exam 2 inquisitive questions

beneficence

-Participants should be protected from harm and their well-being ensured.

This process takes place after a study is complete and may assist in alleviating any potential harm caused by the research.

Debriefing

If research has significant risks, it should not be conducted.

false

Most IRBs will not approve controversial research on human participants even if participants are not at risk.

false

Participants must always sign an informed consent form.

false

interval examples

sea level, current date

ordinal examples

sorting choice of majors you like, ranking favorite sport teams

All research on human participants must be approved by an institutional review board.

true

The potential risks of a study should never outweigh the potential benefits.

true

meredith is conducting a study about the effects of intoxication on decision making, to expand the literature on how people who are drunk can make dangerous decisions. she goes to several bars late at night and seeks out people who appear intoxicated. in exchange for $20, meredith asks them to make a series of judgements and then measures the BAC. she reads the participants a full informed consent agreement and has them sign. following the study, she reads the participants a full debriefing

violates: respect for persons does not violate: beneficence and justice

justice

-There should be a balance between those who participate and those who benefit.

refinement

Procedures should minimize animal distress.

replacement

Research should find alternatives to using animals.

Researchers are conducting a study on aggression in video games. They tell the participants that the study is about teamwork in video games.

deception

Researchers are conducting a study to see if taking a quiz by hand results in a different score than taking it on the computer. They tell the participants the study is about quizzes, but they do not explain the different groups.

deception

observational

records behavior or traces of behavior

A measure's ability to remain consistent is referred to as -. But this concept can be broken down in nuanced ways. For example, - refers to how uniform results will be after repeated use of a measure. In addition, - refers to how stable results from a measure will be when the measure is used by multiple administrators. Finally, a question with - will generate similar answers regardless of how it is worded.

reliability, test-retest reliability, interrater reliability, internal reliability

Jens is conducting a clinical trial for a new type of therapy that aims to reduce depression and prevent risk of suicide. He recruits 100 participants with a history of suicidal thoughts and verifies with their referring clinicians that they are able to give informed consent. Jens divides them into two groups; one group receives the new treatment, while the other group receives the traditional treatment. After one month, the new experimental treatment seems to be drastically increasing suicidal thoughts, while the control group is seeing slight improvement. Though he did not expect these results, Jens continues the final month of the study in order to better understand the faults of the experimental treatment.

violates: justice & beneficence doesn't violate: respect for persons

respect for persons

-Participants should be treated as autonomous agents. -Participants with less autonomy should receive special protection.

data falsification

A researcher alters previously collected data.

data fabrication

A researcher creates fake data that did not previously exist.

The _________ set similar ethical principles (tailored to psychology) as the earlier __________. However, two additional principles were added. The first is the principle of _________, which has to do with relationships between psychologists and others, and the second is the principle of ________, which emphasizes true and up-to-date practices.

APA Ethical Principles, Belmont Report, fidelity and responsibility, integrity

While ethical codes such as the - specify guidelines for ethical procedures with humans, the - sets standards for the treatment of animals in research, among other settings. While all research institutions clear their human participant procedures with an -, animal research must be cleared by the -.

Belmont Report, Animal Welfare Act, institutional review board, institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

steps in order for study to be ethical

IRB approval of study, participant gives informed consent, experiment occurs, participant is debriefed

reduction

Procedures should require the minimum number of animal subjects.

plagiarism

Someone attempts to pass off the ideas of others as their own.

ratio examples

amount of fuel in a gas tank, score on an exam

A research project begins with an abstract idea of what researchers want to measure. That idea is referred to as a(n) - variable. Researchers then create a tangible way to measure that idea, known as a(n) -. An example of this would be if researchers wanted to measure -, they might create a study that records -

conceptual, operational variable, disgust, face responses

Carolynn is tracking youth participants over a 1-year period in a study on extraversion. In her baseline survey, 35% of the sample reported being extremely extraverted. However, when Carolynn observes her participants at school, less than 10% demonstrate behaviors such as engaging in conversation with strangers, attempting to make new friends, or expressing themselves freely. Because Carolynn chose to measure extraversion in the baseline survey, it may have caused an issue with what type of validity

criterion validity

Farah is surveying people by phone from many different areas throughout the United States. She records their zip codes in order to keep track of what areas the participants are from.

describes: operational, categorical, self-report does not describe: conceptual, quantitative, observational, ordinal

Tamika is a research assistant, watching multiple elementary school students complete a puzzle on their own. She records the order in which they finish.

does describe: ordinal, quantitative does not describe: interval, categorical, self-report

Teresa is creating a measure on hyperactivity in children. She believes that diet and exercise can directly contribute to hyperactivity. Her measure contains over 30 items, including energy level, ability to focus, diet, and exercise. Teresa may have an issue with what type of validity?

face validity

A researcher is never permitted to deceive his or her participants.

false

A researcher must never conduct research on groups that are not completely autonomous.

false

Disadvantaged populations should not be studied due to the burden already placed on them.

false

Researchers are conducting a study on weight and body image. They tell participants that they will fill out surveys on their physical characteristics and what they think about their bodies

not deception

physiological

records biological information from a living thing

self-report

records how participants feel about themselves

Type the name of the concept that refers to how consistent a measurement will remain when used in different situations.

reliability

Luther is conducting a study on whether a new, expensive allergy vaccine, which was developed to combat grass allergies caused by a certain type of sod, has any potentially dangerous long-term side effects. For his experiment, Luther is planning to advertise and recruit in urban low-socioeconomic-status areas and will give away new tablets to the participants to compensate for the potential danger of the side effects. His consent form has all the possible side effects and risks listed and fully informs the patients of the potential dangers.

violates: justice & respect for persons doesn't violate: beneficence