exam 2 Geol 4L

By how many degrees has the Earth's temperature increased over the last century? -1.5 F -1.5 C -0.5 F -1 F -0.5 C

-1.5 F

What are some consequences of increasing average temperatures? -Wilder weather -Rising sea levels -Droughts -Floods -All of these are consequences

-All of these are consequences

What human activities add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere? Select all that apply. -Breathing -Death and decay -Photosynthesis -Burning fossil fuels

-Breathing -Death and decay -Burning fossil fuels

The ocean has an unlimited ability to absorb carbon dioxide. -True -False

-False

Ozone depletion and global warming are both anthropogenic. -True -False

-True

Sea level rise has two major components. Which are they? -melting ice on land -melting sea ice -rising carbon dioxide levels -thermal expansion -thermal contraction

-melting ice on land -thermal expansion

What are the primary greenhouse gases? Select all that apply. -water vapor -carbon dioxide -methane -carbon particulate -argon

-water vapor -carbon dioxide -methane

The current level of CO2 in the atmosphere is 406 ppm. What percentage of the atmosphere does that represent? -0.0406% -0.406% -4.06% -None of these is correct.

0.0406%

Based on the data you collected and graphed, match the cup with the conclusions you made. 1. Black cup 2. Shiny (or white) cup 3. Neither cup. 4. There isn't enough evidence to support this conclusion. 5. Both cups.

1. absorbed heat more rapidly 2. lost less heat energy 3. recieved more heat energy 4. had convention currents in the air within it 5. had the same temperature when the experiment began.

Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere have been __(1)__ since the start of the __(2)__ . While the general trend is rising, there is still seasonal variation due to changes in plant productivity. In the winter, plants are less active and carbon dioxide levels __(3)__ , reaching their annual peak at the end of winter. In the summer, plants pull carbon dioxide out of the air during __(4)__ , causing carbon dioxide levels to __(5)__ .

1. increasing 2. industrial revolution 3. rise 4. photosynthesis 5. drop

The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is __(1)__ , it makes up about __(2)__ percent of the atmosphere. The second most abundant gas is __(3)__ , which is about __(4)__ percent of the atmosphere. About 1% of the atmosphere is __(5)__ . Greenhouse gases and other gases make up the rest, about 0.4%, and are called __(6)__ .

1. nitrogen 2. 78.08 3. oxygen 4. 20.95 5. argon 6. trace gases

Around what year did CO2 emissions suddenly spike? -1800 -1700 -1900 -2010

1800

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet has a volume of 3,262,000 km3, how much would sea level rise, in feet, if it were to melt. You will need to factor in the surface area of the ocean. You will need to convert the volume of ice into a volume of water, and you will need to convert units. Sea Level Rise (in km) = Volume of Water (km3) / Surface area of the ocean (km2) Surface area of the ocean: 361,000,000 km2 Recall, 1 km3 ice: 0.9 km3 water 1 meter: 3.28 feet 1000 meters: 1 km -26.4 feet -8.06 meters -32.8 feet -24.6 feet -28 meters

26.4 feet

Topography is important in local sea level rise. Which will lose more land area assuming the same amount of sea level rise? Correct! -A coastal region with a gentle slope. -A coastal region with a steep slope.

A coastal region with a gentle slope.

An area's general temperature and humidity characteristics can predict general weather in a future year

Atmosphere-atmosphere

The average temperature of an area over a long period of time affects the general atmospheric climate

Atmosphere-atmosphere

The climate of a region influences what types of plants can live there

Atmosphere-biosphere

The changing climate is melting polar ice sheets

Atmosphere-cryosphere

Why is Death Valley so hot?!?!? -Because winds do not blow there. -Because it is on the leeward side of several mountain ranges. -Because it is close to a large body of water. -Because it is at the Equator.

Because it is on the leeward side of several mountain ranges.

Referring to the climate graphs, Why do the oscillations occur? Pick the most complete answer. -The oscillations are random. -The oscillations are seasonal. -Because plant activity, like photosynthesis, varies seasonally. -Because of day and night.

Because plant activity, like photosynthesis, varies seasonally.

In the diagram on the left, we're looking at Earth from above the North Pole. The same colored arrows are used as in the diagram on the right, showing zones of converging and diverging air. At the North Pole, surface winds move away from each other, forcing air downward. This causes an area of high pressure at the North (and South) Poles. Therefore, how can you describe the weather at the North (or South) Pole? -Cold, snowy -Cold, rainy -Cold, low pressure -Cold desert

Cold desert

*In this experiment, hot water was poured in "Cup A," and cool water was poured in "Cup B."* What was the process that transferred energy in this experiment? -Convection. -Radiation. -Conduction. -Transverse waves.

Conduction.

The diagram below shows a cup of hot coffee with a spoon in it. Even though the bottom of the spoon is in contact with the hot coffee, the spoon's handle is getting hot! By which method of energy transfer is energy traveling up the spoon? -Conduction. -Radiation. -Transverse waves. -Convection.

Conduction.

Why are most of the world's major deserts located around 30 degrees latitude? -30 degrees latitude recieives the most sunlight on Earth. -Cool air that has lost its moisture in an atmospheric convection cell descends at this latitude. -There are few oceans at this latitude -This latitude lies outside the tropics

Cool air that has lost its moisture in an atmospheric convection cell descends at this latitude.

*In this experiment, hot water was poured in "Cup A," and cool water was poured in "Cup B."* How would the results of your experiment differed if there were no aluminum bar connecting the two cups? -Both cups would have lost energy. -Both cups would have gained energy. -Cup B would not have gained heat from Cup A. -The flow of energy would have been in the opposite direction.

Cup B would not have gained heat from Cup A.

Denver, CO and Washington, DC are at approximately the same latitude. However, Denver is in the mountains and Washington is located on the coast. Given this, what would you expect to differ in the climate of the two cities? - Washington is drier than Denver - Washington has harsher winters than Denver. - Denver has harsher winters than Washington - Denver has more cloudy days.

Denver has harsher winters than Washington

Factors that affect climate include all of the following except: -a location's elevation above or below sea level. -the general wind direction that steers weather patterns over areas on Earth's surface. -the distance north or south of the Equator. -Earth's distance from the Sun.

Earth's distance from the Sun.

What do the following diagrams, showing energy in motion, have in common? (sun to earth, stove to pan) -Both diagrams show the process of radiation. -Both diagrams show the process of convection. -Both diagrams show the process of conduction. -Energy is flowing from where there's a lot of energy to where there's less energy.

Energy is flowing from where there's a lot of energy to where there's less energy.

After a few dilutions, the food coloring is no longer visible... meaning that there is no food coloring left in the solution. -True -False

False

Global warming refers only to changes in the global average temperature. -True -False

False

Methane from cow farts is a major source of greenhouse gases. -True -False

False

Ozone depletion and global warming are the same thing. -True -False

False

Sea level rise will only impact coastal communities. -True -False

False

Wealthy nations have more to lose if sea levels rise. It is easier for poor nations to rebuild. -True -False

False

You are enjoying a lovely day outside, with not a cloud in the sky. You can thank a low pressure system for the laid-back weather. -True -False

False

In which direction did energy travel in this experiment? -From the cups to the lamp. -From the shiny (or white) cup to the black cup. -From the black cup to the shiny (or white) cup. -From the lamp to the cups.

From the lamp to the cups.

Some planets (and our moon) have no atmospheres. What characteristic of the Earth maintains the atmosphere surrounding our planet? -Tides. -Gravity. -It has only one satellite. -The types of molecules in the atmosphere.

Gravity.

*In this experiment, hot water was poured in "Cup A," and cool water was poured in "Cup B."* How can you explain the conclusion you described in the previous question? -Heat was "lost" to the aluminum bar by radiation, and to the air by radiation. -Heat was "lost" to the aluminum bar by conduction, and heat was lost to the air by radiation. -Convection currents formed in both cups. -All of the energy from the hot water in Cup A was transferred to the cool water in Cup B.

Heat was "lost" to the aluminum bar by conduction, and heat was lost to the air by radiation.

The gas that was generated in this experiment usually comprises _______ of the air in our atmosphere. -Less than 1% -Between 20 and 70% -400% -the majority

Less than 1%

*In this experiment, hot water was poured in "Cup A," and cool water was poured in "Cup B."* In this experiment, how does the total amount of heat lost by one cup compare to the amount of heat gained by the other cup? -More energy was lost by Cup A than was gained by Cup B. -Cup A gained as much energy as Cup B lost. -Cup B gained as much energy as Cup A lost. -Less energy was lost by Cup A than was gained by Cup B.

More energy was lost by Cup A than was gained by Cup B.

This diagram shows someone sitting near a heat source. How is energy traveling to the person in the chair? -Radiation. -Convection. -Transverse waves. -Conduction.

Radiation.

At ground level, ozone is considered a pollutant. Higher in the atmosphere, it absorbs UV radiation and protects life below. What level of the atmosphere is ozone supposed to be in? -Stratosphere -Troposphere -Ionosphere -Biosphere

Stratosphere

What can account for the pattern in temperature across the country, from the west coast to the east coast? -The Pacific Ocean contains warmer water than the Atlantic Ocean. -The Atlantic Ocean contains warmer water than the Pacific Ocean. -The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans keep areas near the coast warmer in winter. -Land maintains heat more effectively than ocean water does

The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans keep areas near the coast warmer in winter.

Referring to the climate graphs: Why is the amplitude of the South Pole station so much smaller than that of the other two? Pick the most correct answer. -The South Pole is farther from sources of CO2, and has less plant activity. -The South Pole does not recieve the same atmospheric inputs as the other stations. -There is less CO2 at the poles. -The South Pole is generally colder.

The South Pole is farther from sources of CO2, and has less plant activity

Consider the same beach and parking lot. Which of the two areas will lose more energy at night? -The asphalt parking lot. -Both surfaces will lose the same amount of energy. -The white sandy beach

The asphalt parking lot.

Below is a diagram showing two beakers with the same temperature. What accounts for the different heat content? -The beaker on the left is larger, and therefore has more molecules. -The water in the beaker on the left has a higher average kinetic energy than in the beaker on the right. -The water in the beaker on the left has a lower average kinetic energy than in the beaker on the right. -The beaker on the left has molecules that are vibrating faster than in the beaker on the right.

The beaker on the left is larger, and therefore has more molecules.

Using the same set-up, which cup would absorb more heat during the first ten minutes of the experiment? -The shiny (or white) cup. -The black cup. -Neither cup would absorb more heat than the other.

The black cup.

Using the same set-up, which cup would release more heat during minutes 11 through 20?? -The shiny (or white) cup. -The black cup. -Neither. They both release the same amount of heat.

The black cup.

What can account for the difference in the two spoons, assuming that both were placed in the pot at the same time? -The metal spoon is closer to the flame under the pot. -The metal spoon absorbed more heat. -The wooden spoon's temperature cannot increase by the process of conduction. -The wooden spoon is a better radiator of heat.

The metal spoon absorbed more heat.

Imagine that it is summer, and the sun is shining on a white sandy beach, next to a black asphalt parking lot. Which area will absorb more heat during the day? -The parking lot. -Both will absorb the same amount of energy. -The beach.

The parking lot.

You are in a rocket traveling into Earth's orbit from a launch on the planet's surface. You notice that your external temperature decreases as you travel upward; but suddenly, the temperature starts to increase again. Where are you? -The mesosphere. -The stratosphere. -The troposphere. -The thermosphere.

The stratosphere.

Below is a fairly accurate depiction of the thickness of our atmosphere, compared to the Earth. Keeping this image in mind, if we had a basketball-sized model of Earth, how thick would our atmosphere be? -It would extend from the basketball about the thickness of a pencil. -A slice of American cheese. -It would extend from the basketball about the thickness of a medium-sized carrot. -The thickness of a piece of Scotch tape.

The thickness of a piece of Scotch tape.

Auroras happen in which layer of the atmosphere? -Stratosphere -Mesosphere -Thermosphere -Troposphere

Thermosphere

Below is a map of plant hardiness. This shows zones where certain plants can survive. Therefore, it shows color-coded zones of lowest temperatures possible during winter months. The 45th parallel (45 degrees north latitude) is roughly traced across the map. Looking from west to east across the continent, how can you describe the lowest average temperatures? -They decrease from the west coast to the mid-continent, then increase to the east coast. -They increase from the west coast to the east coast, consistently. -They decrease from the west coast to the east coast, consistently. -They remain the same from the west coast all the way across to the east coast.

They decrease from the west coast to the mid-continent, then increase to the east coast.

Weather happens in which layer of the atmosphere? -Mesosphere -Stratosphere -Troposphere -Thermosphere

Troposphere

The greenhouse effect makes Earth a habitable temperature. -True -False

True

*In this experiment, hot water was poured in "Cup A," and cool water was poured in "Cup B."* This process of energy transfer requires: -The presence of a fluid (a liquid or gas). -Transverse waves moving away from the heat source in all directions. -Transverse waves moving away from the heat source in one direction. -Vibrating atoms between the heat source and the target.

Vibrating atoms between the heat source and the target.

Weather and climate are not the same thing. How are they different? -Weather considers atmospheric conditions in a limited place, at a limited time; climate is defined by the general weather conditions over a long period of time. -Weather involves temperature, humidity, air pressure, and other variables, while climate described the total energy of the atmosphere in a given location. -Weather is described as the total kinetic energy of a region, but climate is a function of the average kinetic energy of an area. -Weather refers to measurements made by weather instruments (e.g., thermometers, wind vanes, etc.), but climate is described qualitatively (without measurements), such as "mild," or "tropical."

Weather considers atmospheric conditions in a limited place, at a limited time; climate is defined by the general weather conditions over a long period of time.

Which type of map is shown by the image below? (colorful with temperatures) -a weather map -a highway map -a topographic map -a climate map

a weather map

Every time you inhale, you: -breathe in two lungs full of the mesosphere -add large amounts of carbon dioxide into your body -are demonstrating an atmosphere-biosphere connection -filter out all the molecules your body doesn't need

are demonstrating an atmosphere-biosphere connection

Humans burn fossil fuels, which emits carbon dioxide

biosphere-Atmosphere

When vinegar is added to baking soda, what type of gas is generated? -carbon dioxide -carbon monoxide -acetic acid -sodium bicarbonate

carbon dioxide

Two red arrows show that surface winds converge at the Equator. When air masses "bump into each other" as they do at the Equator, the air has no where to go but up, up and away! So, the Equator is one of three zones where air: -converges, sinks, compresses, causing clouds to form -- resulting in rainy weather patterns, year-round. -diverges, sinks, compresses, causing high pressure and dry weather year-round -diverges, sinks, expands causing low pressure and dry weather year-round -converges, rises, expands, causing clouds to form -- resulting in rainy weather patterns, year-round.

converges, rises, expands, causing clouds to form -- resulting in rainy weather patterns, year-round.

Matter can be broadly described as a solid, liquid, or gas. (There are more exotic states, including plasma, but we will ignore them for now.) In which phase of matter is the material that makes up the atmosphere? -solid -gas -liquid

gas

The location of mountain ranges affects the general climate of a region

geosphere-Atmosphere

The color/reflectivity of an area of an area of a continent influences climate characteristics of that region

geosphere-atmosphere

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? -carbon dioxide -water vapor -methane -nitrogen

nitrogen

Which of the gases found in the atmosphere is most abundant? -argon -oxygen -nitrogen -water vapor -carbon dioxide

nitrogen

The type of energy transfer indicated by this set-up is: -conduction. -radiation. -convection.

radiation.

As air moves from the Equator to the Poles

temperature decreases

As altitude increases

temperature decreases

As latitude increases

temperature decreases

As air sinks

temperature increases

As carbon dioxide levels increase

temperature increases

As insolation increases

temperature increases

As air moves horizontally from Spartan Stadium (South Campus) to Duncan Hall

temperature is not affected

In the ____ ozone is a problem, but in the ____ ozone helps to prevent UV radiation from reaching the surface.

troposphere stratosphere