Exam #2: Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse? 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward

2, 1, 4, 3

How many bones are in the adult human body?

206

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord?

31

How many pairs true ribs do humans have?

7

Which disease is a progressive, degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in dementia and is associated with a shortage of acetylcholine?

Alzheimer's disease

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the ________ skeleton.

Axial

True or False: Broken bones do not bleed since bone tissue is avascular.

False

True or False: The last two pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they have no attachments to the sternum.

False

What is the largest and strongest bone in the body?

Femur

An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) ________ fracture, is commonly seen in children

Greenstick

Carpal = bones in the ____ and taral = bones in the ____

Hand, Foot

The vertebra are an example of what type of bone?

Irregular bone

What are the three bones that make up the coxal bone?

Ischium, Ilium, and Pubis

Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce movement are known as ________.

Isotonic

What term describes the vertebral collapse or "Dowager's hump" that is common in the elderly with osteoporosis?

Kyphosis

The spinal cord terminates by vertebra ________.

L3

.The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as ________.

Long Bones

What cells form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS?

Shwann Cells

What is released by axon terminals into the synaptic cleft to stimulate a muscle to contract?

acetylcholine

What is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma?

action potential

Which muscle group adducts the thighs?

adductor group

The part of the neuron that typically conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is the ________.

axon

Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?: production of movement blood cell formation stabilization of joints generation of heat

blood cell formation

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are housed in the ________.

brain stem

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

cardiac

Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is

cardiac muscle

Ganglia are collections of ________.

cell bodies

What are the two main function subdivisions of the nervous system?

central and peripheral

From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar

The large fiber tract that allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres is called the ________.

corpus callosum

The heads of the myosin myofilaments are called ________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during skeletal muscle contraction.

cross bridges

Which of the following effects is characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?: decreased activity of the digestive system increased metabolic rate decreased urine output decreased heart rate

decreased heart rate

The prime mover of arm abduction is the ________ muscle.

deltoid

The neural processes that convey incoming messages toward the cell body are indicated by ________.

dendrites

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus collectively constitute the ________.

diencephalon interbrain

What is the correct sequence in connective tissue sheaths, going from the outermost to the innermost layer?

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

What is the anatomical term for the growth plate?

epiphyseal line

The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain to connect is the ________.

foramen magnum

Which muscle forms the curved calf of the posterior leg?

gastrocnemius

Anaerobic glycolysis requires ________ to make ATP.

glucose only

Which muscle group includes the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus?

hamstring group

What process occurs in red bone marrow?

hematopoiesis

The hyoid bone is unique because it ________

is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone

What is the main function of the quadriceps group?

knee extension

What is generated as a byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis

lactic acid

What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain?

longitudinal fissure

A motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates are termed a ________.

motor unit

An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as ________.

muscular dystrophy

Impulse conduction is faster in neurons that are ________.

myelinated

Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called ________.

neuroglia

The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ________.

origin

The process of bone formation is known as ________.

ossification

What division of the autonomic nervous system is often called the "rest-and-digest" division?

parasympathetic

Which of these muscles is located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body?: pectoralis major gluteus medius gastrocnemius occipitalis

pectoralis major

The ________ is a connective tissue wrapping around fascicles of neuron fibers.

perineurium

During repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell?

potassium

A sarcomere is ________.

the contractile unit between two Z discs

Jason injured his hamstring muscle group during football practice. He will be unable to perform ________.

thigh extension and knee flexion

True or False: A resting, polarized neuron's plasma membrane is (+) on the outside and (-) on the inside of the membrane with K+ as the major positive ion inside the cell and Na+ as the major positive ion outside the cell.

true

True or False: Cardiac and skeletal muscle both possess striations.

true

What pair of cranial nerves extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

vagus

Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain?: brain stem ventral ramus cerebrum diencephalon

ventral ramus

Which cranial nerve transmits impulses for the senses of hearing and balance?

vestibulocochlear

Myelinated fibers (tracts) form ________ matter while unmyelinated fibers form ________ matter.

white; gray

Which bones are commonly referred to as the cheekbones?

zygomatic bones

True or False: Cardiac muscle fibers are joined by special gap junctions called intercalated discs; these discs allow heart activity to be closely coordinated.

True

True or False: There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.

True

What is acetylcholine?

a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract

While doing "jumping jacks" during an exercise class, your arms and legs move laterally away from the midline of your body. This motion is called

abduction

The largest nerve in the body, the sciatic nerve, belongs to the ________ nerve plexus.

sacral

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________.

sarcolemma

What organelle wraps and surrounds the myofibril and stores calcium?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Seasmoid bones are a specialized example of what type of bone?

short bones

The terms nonstriated, involuntary, and visceral define what type of muscle?

smooth muscle

The temporal bones are joined with the parietal bones at the ________ sutures.

squamous

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) mobilizes the body during extreme situations, such as rage or fear?

sympathetic division

The gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the ________.

synaptic cleft