Exam 2 - COUN 593 Child and Adolescent Problems and Treatment
Cognitive-behavioral therapy would be most likely to be used with which of the following? a. children with developmental delay b. young children because medication often cannot be used safely with young children c. school-age children and adolescents d. children with profound intellectual disability to help them make sense of their condition
c. school-age children and adolescents
Amber has anorexia nervosa. Which of the following may be involved in the development of her anorexia? a. acetylcholine b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. GABA
c. serotonin
Marco is 9 years old. For the past 2 weeks, he has shown significant loss of appetite, along with fatigue and loss of energy nearly every day. He also has exhibited markedly diminished interest in activities most of the day, nearly every day. Marco's father suffered from major depressive disorder and committed suicide when Marco was 5 years old. Marco's mother is convinced that he has inherited the condition from his father. Do you agree with her? a. Yes, because major depressive disorder is highly inheritable. b. No, because Marco seems to have only 3 Category A symptoms to diagnose him with MDD, and five (5) are required by the DSM-5. c. No, because Marco's symptoms could be related to another illness and I need to gather more information. d. Yes, because at his age, only MDD can cause lack of interest in activities most of the day. e. Both (b) and (c)
e. Both (b) and (c)
During the Chapter 13 class discussion, you determined that Kellie did not meet the criteria for DMDD. The reason for such a determination was that: a. Kellie did not show the persistent irritability or anger that is required to meet DMDD criteria. b. Kellie had distinct periods during which criteria for hypomanic episodes had been met. c. Kellie's symptoms were attributable to cocaine use. d. Kellie's symptoms were present in only one setting.
Kellie had distinct periods during which criteria for hypomanic episodes had been met.
Approximately ________ of youths who experience a psychotic episode do not return to their premorbid level of functioning, while _________ of youths with schizophrenia will respond to psychotic medication. a. 40% ; one-third b. 50%; two-thirds c. 55%, half d. 15%, one-third
a. 40% ; one-third
According to Bowlby, what is essential for an infant's physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development? a. A warm, intimate, and continuous relationship between the infant and primary caregiver b. Absence of sexual abuse c. A warm, intimate, and continuous relationship between the infant and at least two primary caregivers d. absence of physical abuse
a. A warm, intimate, and continuous relationship between the infant and primary caregiver
Shelly's mother is confused. Shelly was diagnosed with ADHD two years ago by her family doctor. However, results from recent comprehensive psychological testing indicate that Shelly does not have ADHD but that she instead has DMDD. How is ADHD different from DMDD? a. ADHD is a behavior disorder; DMDD is a mood disorder. b. ADHD is characterized by severe, recurrent temper outbursts; DMDD is not. c. Children with ADHD consistently engage in physical aggression toward people or property while children with DMDD do not. d. Children with ADHD frequently explode in tantrums that last much longer than the tantrums shown by children with DMDD.
a. ADHD is a behavior disorder; DMDD is a mood disorder.
Jenny is 3 years old. She refuses to eat anything green, but eats other foods that have different colors. Her mother wonders if Jenny has ARFID. What would you tell her? a. If Jenny's nutrition and relationship with her family is not being affected, she can't be diagnosed with ARFID. b. Jenny should be diagnosed with ARFID. c. Jenny could have anorexia nervosa instead. d. Jenny could be starting to suffer from bulimia.
a. If Jenny's nutrition and relationship with her family is not being affected, she can't be diagnosed with ARFID.
Nathan has rumination disorder. What is the preferred treatment for this condition? a. Positive reinforcement. b. Positive punishment c. Negative punishment d. None of the above
a. Positive reinforcement.
Rachel experienced her first depressive episode when she was 8 years old. She then had another episode when she was 12. She is now 15 and going through her third depressive episode. According to the kindling hypothesis, __________________. a. Rachel probably has the tendency to have more depressive episodes in the future. b. Rachel's capacity to sustain a more positive mood will rekindle once she becomes a young adult and is no longer an adolescent. c. Rachel will probably learn from her early experiences with depression and know how to avoid subsequent episodes as an adult. d. Rachel will probably become desensitized to stressors and have greater resilience in the face of future stressors.
a. Rachel probably has the tendency to have more depressive episodes in the future.
Marco is 14. He doesn't have any friends and does not participate in hobbies or other interests outside of school. He feels sad and lonely, so he copes with it by binge eating. What would be an appropriate approach to treat Marco's condition? Select one: a. Refer him to an interpersonal therapist who will help him overcome his interpersonal deficit and teach him how to make and keep friends. b. Refer him to a person-centered counselor who will teach him to ignore his peers and be okay with it. c. Refer him to a personal trainer who will teach him the appropriate exercises to lose weight. d. None of the above
a. Refer him to an interpersonal therapist who will help him overcome his interpersonal deficit and teach him how to make and keep friends.
During class, the attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS) seemed to be an appropriate diagnose for "Marcus." Which of the following is one of the main differences between attenuated psychosis syndrome and schizophrenia? a. The number of symptoms required for diagnosis is fewer for APS than for schizophrenia. b. Only schizophrenia involves hallucinations and delusions. c. Only schizophrenia must cause clinically significant distress or impairment. d. Attenuated psychosis syndrome can only be diagnosed in those under the age of 16.
a. The number of symptoms required for diagnosis is fewer for APS than for schizophrenia.
According to your textbook, which neuroendocrine pathways may underlie the physiological symptoms of PTSD? a. The sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes b. The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes c. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system (HNS) d. All of the above
a. The sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes
Amy is seeing a structural family therapist with her parents to address her anorexia nervosa. Which of the following will be the most likely approach taken by the therapist? a. The therapist will primarily focus on the relationship and communication that all family members have with each other. b. The therapist will primarily focus on Amy's disordered eating. c. The therapist will focus on having Amy's parents express how Amy's disorder has affected them. d. None of the above
a. The therapist will primarily focus on the relationship and communication that all family members have with each other.
Brandon is a 5-year-old White American. He is doing well in his regular preschool classroom, except that he is always trying to eat chalk from the classroom board, pieces of pencils, and sand from a sand tray they have in the classroom. His teacher has noticed this for the last 3 months. Does Brandon have pica? a. Yes, his behavior is developmentally inappropriate. b. No, because pica can't be diagnosed until the child is at least 12 years old. c. No, because pica can only be diagnosed if the child is trying to eat at least 5 nonfood items. d. No, because Brandon is doing well in a regular classroom and does not seem to have an intellectual developmental disorder.
a. Yes, his behavior is developmentally inappropriate.
Ricardo experiences hypomanic and depressive symptoms without meeting full criteria for either a hypomanic or depressive episode. Ricardo's most appropriate diagnosis seems to be: a. cyclothymia b. bipolar II disorder c. attenuated cyclothymic syndrome d. bipolar I disorder
a. cyclothymia
For the last week or so, Robbie, a 16-year old in high school, has been trying to convince the school principal that he is capable of fixing a dozen broken computers that the school has kept in storage for a while. Robbie offers to fix them all during his next class recess. When told that recess won't give him enough time to fix all these computers, he replies that he is capable of doing so because Harry Potter has transferred some of his powers to him while he watched Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Robbie is showing a sign of: a. grandiosity or inflated self-esteem b. unusually high motivation to help his school. c. marked increase in goal-directed activity. d. psychomotor agitation.
a. grandiosity or inflated self-esteem
Elizabeth has a strong need to meet others' needs and to gain others' approval. She often sacrifices her own well-being in order to please others. Elizabeth is at a high risk for depression because __________________. Select one: a. her personality shows excessive compliance. b. her personality shows emotional overcontrol. c. her personality shows a kind temperament. d. her personality shows unusual sensitivity to others.
a. her personality shows excessive compliance.
The treatment of pica and rumination disorder typically involves: a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. play therapy and relaxation techniques d. medication
a. operant conditioning
In cystic fibrosis (CF), frequent exercises are needed to clear the lungs. Many children with CF resist this because it can be time-consuming, laborious, and distressing. Which of the following techniques might the pediatric psychologist be most likely to recommend to parents? a. providing a desired item or experience after participating in the lung-clearing exercises b. providing a desired item or experience before participating in the lung-clearing exercises c. removing a desired item or experience if the child does not participate in the lung-clearing exercises d. providing an undesirable experience if the child does not participate in the lung-clearing exercises
a. providing a desired item or experience after participating in the lung-clearing exercises
Which of the following is NOT a primary component of treatment for diurnal enuresis? a. punishing children for wetting during the day b. helping children recognize feelings of a full bladder c. increasing children's control over their pelvic floor muscles d. increasing children's functional bladder capacity
a. punishing children for wetting during the day
Karen is 14 and has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. How would you determine the severity of her disorder? a. By looking at Karen's current body mass index (BMI). b. By looking at Karen's current body mass index (BMI) percentile. c. By conducting a mental health status exam to determine how intense her fears of gaining weight are. d. By interviewing Karen and finding out how overweight she really thinks she is.
b. By looking at Karen's current body mass index (BMI) percentile.
Ashley has been showing an unusual high distractibility for the past two weeks. Her mother suffers from bipolar disorder 1 and her younger brother has been diagnosed with ADHD. Could Ashley's distractibility be a sign of ADHD or bipolar disorder? How could you tell the difference between the two? a. If her distractibility has lasted for more than 6 months uninterrupted, it's probably due to mania, not ADHD. b. If her distractibility reflects a marked change in typical behavior, it is probably due to mania, not ADHD. c. Distractibility is very rare during manic episodes. So Ashley's distractibility is probably the result of ADHD. d. If her distractibility had an early childhood onset, it's probably due to mania, not ADHD.
b. If her distractibility reflects a marked change in typical behavior, it is probably due to mania, not ADHD.
It's Lina's bedtime. After she heads upstairs, she peeks her head out and asks her mom for "just one more story." Her mom says, "OK, just this once. " Lina picks a long story and ends up in bed a half-hour later than normal. Which of the following best applies to this scenario? a. Lina has been negatively reinforced and is more likely to request additional stories on subsequent nights. b. Lina has been positively reinforced and is more likely to request additional stories on subsequent nights. c. Lina's mom has been positively reinforced and is more likely to read additional stories on subsequent nights. d. Lina's delayed bedtime, if continued, is unlikely to have any effect on her sleep quality, since the delay was relatively short.
b. Lina has been positively reinforced and is more likely to request additional stories on subsequent nights.
Which of the following statements regarding suicidality by ethnicity is true? a. African American youths have the highest rates of suicide. b. Native American youths show the highest rates of suicide. c. White girls show the highest rates of suicide. d. Latinas are one of the groups most likely to attempt suicide.
b. Native American youths show the highest rates of suicide.
Nina, age 4, has a lot of trouble sleeping through the night without wetting the bed. It seems almost every night she cries out that her bed is wet. Can she be diagnosed with enuresis? a. Yes. b. No, because she is not old enough. c. No, because she must be wetting the bed every night for diagnosis. d. No, because this doesn't happen during the day.
b. No, because she is not old enough.
Which of the following scenarios most closely describes an adolescent with circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder? a. Jessica had difficulty going to sleep in New York the night she returned from her vacation in Hawaii. b. Since beginning high school, Kate has had problems waking up for her first class at 8:00 a.m. and has had difficulty falling sleep before 1:00 a.m. c. Lexi stays up very late on weekends and has a hard time waking on Monday morning. d. Meredith has problems waking in the morning during the winter because of limited exposure to sunlight.
b. Since beginning high school, Kate has had problems waking up for her first class at 8:00 a.m. and has had difficulty falling sleep before 1:00 a.m.
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of antipsychotics? a. tardive dyskinesia b. cachexia c. akathisia d. neuroleptic malignant syndrome
b. cachexia
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a cause of monosymptomatic primary enuresis? a. genetics b. increased secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) c. difficulty responding to signals of a full bladder while asleep d. difficulty inhibiting urination during sleep
b. increased secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP)
Amber can't fall asleep because she keeps thinking about the moment in her English class presentation where a boy coughed and said the word "boring" and the class laughed. Even though the teacher had told her she'd done a good job and several other students gave the boy a dirty look when he said that, she cannot stop thinking about that one moment. This is an example of which of the following? a. catastrophizing b. selective abstraction c. personalization d. dichotomous thinking
b. selective abstraction
Nina is showing negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Which of the following is not likely to be experienced by Nina? a. blunted affect b. suspiciousness c. avolition d. apathy
b. suspiciousness
Melissa is 17 years old and experienced sexual abuse when she was 16. Her therapist is using cognitive restructuring to help her. This technique is based on the finding that many youths who have suffered from sexual abuse report negative thoughts about ____________. a. their past, their present, and their future b. themselves, others, and the world c. their siblings, their classmates, and others of the same age d. their parents, teachers, and other adults
b. themselves, others, and the world
Michael loves to watch The Wizard of Oz and drink his favorite juice at the same time. On multiple occasions, however, he has ended up urinating on himself during the movie because he is so attuned to what is happening on the screen, he doesn't recognize the urge to use the bathroom. Michael's situation is an example of which of the following? a. problems with arousal b. voiding postponement c. bladder instability d. small functional bladder capacity
b. voiding postponement
Research has shown that approximately ____________ of youths with PTSD recover within __________ after being treated with Prolonged Exposure Therapy. a. 50%; 4 to 7 months b. 80%; 12 to 15 months c. 80%; 12 to 15 sessions d. 50%, 4 to 7 sessions
c. 80%; 12 to 15 sessions
Michael was eating an orange during school recess when an earthquake hit the school area. In a matter of minutes, his classroom's roof came down and he was buried under the rubble with some of his classmates. After many hours, they were freed by firefighters. But two of his friends died before they could be rescued. Michael now has unwanted, transient sensations a if he were smelling oranges, even though there are not oranges around. Michael also refuses to eat oranges at all because he says that they bring back memories of the earthquake. This is an example of __________________. a. An alteration of cognition and mood b. An alteration of arousal and reactivity c. A combination of intrusion and avoidance symptoms d. Depersonalization and derealization symptoms
c. A combination of intrusion and avoidance symptoms
Ethan is in middle school and is being victimized by three classmates who bully him both on social media and during school recess. When considering the relationship between bullying/cyberbullying and suicide, which one is true? a. Cyberbullying increases the rate of suicide in the victim, while bullying does not. b. Bullying increases the likelihood of suicide in the victim, while cyberbullying does not. c. Both bullies and their victims are at increased risk of suicide. d. Bullies are at increased risk for suicide while victims of bullies are not.
c. Both bullies and their victims are at increased risk of suicide.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)? a. Children with RAD are often emotionally absent. b. Children with RAD have experienced pathogenic care. c. Children with RAD are very common. d. Children with RAD exhibit disturbed or developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors.
c. Children with RAD are very common.
Denise is 16 and has been diagnosed with bulimia nervosa. What is currently the outpatient treatment of choice for youths with this condition? a. Antidepressant medications only b. Family therapy c. Cognitive-behavioral therapy d. None of the above
c. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Meghan is suspected to have anorexia nervosa. How will you determine if she is significantly underweight? a. If she is less than 100 pounds. b. If her BMI is below 17. c. If her BMI is below the 5th percentile for other girls her age. d. If she were above the 10th percentile for weight when compared with other girls her age.
c. If her BMI is below the 5th percentile for other girls her age.
You are spending a week at Disney World with your best friend Laura and her 8-year-old son Kyle. Kyle was very close to his father, but he died two months ago in a car accident. Although you have known Kyle from birth, you notice for the first time that he is restless, has problems sitting still, paces or wonders with no purpose and fidgets with his clothes nearly every day. What is the best explanation for Kyle's behavior? a. Kyle is excited because he can't wait to try all the rides they have at Disney World. b. Kyle might be developing ADHD and becoming hyperactive. c. Kyle might be depressed and experiencing psychomotor agitation. d. None of the above.
c. Kyle might be depressed and experiencing psychomotor agitation.
The most common comorbid psychiatric condition among adolescents with eating disorders is: a. Anxiety disorders b. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders c. Major Depressive Disorder d. Substance Use disorders
c. Major Depressive Disorder
Mary was 29 years old and experiencing a full-blown manic episode for the first time when she got pregnant with Mary Ellen. Mary was eventually diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder. Mary Ellen is now 16 and has also been diagnosed with bipolar 1 disorder. When you compare the course of Mary's illness with the course of Mary Ellen's illness, which one do you think will be most accurate? a. Mary Ellen will probably experience less manic episodes. b. Mary Ellen will probably experience greater frequency of depressive symptoms c. Mary Ellen will probably experience more relapse over time. d. greater remission of symptoms
c. Mary Ellen will probably experience more relapse over time.
Ethan is currently in foster care and has been diagnosed with DSED. Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for Ethan? a. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Ethan alone. b. Behavioral therapy for control issues with Ethan's foster parents. c. No effective treatments specifically targeted toward children with DSED who are older than 24 months have yet been tested. d. Cognitive-Behavioral with Ethan and his foster parents specifically targeted to children older than 24 months.
c. No effective treatments specifically targeted toward children with DSED who are older than 24 months have yet been tested.
Since she was a little child, Kelly, age 12, has woken up feeling fully rested at 3:00 a.m. She goes to sleep every evening at 7:00 p.m. Would this be considered a sleep disorder? a. Yes, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder. b. No, because Kelly is not yet an adult. c. No, because it doesn't cause her distress or impairment. d. No, because we don't know whether her family has promoted this sleep pattern.
c. No, because it doesn't cause her distress or impairment.
Jen is 17 years old. She has gradually developed symptoms of depression since she was 13. She often feels sluggish, sad, and unhappy with herself, but denies having ever thought of suicide. Which diagnosis fits Jen best? a. Major depressive disorder b. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder c. Persistent depressive disorder d. None of the above
c. Persistent depressive disorder
Richard's father frequently abuses him. Now Richard is showing behavior problems at school. When he is interviewed by the school counselor, he says, "The other kids are always picking on me." According to the Richard's teacher, she has not noticed the other students picking on Richard at all. Which of the following likely explains Richard's reasoning? a. Richard is reacting impulsively when solving social problems. b. Richard is demonstrating social modeling from his father's aggressive behavior. c. Richard is showing hostile attributional bias when solving social problems. d. Richard is having difficulty generating solutions to social problems.
c. Richard is showing hostile attributional bias when solving social problems.
Based on research, who do you think will be at the highest risk for developing PTSD? a. Rosie, because she is an only child. b. Marcus, because he has shown developmental delays. c. Suzy, because she had elevated anxiety and depression before experiencing the trauma event. d. Carlos, because his parents got divorced 3 months ago.
c. Suzy, because she had elevated anxiety and depression before experiencing the trauma event.
Isabel is a 14-year-old who was born in the U.S. Her parents are naturalized American citizens from Guatemala. They live comfortable in an upscale Houston neighborhood. They visit Guatemala on vacation every year because they have extended family there. During those visits, Isabel has gotten very close to her cousin Emilia who is also 14 years old. Emilia is a very talented and kind teenager. Recently, Isabel learned that Emilia has been kidnapped by a powerful criminal organization in Guatemala and is demanding a very large sum of money from Emilia's father, under threat of having Emilia raped and killed. Can this be considered a traumatic event for Isabel? a. No, because Emilia is in another country. b. No, because Isabel did not personally witness the kidnapping and was not part of it herself. c. Yes, because Emilia is a close family member of Isabel. d. Yes, because Isabel is very familiar with the country of Guatemala.
c. Yes, because Emilia is a close family member of Isabel.
Chris describes to his psychiatrist a specific hallucination that he has almost every day. The psychiatrist explains to Chris that he is experiencing the most common type of hallucination in patients with schizophrenia. Which of the following types of hallucinations is Chris experiencing? a. tactile b. visual c. auditory d. olfactory
c. auditory
Which of the following is NOT a brain abnormality often seen in those with schizophrenia? a. reductions in the total volume and thickness of the prefrontal cortex b. reductions in the size of the hippocampus and thalamus c. decreased volumes of the lateral ventricles d. dramatic reductions in gray matter
c. decreased volumes of the lateral ventricles
Anna is 17 years old and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder 1 when she was 15. Lately, she's begun believing that she is actually the Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. Anna seems to be experiencing a ________________. a. delusion, with mixed features b. hallucination, with mixed features c. delusion, with psychotic features d. hallucination, with psychotic features
c. delusion, with psychotic features
Eliza is 17 years old and has suffered from depression since she was 9. Her parents feel very sad for Eliza and wonder if their genes have been the cause of Eliza's depression in any way. In trying to educate them, you explain that _________________. a. depression is indeed genetic and caused by defective genes in both mothers and fathers. b. depression is only caused by stressful life events that cannot be prevented. Therefore, they should not blame themselves for Eliza's depression. c. depression depends on both a genetic risk for the disorder and environmental stressors. d. depression is directly associated with the attachment of the child to her mother. Therefore, you suspect that Eliza was unable develop a healthy attachment to her mother when she was a baby.
c. depression depends on both a genetic risk for the disorder and environmental stressors.
When Jared experiences negative emotions, his therapist teaches him to think instead about a pleasant, peaceful situation--lying in his treehouse with a light breeze. This is an example of which of the following? a. cognitive restructuring b. systematic desensitization c. guided imagery d. refocusing
c. guided imagery
According to the monoamine hypothesis for depression, ________, ________, and ________, play a role in depressive disorders. a. acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), b. histamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate c. serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine d. None of the above
c. serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
Kayla was age 5 when her kindergarten teacher noticed that she tended to be by herself in the playground. She preferred to sit under a tree and imagine that she was a butterfly while the rest of her classmates ran around, play different games, or took turns on the swing set. Kayla was diagnosed with schizophrenia at age 16. Her behavior at age 5 might have been evidence of which of the following? a. the initial stage b. the secondary stage c. the premorbid stage d. the prodromal stage
c. the premorbid stage
You and a classmate, Matt, are studying for a final exam in a Child Psychopathology course. Matt tells you that there are two bipolar disorders relevant to children and adolescents: bipolar I disorder and disruptive cyclic dysregulation disorder. What would you say to Matt? a. "No that is not true. There are actually three bipolar disorders relevant to children and adolescents: bipolar I, bipolar II, and bipolar III disorders." b. "Yes, that is true. Those three diagnoses are very common among children and adolescents who present for mental health treatments." c. "No that is not true. There are three bipolar disorders relevant to adults, but only one relevant to children and adolescents, which is bipolar I disorder." d. "No that is not true. There are actually three bipolar disorders relevant to children and adolescents: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder."
d. "No that is not true. There are actually three bipolar disorders relevant to children and adolescents: bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder."
You have lived a relatively normal life, free of major traumas. You are a clinical mental health counseling student completing clinical hours at a local psychiatric hospital for children. You have been at that setting for only a week, and you feel overwhelmed by the number of children who have been admitted with a history of trauma. You never imagined that there could be so many children in the world affected by these horrendous experiences. Your clinical supervisor reminds you that trauma occurs in about _________ of youths, and about ___________ of them will develop symptoms of PTSD. a. 20%; one third b. 30%; two thirds c. 20%; two thirds d. 30%; one third
d. 30%; one third
Cheryl's daughter is 2 months old. She wants to know how long it will take for her daughter to transition from milk to food. Which of the following answers would you give to her? a. The transition depends on the adaption of gustatory and digestive systems to accept and digest solid foods with different tastes, textures and appearances. b. The transition depends on the child's ability to recognize his hunger and satiety signals and to negotiate with caregivers to perform feeding tasks. c. The transition depends on the child's capacity to bite, chew, and swallow, and to coordinate movements to place foods in the mouth. d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Matthew is two years old and has been diagnosed with infantile anorexia. According to the transactional model for feeding disorders, Matthew's condition might have developed as a result of which of the following? a. His strong-willed temperament. b. His high physiological arousal. c. The interaction between him and his parents over time. d. All of the above e. None of the above
d. All of the above
Results from the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) and Great Smoky Mountains studies demonstrated that ___________________. a. the number of childhood traumatic events predicted likelihood of physical and mental health problems in adulthood. b. trauma exposure in childhood predicted financial problems in adulthood. c. trauma exposure in childhood predicted criminal activity in adulthood. d. All of the above e. None of the above
d. All of the above
Noah is 18 months old. He throws up, re-chews the food, and then swallows it again at least two times a day when he is fed. This has been going on since he was 9 months old. If Noah does not change this behavior, which of the following could represent a future problem for him? a. Weigh loss and malnutrition b. Dental erosion c. Stomach infections d. Both (a) and (b)
d. Both (a) and (b)
Recent research suggests that binge eating disorder in children and adolescents is closely associated with emotional problems such as: a. depression b. anxiety c. emotional dysregulation d. Both (a) and (b)
d. Both (a) and (b)
Julia's mother thinks that Julia has either anorexia nervosa or bulimia, but she is confused about the difference between the two. What would be the right explanation for Julia's mother? a. Individuals with anorexia nervosa show significantly low weight, while those with bulimia maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal level. b. Individuals with bulimia show significantly low weight, while those with anorexia nervosa maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal level. c. All individuals with bulimia show recurrent binge eating, but not all individuals with anorexia nervosa binge. d. Both (a) and (c)
d. Both (a) and (c)
Which is true regarding the brain pathways implicated in schizophrenia? a. The mesolimbic pathway is implicated. b. The hypofrontal pathway is implicated c. the mesocortical pathway is implicated d. Both (a) and (c) are implicated. e. Both (a) and (b) are implicated.
d. Both (a) and (c) are implicated.
Regarding effective treatments for children and adolescents with DMDD, __________________. a. stimulant medication IS effective in reducing irritability and aggression. b. the knowledge of effective treatments is limited as DMDD is a relatively new disorder. c. psychosocial interventions are recommended rather than medication. d. Both (b) and (c) e. Both (a) and (b)
d. Both (b) and (c)
Which of the following explanations best reflects the current understanding of the relationship between ADHD and enuresis? a. ADHD and enuresis are unrelated. b. ADHD makes enuresis more likely. c. Enuresis makes ADHD more likely. d. Both ADHD and enuresis are made more likely by underlying difficulty with attention and arousal.
d. Both ADHD and enuresis are made more likely by underlying difficulty with attention and arousal.
A husband and wife, each with sickle cell disease, are thinking about having a baby and want to understand the risk that the baby will have the disease. Which of the following best describes this risk? a. It is 0%. b. It is 25%. c. It is 50%. d. It is 100%.
d. It is 100%.
Jennifer is 4 years old. She is experiencing markedly diminished interest in play since she witnessed an intruder kidnapping her 14-year-old sister through her bedroom window two months ago. Her mother reports that Jeniffer also seems to have difficulty falling asleep at night, but no other out-of-the ordinary issues have been noticed. Can she be diagnosed with PTSD? a. No, because she is younger than 6. b. Yes, because she witnessed in person the event that occurred to her sister. c. Yes, because she is experiencing a negative alteration in cognition. d. No, because she appears to meet only 4 out the 7 criteria required for this diagnosis.
d. No, because she appears to meet only 4 out the 7 criteria required for this diagnosis.
Joe is 4 months old and in foster care. He often cries, cling, and gestures to be picked up. He seldom smiles and presents as sad, anxious, or irritable. Should a diagnose of Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) be considered? a. Yes. He presents the typical symptoms of RAD. b. Yes. He meets the primary criterium for RAD which is being in foster care or experiencing repeated changes of primary caregivers. c. No, clearly has symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. d. No. He does not have a developmental age of at least 9 months yet.
d. No. He does not have a developmental age of at least 9 months yet.
When Angela was pregnant with Billy, she used alcohol and drugs. Billy was born premature and shows some mild cognitive processing issues. Billy is in second grade and wants to do well in school, but any time Billy makes a mistake completing his homework, Angela calls him "bad boy," "stupid," and "lazy." Angela also compares Billy with Jason, one of Billy's friends. Angela is engaging in what kind of psychological abuse? a. Terrorizing b. Denying emotional responsiveness c. Isolating d. Spurning
d. Spurning
Which of the following is NOT a reason that elimination and sleep disorders are considered psychological disorders in the DSM-5? a. They reflect a fundamental delay or deviation from a typical developmental trajectory. b. They illustrate the relationship between physical and behavioral health because medical treatment alone is often insufficient. c. They occur within the context of the caregiver relationship and are likely best viewed as existing between parents and children. d. They reflect genetic issues passed down from parents to children.
d. They reflect genetic issues passed down from parents to children.
Jani had a hypomanic episode at age 11. At 14, she experienced a depressive episode and now, at age 16, she seems to be going through a hypomanic episode again. Which of the following would be considered for a diagnosis for Jani? a. cyclothymia b. bipolar I disorder c. major depressive disorder d. bipolar II disorder
d. bipolar II disorder
Samantha is 14 and being treated for depression by a cognitive-behavioral therapist. During treatment, the therapist is probably focusing on: a. removing response-contingent reinforcement to give Samantha a sense of unconditional positive regard. b. helping Samantha experienced a sense of enhanced anhedonia. c. valuing Samantha's independence and preventing overreliance on social networks in times of stress d. challenging Samantha's cognitive biases and distortions.
d. challenging Samantha's cognitive biases and distortions.
Dr. Patel is an adolescent psychologist who frequently cares for teenagers at risk for suicide. She uses the interpersonal-psychological theory as model for her practice. Therefore, Dr. Patel does NOT believe that _______________ increases youths likelihood of self-harm. a. perceived burdensomeness b. thwarted belongingness c. capability for suicide d. hopelessness
d. hopelessness
Which of the following is NOT typically a component of treatment for encopresis? a. laxatives b. dietary changes c. scheduled toilet sitting d. stimulant medication
d. stimulant medication
Dr. Jones is considering to prescribe clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, to 13-year-old Abigail. He should/should not go ahead and do so because: a. tricyclic antidepressants are the most effective treatment for childhood depression. b. tricyclic antidepressants affect serotonin and dopamine systems. c. tricyclic antidepressants are much more effective in children than in adults. d. tricyclic antidepressants have severe side effects for more than 10% of children.
d. tricyclic antidepressants have severe side effects for more than 10% of children.
