alternate airflow between the two nasal fossae

What is the function of coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule?

To trap dust, microbes and other debris that maybe present in the air that is inspired.

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

True

Which are squamous cells, primarily responsible for forming the respiratory membrane of the lungs? Type 1 alveolar cells Type 2 alveolar cells Alveolar macrophages

Type 1 alveolar cells

The ________ maneuver entails increasing abdominal pressure by holding a deep depth while contracting the abdominal muscles. The depressed diaphragm increases abdominal pressure and helps push out organ contents during childbirth, urination, and defecation.

Valsalva

Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords

_________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

When a body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting _____ immunity.

active

Which term refers to the acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45? Hypercapnia Alkalosis Hypocapnia Acidosis

alkalosis

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the _____ of the lungs.

alveoli

Respiratory division of the respiratory system includes which of the following? pharynx larynx nostrils alveoli

alveoli

the nasal vestibule is located in which portion of the nasal cavity? (X) anterior lateral medial posterior

anterior

Where is the trachea located? -superior to the larynx -posterior to the esophagus -lateral to the mediasternum -anterior to the esophagus.

anterior to the esophagus

what is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?

antigen

Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage? Corniculate arytenoid thyroid cuneiform

arytenoid

movement of the ______ cartilages results in abduction or adduction of the vocal folds.

arytenoid

Where does systemic gas exchange occur? at the capillary networks of the tissues mitochondrion trachea across the respiratory membrane

at the capillary networks of the tissues

______ is the collapse of of a lobe or lung due to equalizing the intrapleural and atmospheric pressure.

atelectasis

The ________ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm>

base

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ________ dissolved in the plasma

bicarbonate

carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form? Dissolved gas bicarbonate ion carboxyhemoglobin carbaminohemoglobin

bicarbonate ion

Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below. binding of protons to hemoglobin active transport of O2 out of the bloodstream lower PO2 in tissue fluid cooler temperatures

binding of protons to hemoglobin

Which tissues lack lymphatic vessels?

bone marrow, cartilage, cornea

as the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. this is an example of which gas law?

boyle's

Where are the respiratory control centers located? cerebellum cerebrum brainstem corpus callosum

brainstem

which would increase the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange? breathing air that contains increases level of oxygen breathing atmospheric air at high altitude decreased respiratory membrane surface area increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

breathing air that contains increases level of oxygen

Chronic ____ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.

bronchitis

collecting vessels are formed by convergence of several lymphatic ____

capillaries

The enzyme found in the erythrocyte that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions is ___________

carbonic anhydrase

The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of:

cartilage

you place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. when you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. this is an example of which gas law?

charles's

The central __________ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

chemoreceptors

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called _______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

cilia

what do lymphatic trunks converge to form?

collecting ducts

the alternative, classical, lectin pathways are the three pathways to activate ________

complement

The __________ zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow. It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.

conducting

lymphatic nodules are located in the _____ of the lymph node.

cortex

______ law states that the total pressure of gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressure of gas.

dalton's

Name the cell that is found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphoid tissues that initiates immune responses by activating lymphocytes and secreting cytokines.

dendritic cell

hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ________.

deoxyhemoglobin

leukocytes crawl through gaps in the endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by the means of a process called

diapedesis

the _________ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly

dorsal. the ventral respiratory group does not receive any direct inputs from peripheral receptors.

The region of the antigen which stimulates an immune response is the _______.

epitope

airflow alternates through the right and left nasal fossa in response to the engorgement of which of the following? (X) -erectile tissues -olfactory mucosa -respiratory epithelium -alar cartilage

erectile tissues

When the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced from the lungs. this process is known as __________

expiration

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

pleura

Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

pleural cavity

?? The _______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and /or dorsal respiratory groups.

ventral

When do vocal cords produce low pitch sounds? When they vibrate more rapidly when they are relaxed when they are fully abducted when they are taut.

when they are relaxed

The __ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens

white

Match each of the following to its description.

- oxyhemoglobin ---- hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it - deoxyhemoglobin --- hemoglobin with no O2 bound to it - carboxyhemoglobin --- hemoglobin with CO bound to it - carbaminohemoglobin --- compound of hemoglobin and CO2

Which are the function of the pleurae and the pleural fluid? Select all that apply. - reduce friction between membranes - compartmentalization of organs in thoracic cavity - create pressure gradient during inhalation - reduce surface tension of the lungs

- reduce friction between membranes - compartmentalization of organs in thoracic cavity - create pressure gradient during inhalation

what are the immunological benefits of inflammation? select all that apply.

- to remove debris and damaged cells - to limit the spread of pathogens - to initiate tissue repair

The peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in which of the following? Select all that apply. -Cerebrospinal fluid pH -Blood pressure -Blood oxygen saturation -Blood pH -Blood CO2 saturation

-Blood oxygen saturation -Blood pH -Blood CO2 saturation

the concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. this slit is called the _______.

hilum

what body organ synthesizes complement proteins?

liver

which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?

lobe

When oxygen binds to hemoglobin it forms the molecule called _______

oxyhemoglobin

Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it?

oxyhemoglobin--- 1 or more O2 bound to it.

which is secreted by platelets and endothelial cells and stimulates the synthesis of collagen and multiplication of fibroblasts?

platelet derived growth factor

Which structures are responsible for generating sounds with the larynx? Choose 2 of the options below vocal folds vocal cords vestibular ligaments vestibular folds

vocal folds vocal cords

What occurs during the "chloride shift" in the red blood cells? Select all that apply. - Chloride ions are transported out of the RBC - Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC - Bicarbonate ions are transported into the RBC - Chloride ions are transported into the RBC

- Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC - Chloride ions are transported into the RBC

Which describes the respiratory cycle? - One complete inspiration and expiration - Rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm - exchange of gases across the alveolar membranes - volume exhaled during quiet breathing

- One complete inspiration and expiration

The respiratory system does which of the following? Select all that apply. - Supplies the body with oxygen. - Function in vocalization and speech - influences calcium metabolism - Assists in the removal of CO2 - Plays a role in regulating blood pressure.

- Supplies the body with oxygen. - Function in vocalization and speech - Assists in the removal of CO2 - Plays a role in regulating blood pressure. ( the lungs play a critical role in the production of angiotensin 2, a potent vasoconstrictor)

What is the correct calculation for vital capacity? - Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume - inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory volume plus anatomical dead space - anatomical dead space plus tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume - inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume

- Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following? - Tuberculosis patients - athletes - women - adolescents and children

- Tuberculosis patients

Identify the components of a respiratory membrane? Select all that apply. - Type 1 (squamous) alveolar cells - Type 2 (great) alveolar cells - 2 seperate basement membranes - endothelial cell of capillary - one shared basement membrane

- Type 1 (squamous) alveolar cells - endothelial cell of capillary - one shared basement membrane

The larynx is located: - between the trachea and lungs - between the laryngopharynx and the trachea - between the pharynx and the nasal cavity

- between the laryngopharynx and the trachea

Match each type of hypoxia to its causes

- hypoxemic hypoxia --- inadequate pulmonary gas exchange - ischemic hypoxia --- inadequate circulation of blood - anemic hypoxia --- inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia - histotoxic hypoxia --- metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

What is the role of nasal conchae? (X) -To exchange gases with the bloodstream -To provide an open passageway for air within the nose -To restrict the flow of air through the nasal cavity -To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with the mucus

-To ensure that inspired air comes into contact with the mucus

Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by:

1. precipitation 2. complement fixation 3. agglutination 4. neutralization

List the mechanism used by eosinophils to kill parasites.

1. produce hydrogen peroxide 2. produce superoxide anion

which factor can cause or contribute to the flow of lymph

1. skeletal muscle pump 2. valves 3. the respiratory pump

which are features of lymphatic vessels? select all that apply

1. smooth vessels are present in the vessel wall 2. a tunica is present 3. valves are present

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting which of the following?

1. tumor necrosis factor 2. perforins 3. granzyme 4. interferons

how many lobes makes up the left lung?

2

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?

3. (left lung has 2)

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits?

4

what is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?

40 mm Hg

______ are protein-degrading enzymes secreted by NK cells that enter infected cells through the pores made by perferoins.

granzymes

Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity?

helper T

______ law states that the amount of gas dissolve in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air

henry's

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume that cause inspiration?

intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure

How is air modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae?

it is humidified, cleansed, warmed

The upward movement of the cilia helps to move mucus up the trachea to the pharynx where it is swallowed. This system of cleaning out trapped debris is called the ____________ escalator of the trachea.

mucociliary

Which of the features are associated with the tracheal epithelium? mucous goblet cells cilia pseudostratified columnar cells stratified squamous tissue keratin

mucous, goblet cells, cilia, pseudostratified columnar cells

Which are the components of the upper respiratory tract? Select all that apply. nasal cavity larynx pharynx trachea bronchi alveoli

nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx

The _________ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

what is the correct formula for calculating the total lung capacity?

residual volume + vital capacity

Name the characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen

specificity

True or false: prolonged exposure to oxygen at 2.5 atm can be toxic

true

which are examples of obstructive lung disorder? select all that apply. Asthma chronic bronchitis black lung disease tuberculosis

Asthma chronic bronchitis

The layer of serous membrane called the parietal _______ lines the thoracic cavity.

pleura

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?

smell

name the procedure for removing the spleen

splenectomy

_______ receptors respond to the degree of inflation of the lungs/ alveoli

stretch

Which best describes what happens during exhalation? - the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out. -the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out. -the diaphragm contract, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows out. - the diaphragm contract, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out.

the diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out.

What is intrapleural pressure?

the pressure in the fluid filled space between the parietal and visceral pleura

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading? - Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. - Bicarbonate ions bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside of the red blood cells - CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma - carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells

- Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

Which 2 factors contribute most to the airflow resistance? Select two answer below. - Diameter of the bronchioles - lung compliance - intrapleural pressure - Partial pressure of O2

- Diameter of the bronchioles - lung compliance

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? - Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane - Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue - Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation - flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs

- Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Match each type of lung cancer to its description.

- Squamous-cell carcinoma --- originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium - Adenocarcinoma --- originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria - small- cell carcinoma --- originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasize quickly.

Place the events of the humoral response in order

1. immunocompetent B cells binds to an antigen 2. b cell internalizes an antigen and displays it on MHC2 3. T helper cells secrete interleukins which activate B cells 4. b cells undergo clonal selection 5. b cells differentiate into plasma and memory cells 6. plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies

A t cell will only become activated if what occurs?

1. it is costimulated by other surface molecules 2. it binds to a foreign antigen presented on an MHC protein

which are characteristics of a secondary immune response?

1. it occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen 2. antibodies first appear within hours, peak 3 hours 3. lg G antibodies are formed first