Exam 2 Prep - Cultural Psychology

Which of the following represents evoked culture?

A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation but the scarcity of animals and fish in the area

co-sleeping

A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

This is the third stage of socialization:

Adult; workplace, new roles in life

Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that

Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians

Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents. Given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results?

Americans place more value on providing parents with private sleeping space

Autokenetic effect

An optical illusion whereby a pinpoint of light shown in a dark room appears to move

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is TRUE?

Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true?

Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting

In the movie Babies, which child was so tightly swaddled he could not move?

Bayar

Which statement below BEST captures one of the key features of the course definition of culture?

Culture consists of the "mental" (what's inside the mind) and the "material" (the products that people place into the world)

Which of the following is NOT a way in which genes and memes differ?

Genes can replicate horizontally and vertically, whereas memes can only replicate vertically.

Children's physical experiences differ across cultural contexts. Which infants have the most face time (i.e., over 60% of time in face-to-face contact) with their parents?

Greek

Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?

Her child feels a lack of family cohesion

In what way does exposure to a language at a young age affect our abilities to discriminate between different sounds?

Infants as young as one year differ in their perception of some phonemes compared with those raised to speak a different language

Your friends are debating whether culture has been changing or not over the last few decades. Which of the following responses is NOT supported by research?

It has not been changing—collectivistic cultures have, overall, remained just as collectivistic as they were decades ago.

Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ and a /p/ phoneme, whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme. To many Koreans, these two phonemes sound the same. Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su, a Korean, which of the following would you most likely expect to occur?

Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ up to a certain age.

According to your textbook and lecture, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of brain size?

Larger groups has greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such complexity

Children's physical experiences differ across cultural contexts. Which infants have more bodily contact (over 70% of time in bodily contact) with their parents?

Nso & Gujarati

Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States?

On average, Americans are less likely to belong to formal organizations than they were forty years ago.

It is not at all unusual for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. This is an example of

Pluralistic ignorance

In the movie Babies, which child has the most bodily contact during the first months?

Ponijao

In this course, Urban and Rural settings are considered cultural contexts. Which Babies (from the course film) shared rural background experiences growing up?

Ponijao & Bayar

____ is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that enable them to participate as more or less effective members of their community.

Socialization

A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, they are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. Based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect their respective cultural development to be like?

Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture

What is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incan empire?

The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans

According to Jared Diamond, why were the germs brought by the Spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards?

The Spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans.

American and Chinese children were recruited for a study. All children were either thirteen years old or five years old. They were first told that a child was happy every day the past week; then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow. To analyze the data, researchers matched 13-year-old American children's responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children. The same was done with the 5-year-old children's responses. Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis?

The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children is much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.

Natural selection

The evolutionary process that occurs when three particular conditions are present: (1) individual members of a species vary on certain traits; (2) those varying traits are associated with different survival rates; and (3) those traits have a hereditary basis.

Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. Based on research into a sensitive period for cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?

The longer they stay in Canada, the less they identify with being Canadian

The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. This family consists of a father, a mother, a 20-year-old son, a 10-year-old son, and a baby daughter. When deciding on sleeping arrangements, the people of Neptune greatly value respect for hierarchy, as defined by Shweder and colleagues in their study examining cultural differences between the Americans and Indians in sleeping arrangements. Which of the following most accurately reflects this value?

The older brother sleeps in his own room

Cultures have been changing and evolving in recent decades in what ways?

They are becoming increasingly individualistic

Jack and Jill are two parents who place great emphasis on the value of the sacred couple. They also have a postpubescent son, a prepubescent daughter, and a toddler son. What sleeping arrangement are they most likely going to have?

They would sleep in the same room, separate from their children

Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures?

Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants, as compared with rural mothers

Xiao, a 7-year-old Chinese child, and Jess, a 7-year-old American child, are each listening to an audio tape in their individual rooms. At one point, the audio on both tapes gets covered by static. Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said. Which of the following is the likeliest to happen?

Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun

autonomy ideal

a belief that young children who are needy and vulnerable should learn to be self-reliant and take care of themselves

pluralistic ignorance

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

dynamic social impact theory

a theory suggesting that individuals influence each other through their interactions, which gives rise to clusters of like-minded people separated by geography

Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true? a) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting. b) Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted. c) Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth. d) Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.

a) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do?

allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk

The kinda of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that

are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included

One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that in the United States a) the female identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized. b) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is essentialized, but only among children. c) the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized. d) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians only the female identity is essen-tialized.

c) the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized

evoked culture

cultural differences created by differing environmental conditions activating a predictable set of responses

One of the biggest challenges with applying Darwinian principles of natural selection to studying cultural evolutions is that

cultural replications is not of sufficiently high fidelity

collectivistic cultures

cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual

Natural selection and sexual selection are similar in that they both

depend on the number of surviving offspring an individual has.

East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with man easily domesticated plants and animals (the Fertile Crescent). These early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that agriculture allowed for enough food production and enabled some people to devote their time to non-food producing activities. These activities propel these cultures to prosperity in the future. What is this scenario an example of?

distal causes

Whereas _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.

distal causes; proximal causes

Ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that

egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired.

A key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that

evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move across different ecologies

contemporary legends

fictional stories told in modern societies as though they are true

Xing, a Chinese stock broker, and Joe, a Canadian stock broker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past 3 years, Xing likely thinks the stock will____, and Joe likely thinks the stock will____.

go down; continue to go up

Xing, a Chinese stockbroker, and Joe, a Canadian stockbroker, are being asked to predict the trend of a stock that has been gaining value for the past three years. Xing likely thinks the stock will _____________, and Joe likely thinks the stock will _____________.

go down; continue to go up

Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to tell all of his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate?

horizontal transmission

minimally counterintuitive ideas

ideas that violate our expectations enough to be considered surprising and unusual but not too outlandish

Which of the following is/are accessibility universals?

incest avoidance

The most important principle to both Americans and Indians in terms of family sleeping arrangements is

incest avoidance.

distal causes

initial differences that lead to effects over long periods of time and often through indirect relations

The "terrible twos" is a developmental stage that

is a nonuniversal

Adolescent rebellion

is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities

A 7-year-old East Asian child is likely to have all of the following EXCEPT a(n)

lack of family cohesion from strong parental control

Sacred couple

married couples should be given their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy

As a parent, Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible, and give them the warmth and responsiveness that children need. What parenting style is this indicative of?

permissive parenting

Pluarlistic ignorance is likely to lead to

persistence of particular cultural practices

Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to

persistence of particular cultural practices.

respect for hierarchy

post pubescent boys are conferred social status by allowing them to not have to sleep with parents or young children

incest avoidance

post pubescent members of the family of the opposite sex should not sleep in rooms together

The Parkers are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral value that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is

protection of the vulnerable

Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. They decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone, while the 15-year-old and the 3-year-old would sleep in the same room. The parents would sleep separately. According to this arrangement, which of the following principles was violated?

protection of the vulnerable

The Mukherjees are an Indian family planning for how its family members will be sleeping. The moral value that is LEAST likely to be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is

protection of the vulnerable, respect for hierarchy, female chastity anxiety, incest avoidance. all of these are values reflected in Indian sleeping arrangements

According to Stevenson and Stigler's study on cultural differences in math performance at school, if American parents wanted their children to do well in math, what aspect of Chinese parenting should they mimic?

provide a desk at home for their children

A period of time in an organism's development that allows for the relatively easy acquisition of a skill is known as a

sensitive period.

individualistic cultures

societies that prize independence, competition, and personal success

Authoritarian Parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

The Westermarcks, a large American family with growing sons and daughters, need to build a new house, and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements. Based on Shweder and colleagues' research, which moral principle will the family consider the most important?

the autonomy ideal

Which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance?

the binge drinking habits among underage college students

subjective well-being

the feeling of how satisfied one is with one's life

The term "noun bias" means that

the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words

Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that

the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older

Transmitted culture

the notion that people learn about particular cultural practices through social learning or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them

Sensitive Period

the period of time that is optimal for the development of particular capacities, or behaviors, and in which the individual is particularly sensitive to environmental influences that would foster these attributes

The Singhs, an Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they are building. Which of the following moral principles is likely to be the LEAST important for this family?

the sacred couple

female chastity anxiety

unmarried post-pubescent women should always be chaperoned to protect them from engaging in any sexual activity that would be viewed as shameful

protection of the vulnerable

young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

We enter the world capable of speaking any language. Why do we have trouble learning additional languages?

As the brain becomes accustomed to a particular language's phonemes, its also loses ability to perceive phonemes not used in this language

Which of the following is best captures what we know about the "noun bias" phenomenon?

Early communication with infants plays a key role. East Asian mothers more effectively communicate actions while North American mothers more effectively communicate objects

Which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools?

East Asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten

Which of the following is NOT one of the key concepts that explain how ideas spread?

Ideas should be able to stand on their own merit

Which moral principals will most likely guide sleeping arrangement decisions among the Johnsons, an American family?

Incest avoidance, sacred couple, and autonomy ideal

What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition?

Learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken language

In the movie Babies, which child had the most contact with their father during the first year?

Mari

In this course, Urban and Rural settings are considered cultural contexts. Which Babies shared urban background experiences growing up?

Mari & Hattie

noun bias

The tendency in young children to have a vocabulary with more nouns relative to the number of verbs and other relational word

Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do? a) allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk b) devote lots of time to nurture her child's musical talents c) show her child that he must bow when speaking to his grandparents d) watch her child closely while he does his homework

a) allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk

Adolescent rebellion a) is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities. b) is observed in the vast majority of the world's cultures. c) is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies. d) is universal, although adolescent violence is not

a) is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities

Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that a) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older. b) very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language, whereas older infants can distinguish them. c) from birth, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they have learned all of the phonemes in their language. d) infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.

a) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.

Shuang is a Chinese mother. Compared with Shuang, Alex, an American mother, is more likely to

acknowledge her children's perspectives

In her book, Battle Hymm of the Tiger Mom, Amy Chua details her strict rules for her daughters which includes (among other things): no playdates, no sleepovers, no TV or computer games, no choosing one's own extracurricular activities, and no being in school plays (or complaining about not being in school plays). According to your textbook, which style best captures this type of parenting?

authoritarian parenting

Shawna, a mother from the United Kingdom, is trying to determine which parenting style she should use with her child to maximize the child's school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. According to Baumrind's typology as found among Western samples, which parenting style should she use?

authoritative parenting

proximal causes

causes that have direct and immediate relations with their effects