Exam 2

In what way is a game of football like society according to George Herbert Mead? a .In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else. b .In both football and society, there are winners and losers. c .Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status. d .Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

a. In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else.

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in a .basic biological drives. b .the first stage of sexual development. c .genetics. d .interactions with other people.

d. interactions with other people

There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from his office when his constituents loudly express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve? a .It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future .b .It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong .c .The public outcry helps rehabilitate the offender so he won't cheat in the future .d .It helps protect the family members of the politician from scrutiny and media coverage .

b. It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong

Which of the following statements about the process of socialization is true? a .It eventually stops, generally around adulthood. b .Society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society. c .It stays consistent over time. d .It stays consistent in most social settings.

b. Society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society.

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true? a .They involve intimate, face-to-face interaction. b .They tend to be based on specific roles or activities. c .They are usually small and long lasting. d .Their values become fused with members' identities.

b. They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.

Who proposed social control theory, which suggests that individuals who have stronger bonds are LESS likely to commit crime? a .Robert Merton b .Travis Hirschi c .Richard Quinney d .Edwin Sutherland

b. Travis Hirschi

Considering that impression management relies so much on strategies of performance, scholars have called Erving Goffman's ideas a .psychoanalysis. b .the dual self. c .self-centered society. d .dramaturgy.

d. dramaturgy

Which of the following is true regarding prison as a mechanism for punishing crime? a .Throughout history, most societies have used prison to punish the most serious crimes .b .Historically, only humane and ethical societies have used prison as a form of punishment .c .Prison was rarely used before the nineteenth century .d .Prison is commonly used as a punishment because it is extremely cost-effective

C. Prison was rarely used before the nineteenth century

According to sociologists, our genetic makeup determines what kind of personality and character traits we develop in life. True or False

False

Deviance can be considered relative because whether a behavior is considered deviant depends upon the historical, cultural, and situational context in which it occurs. True or False

False

Sociologists are making both a social and a moral judgment when they use the term "deviant." True or False

False

There are many members of social groups who are not influenced by peer pressure. True or False

False

Throughout history, prison has been the most common means of punishment for criminals and deviants. True or False

False

Both sides are partially right in the nature vs. nurture debate. True or False

True

Children are taking on the role of the generalized other when they pretend to be a firefighter, mommy, or doctor. True or False

True

Our sense of self is largely created through social processes. True or False

True

Sociologists argue that no behavior, not even one designed to kill a great number of people, is inherently deviant. True or False

True

There is a social tie between my best friend's uncle and me even though I've never met him. True or False

True

Someone who is newly divorced after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of a .adaptation. b .copresence. c .resocialization. d .impression management.

a . adaptation

One of the baristas at José's local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José relationship with the barista? a .She is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups. b .She fits perfectly into what would be considered a primary group. c .She fits perfectly into what would be considered a secondary group. d .She is a member of the bourgeoisie.

a. She is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true? a .They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another. b .Their rules are written carefully so as to never impede the purpose of the organization. c .People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals. d .Unlike Weber's prediction, few organizations today are structured as bureaucracies.

a. They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another.

Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences? a .W. I. Thomas b .Erving Goffman c .George Herbert Mead d .Charles Cooley

a. W.I. Thomas

Which of the following is one of the steps in Charles Cooley's model of the looking-glass self? a .We interpret other's reactions to us. b .We imagine our lives like a movie. c .We experience ourselves in private. d .We imagine how we look in popular fashions.

a. We interpret other's reactions to us.

Young army recruits arriving at boot camp are about to enter which of the following? a .a total institution b .an orientation course c .an open institution d .a partial institution

a. a total institution

All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n) a .category. b .crowd. c .aggregate. d .group.

a. category

Traditionally, most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on a .crime .b .mental illness .c .the extremely wealthy .d .the emotional appeal of deviant acts .

a. crime

What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California's controversial "three strikes" law? a .deterrence of future crimes b .rehabilitation of criminals c .retribution for crimes d .reform of individual criminals

a. deterrence of future crimes

After a woman's teenage son engages in deviant behavior, she says the reason for her son's behavior is that "he fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation MOST closely resemble? a .differential association b .labeling theory c .self-fulfilling prophecy d .structural strain theory

a. differential association

In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested? a .how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis b .which stigmas are fair and which are unjustly applied c .how stigma always leads to positive life outcomes d .how stigma leads to increased self-esteem

a. how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process? a .impression management b .definition of the situation c .cooling the mark out d .expressions of behavior

a. impression management

The term "socialization" refers to the a .lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture. b .fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned. c .interaction among the cultures of different societies. d .process by which individuals come to know one another.

a. lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

Several cases of children who grew up in extreme social isolation, such as the case of Genie in 1970, suggest that a .most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction. b .human intelligence is almost entirely determined by heredity. c .the effects of isolation at an early age are easily reversible if caught in time. d .the effects of extreme isolation in children are irreversible if the situation isn't corrected by the time the child is five years old.

a. most of our mental capacities, and perhaps even the ability to think, are learned through social interaction.

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence? a .peers b .the media c .schools d .religion

a. peers

Which type of group is characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships? a .primary b .in-group c .reference d .secondary

a. primary

People who associate with each other on a regular basis because they enjoy spending time together are usually members of a a .primary group. b .secondary group. c .reference group. d .social network.

a. primary group

A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. To be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces each student to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What does this exemplify? a .rationalization b .virtual communities c .group dynamics d .network theory

a. rationalization

A twenty-eight-year-old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. She didn't finish college until she was twenty-five and the entry-level job she currently has is not impressive. She decides to attend her ten-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. What do sociologists say her high school classmates represent if they can have this much influence on her decision to attend the reunion? a .an out-group b .a reference group c .a primary group d .a virtual community

a. reference group

What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves—either positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid? a .reference groups b .out-groups c .in-groups d .networks

a. reference groups

What do sociologists call the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them? a .social networks b .reference groups c .inner circles d .in-groups

a. social networks

What does the sociologist Jack Katz think sociologists should study when trying to understand deviance instead of solely examining background factors? a .the deviant's own experience of committing a deviant act b .the correlation between deviance and poverty c .the way deviance tends to be handed down through generations d .the role poverty plays in encouraging deviance

a. the deviant's own experience of committing a deviant act

Which of the following sources of socialization forms the foundation for all other socializing agents? a .the family b .peer groups c .school d .the mass media

a. the family

The indie rock band the Halo Benders once sang the following: Part environment And part heredity What we're born with And what's been fed to me What issue is being referenced in this song? a .the nature vs. nurture debate b .impression management c .dramaturgy d .role conflict

a. the nature vs. nurture debate

Which factor makes sociologists question the relationship between youth and crime? a .Official crime statistics show that middle-aged people commit a large percentage of crimes .b .Young people may commit crimes that are more visible and, therefore, are arrested more often .c .Young people commit more property crimes, but older people commit more violent crimes .d .Young people are stronger and more fit so they can find jobs instead of resorting to criminal activity for income

b. Young people may commit crimes that are more visible and, therefore, are arrested more often

Which of the following would be considered a group in the sociological sense? a .a collection of sightseers at a tourist attraction b .a high school chess club c .a gathering at a crime scene d .a line at the grocery store

b. a high school chess club

Which of the following is an example of a total institution? a .a college b .a prison c .a family d .a workplace

b. a prison

What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom? a .labeling theory b .conflict theory c .functionalist theory d .symbolic interactionism

b. conflict theory

What must behavior, trait, or belief do in order to be considered deviant? a .inspire feelings of revulsion or disgust b .depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction c .cause harm or injury to someone d .violate a law

b. depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts. Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines? a .agents of socialization b .dramaturgy c .the psychosexual stages of development d .the social construction of emotions

b. dramaturgy

The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward his or her group is called a .expressive leadership. b .group cohesion. c .anomie. d .instrumental leadership.

b. group cohesion

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals? a .rationalization b .group dynamics c .in-group solidarity d .anomie

b. group dynamics

Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found? a .conformity b .innovation c .ritualism d .retreatism

b. innovation

An individual who works at a bookstore routinely takes home ballpoint pens and Post-it notes, uses the copy machine to make personal copies, and makes long-distance phone calls on the store's line. However, he would never consider stealing money from the cash register, even if he knew he could get away with it. What is this behavior called? a .stigmatizing b .pilfering c .self-fulfilling property d .criminology

b. pilfering

In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife or playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? a .the unconscious b .role conflict c .a dual self d .role strain

b. role conflict

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process? a .personality b .socialization c .social isolation d .status conflict

b. socialization

The term "master status" is defined as a a .set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position. b .status that seems to override all other statuses a person possesses. c .set of expectations that are attached to a specific role. d .perspective that allows a person to understand many other people's points of view.

b. status that seems to override all other statuses a person possesses.

Which of the following is an aggregate? a .a family with members living in different states b .the audience at a Broadway show c .a Little League baseball team d .a bird-watching club

b. the audience at a Broadway show

According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games? a .the values and beliefs of their parents b .the behaviors associated with particular roles c .how to imitate things d .the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole

b. the behaviors associated with particular roles

In the psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud, which part of our mind is responsible for representing culture within us and serving as the moral component of our personality? a .the id b .the ego c .the superego d .the unconscious

b. the ego

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is a .the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others. b .the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society. c .an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles. d .the transition toddlers make from the imitation of infancy to the play stage of childhood.

b. the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society.

Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. What might a sociologist consider if he or she wanted to determine whether the team was a primary group or a secondary group? a .the age of the players b .the interactions of team members off the field c .the shared hobbies of the players d .the innate skill of the players

b. the interactions of team members off the field

What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to each other? a .status b .the looking-glass self c .the unconscious d .the particular other

b. the looking-glass self

Robert Merton's structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory? a .Merton's analysis fails because it does not understand that some people will reject both mainstream cultural goals and the institutionalized means to achieve them .b .Merton's analysis was correct, in that background factors are almost always the most effective way to predict who will commit deviant acts .c .A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual .d .Merton needs to look at a broader range of background factors including age and sexuality

c. A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization? a .Respect for parents is one of the key values of modern society. b .Family plays an important role in our everyday lives no matter what stage of life we are in. c .Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences. d .Family values are strong today in the United States.

c. Family begins the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.

To what type of group does an individual belong if the members are mostly anonymous to one another? a .a secondary group b .a primary group c .a crowd d .a social network

c. a crowd

What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his or her own accomplishments? a .a secondary group b .a social network c .a reference group d .a primary group

c. a reference group

How do sociologists define positive deviance? a .deviance that relates to a criminal record b .deviance that actively harms someone physically c .actions initially considered deviant, but later deemed appropriate d .the acts that come with secondary deviance

c. actions initially considered deviant, but later deemed appropriate

A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. What would Erving Goffman call this? a .a personal front b .impression management c .an expression of behavior d .backstage

c. an expression of behavior

Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior? a .self-fulfilling prophecy b .retreatism c .differential association d .labeling theory

c. differential association

University leaders ignore rumors and complaints about the football coach sexually abusing students in order to uphold the reputation of the university's award-winning football program. This action to preserve public image over protecting the safety of students is a result of a .a primary group. b .anomie or normlessness. c .groupthink. d .a reference group.

c. groupthink

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure? a .social loafing b .identification c .internalization d .compliance

c. internalization

Members of a fraternity believe that they help create social cohesion by bringing together students with shared values. What perspective best describes their views? a .symbolic interactionism b .coercive power c .structural functionalism d .conflict theory

c. structural functionalism

In 2000, Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake. The boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them OK for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried? a .The calorie count was deceptive. b .Soup isn't part of a healthy diet. c .The ads taught girls to worry about their weight. d .Even if they are low in calories, soups are packed with preservatives and sodium.

c. the ads taught girls to worry about their weight

Imagine a child who consistently gets mediocre grades and is often picked last for team games. He likes to make silly jokes and play pranks and he notices that people laugh when he does so. The child starts to think that others are laughing with him, not at him. This is part of the process that Charles Cooley called a .backstage. b .the preparatory stage. c .the looking-glass self. d .impression management.

c. the looking-glass self

Which part of the mind would Freud have described as being like a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt? a .the id b .the ego c .the superego d .the brain

c. the superego

Under what circumstances does a deviant label transition from primary to secondary deviance? a .when the deviant label is applied by a large number of people b .when the deviant label is applied by someone very powerful c .when the deviant label is internalized d .when the deviant label is applied later in life

c. when the deviant label is internalized

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective? a .Deviance breaks down social cohesion and leads to revolution .b .Deviance makes it easier for the upper class to control the poor .c .Deviance helps the upper class maintain its power and influence in society .d .Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms .

d. Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms

Robert Merton suggested that some white Americans who praise Abraham Lincoln for being frugal and thrifty might describe an Asian American with the same qualities as being stingy and penny pinching. What explains this double standard? a .Standards of behavior considered appropriate in Lincoln's time are now looked down upon because of historical change. b .Lincoln was miserly, but he is remembered differently because American textbooks are not permitted to say negative things about presidents. c .Lincoln was a truly remarkable individual who acted in these ways for selfless reasons, something everyday people can't hope to do. d .For these white Americans, Lincoln was a member of their racial in-group, whereas an Asian American would be a member of an out-group.

d. For these white Americans, Lincoln was a member of their racial in-group, whereas an Asian American would be a member of an out-group.

Why is playing organized games an important part of an older child's development of the self according to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead? a .Game playing involves learning emotional self-control. b .Game playing reinforces the primary group ties that are essential to emotional well-being. c .Game playing teaches strict obedience to rules and norms. d .Game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.

d. Game playing involves learning to anticipate and coordinate with other players' actions.

Which of the following is a characteristic of primary groups? a .They are larger and more anonymous than secondary groups. b .They are often formal or impersonal. c .They tend to be based on specific roles or activities. d .They involve a strong sense of belonging.

d. They involve a strong sense of belonging.

The vast majority of crimes come to the attention of the police in response to citizen complaints. Citizens do not usually bother to inform the authorities if they do not think a crime is serious enough or feel that nothing can be done. This means that there might be serious bias in the a .symbolic interactionist theory of deviance .b .way conflict theorists understand deviance .c .value of punishment for deterrence .d .Uniform Crime Report

d. Uniform Crime Report

Role conflict occurs when an individual has a .multiple roles that are in conflict with each other. b .a role with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within himself or herself. c .a role that requires him or her to constantly challenge other people, resulting in a great deal of conflict. d a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within his or her social circle.

d. a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within his or her social circle.

Which of the following is an example of resocialization? a .a teenager being pressured by his friends to take up smoking b .fast food ads that try to convince children to eat more cheeseburgers c .parents teaching their children how to behave around the company d .a woman relearning basic skills after a car accident

d. a woman relearning basic skills after a car accident

What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? a .a report that assigns funding to different areas of federal law enforcement b .an official measure of all the norm violations that occur c .sentencing guidelines as they relate to race and class d .an official measure of crime in the United States

d. an official measure of crime in the United States

A student at a university explains that he doesn't want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views? a .symbolic interactionism b .coercive power c .structural functionalism d .conflict theory

d. conflict theory

In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons. a .full state system b .uniform crime report (UCR) c .positive deviance d .criminal justice system

d. criminal justice system

A man's computer is hacked; by stealing his identity, the hacker is able to steal money from the man's bank account. The man is a victim of a .property crime .b .violent crime .c .cyberbullying .d .cybercrime

d. cybercrime

What is the danger of too much group cohesion? a .It leads to endless discussion that tends to preclude any real action. b .It makes group members more susceptible to anomie or normlessness. c .It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group. d .It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

d. it can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

A woman is hired at a restaurant. On her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "Sir" or "Madam." All of these things are elements of the waitress's a .backstage. b .looking-glass self. c .status. d .personal front.

d. personal front

Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which in turn means bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become weaker or strained if people have to move frequently throughout their lives for work? a .crowds b .secondary groups c .categories d .primary groups

d. primary group

Some Americans are angry about the number of immigrants who enter the country every year. An adherent of structural functionalism would argue that this anger a .hurts the economy by preventing immigration .b .is unequally distributed, since it is mainly aimed at poor and working-class immigrants .c .is a form of cyberbullying, since the anger is generally expressed online .d .promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders

d. promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders

Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of a .impression management. b .positive sanctions. c .the superego. d .socialization.

d. socialization

A position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations is called a(n) a .role. b .stereotype. c .agent of socialization. d .status.

d. status

Robert Merton developed structural strain theory to explain why deviance happens. To what sort of strain does the theory's name refer? a .strain between deviant and nondeviant citizens b .strain between social norms that are codified in laws and those that are not c .strain between different value systems within a society d .strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them

d. strain between socially approved goals and the means of achieving them

What are the parts of the mind according to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective? a .the looking-glass self and the dual nature of the self b .the dual nature of the self, the significant other, and the generalized other c .the significant other and the generalized other d .the id, the ego, and the superego

d. the id, the ego, and the superego

Brooke is a PhD candidate in the field of nanophysics. She is aware that only 4 percent of physics professionals are women. Brooke has heard peers and even instructors say that this is because women struggle to comprehend complex mathematics. When Brooke scores below her male counterparts on an exam, she may be experiencing a .the stereotype promise .b .a self-fulfilling prophecy .c .tertiary deviance .d .the stereotype threat

d. the stereotype threat

Imagine that a powerful and influential person living in San Francisco decides to heavily tattoo her face with symbols. Would she be seen as deviant? a .No, powerful people are often allowed to do things others find strange .b .Yes, face tattooing is always a deviant act .c .No, there are several cultures in which face tattoos are common .d .Yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm

d. yes, but only because she lives in the United States where face tattoos are not the norm