Exam 2 Quiz Reviews

Parietal cells in the stomach epithelium secrete: a. HCl b. Mucous c. Pepsinogen d. Amylase

a. HCl

A diuretic is a substance which: a. Stimulates an increase in urine production b. Stimulates a decrease in urine production c. Reduces the amount of water in the urine d. Increases the amount of salt in the urine

a. Stimulates an increase in urine production

The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by: a. a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity b. a decrease in the residual volume of the lungs c. the contraction of the diaphragm d. the expansion of the rib cage

a. a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity

Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone? a. cleansing of air b. warming of air c. gas exchange d. transport air e. mucous secretion

c. gas exchange

Villi and microvilli in the small intestine: a. neutralize stomach acid b. activate trypsinogen c. increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption d. emulsify lipid molecules

c. increase the surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption

Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where __________: a. partial pressures of oxygen are higher b. pH is more alkaline c. pH is more acidic d. partial pressures of carbon dioxide are lower e. temperature is lower

c. pH is more acidic

Presence of which of the following in the urine, even in small amounts, is indicative of a possible problem in the renal system of a patient? a. Glucose b. Water c. Urea d. Sodium

a. glucose

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function? a. stomach -- protein digestion b. oral cavity -- fat absorption c. large intestine -- bile production d. pancreas -- starch digestion

a. stomach -- protein digestion

The loop of Henle dips spans the renal cortex and medulla. This is an important feature of osmoregulation because: a. absorptive processes taking place in the loop of Henle are hormonally regulated b. differential permeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient c. the loop of Henle plays an important role in detoxification d. additional filtration takes place along the loop of Henle

b. differential poermeabilities of ascending and descending limbs of the loop of Henle are important in establishing an osmotic gradient

The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. This important because smaller pieces of food: a. do not taste as good as larger pieces of food b. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food c. are easier to excrete than are large pieces of food d. are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food

b. have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

In the nephron, water movement is achieved by: a. active transport of water through specialized water pumps called aquaporins b. osmosis in response to osmotic gradients set up in the kidney c. Na+/K+-ATPase d. all of the above

b. osmosis in response to osmotic gradients set up in the kidney

Salivary amylase digests: a. protein b. starches c. monosaccharides d. glucose

b. starches

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____. a. the concentration gradient; ADP b. the concentration gradient; ATP c. transmembrane pumps; electron transport d. phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

b. the concentration gradient; ATP

A major enzyme involved in protein digestion is: a. pancreatic lipase b. amylase c. pepsin d. lingual lipase

c. pepsin

In nephrons, _______ form a network around the convoluted tubules; surrounding the nephron loop are capillaries called the _______. a. vasa recta; peritubular capillaries b. peritubular capillaries; interlobular capillaries c. peritubular capillaries; vasa recta d. vasa reccta; interlobular capillaries

c. peritubular capillaries; vasa recta

Which of the following anatomical portion of a nephron connects the Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle? a. distal convoluted tubule b. connecting tubule c. proximal convoluted tubule d. collecting duct

c. proximal convoluted tubule

Chemical digestion of proteins begins in the: a. mouth b. small intestine c. stomach d. bloodstream

c. stomach

Which of the following best describes the process of ventilation? a. the movement of oxygen gas through the blood of the circulatory system b. the movement of carbon dioxide gas through the blood of the circulatory system c. the movement of air past the respiratory surface d. the diffusion of gases into and out of the circulatory system

c. the movement of air past the respiratory surface

The organ of the respiratory system that is kept open by rings of cartilage is the: a. nose b. pharynx c. larynx d. trachea

d. trachea

Which respiratory measurement is normally the greatest? a. inspiratory capacity b. residual volume c. expiratory reserve volume d. vital capacity e. tidal volume

d. vital capacity

Which of the following is a function of the kidney? a. Regulates blood pressure b. Filters waste from the blood c. Regulates the pH of the body d. Regulates the body's electrolyte concentration e. All of the above

e. All of the above

According to Fick's law of diffusion, the greatest DECREASE in diffusion rate will result from: a. increased area for diffusion, increased concentration gradient, decreased membrane thickness b. increased area for diffusion, increased concentration gradient, increased membrane thickness c. reduced area for diffusion, reduced concentration gradient, decreased membrane thickness d. reduced area for diffusion, increased concentration gradient, increased membrane thickness e. reduced area for diffusion, reduced concentration gradient, increased membrane thickness

e. reduced area for diffusion, reduced concentration gradient, increased membrane thickness

In the digestive system, peristalsis is: a. a process of fat emulsification in the small intestine b. voluntary control of the rectal sphincters regulating defecation c. the transport of nutrients to the liver through the hepatic portal vessel d. a common cause of loss of appetite, fatigue, and dehydration e. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus

e. smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus

The Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): a. depends on the pressure in the afferent arterioles b. can be determined by measuring the clearance of insulin c. has the same composition as plasma d. all of the above

a. depends on the pressure in the afferent arterioles

Exchange of gases between the air and blood is _____ and the exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid is _____: a. external respiration; internal respiration b. external respiration; ventilation c. internal respiration; external respiration d. ventilation; internal respiration

a. external respiration; internal respiration

Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells: a. initiate the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach b. initiate the mechanical digestion of lipids in the stomach c. initiate the chemical digestion of lipids in the stomach d. include pepsinogen e. delay digestion until the food arrives in the small intestine

a. initiate the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach

The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the __________ and the __________ pressure: a. intrapulmonary; intrapleural b. intrapleural; alveolar c. atmospheric; intrapulmonary d. atmospheric; intrapleural

a. intrapulmonary; intrapleural

Food being digested in the stomach is in a highly acidic environment. When the food is released from the stomach into the small intestine, why is the environment no longer acidic? a. secretin increases the flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize the stomach acid b. enterokinase activates trypsinogen, thus neutralizing the stomach acid c. bile salts from the gallbladder neutralize the stomach acid d. when pepsinogen activates pepsin, one result is the neutralization of stomach acid in the stomach

a. secretin increases the flow of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas into the small intestine to neutralize the stomach acid

What substance is necessary to keep alveoli from collapsing because of the surface tension of the water? a. surfactant b. mucus c. blood d. air

a. surfactant

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because: a. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume b. the volume of the alveoli increases as smooth muscles contract c. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of high pressure d. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs d. a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes

a. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume

Which of the following choices correctly traces the route of glomerular filtrate on its path to the collecting duct of a nephron? a. proximal tubule, Bowman's capsule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule b. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule c. Bowman's capsule, distal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule d. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, ascending loop of Henle, descending loop of Henle, distal tubule

b. Bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of Henle, ascending loop of Henle, distal tubule

When partially digested food enters the small intestine from the stomach, several events occur to protect the intestine and allow for the continued digestion of food. One intestinal hormone responsible for causing the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to release bile salts into the intestine is: a. Secretin b. Cholecystokinin c. Insulin d. Epinephrine

b. Cholecysotkinin

As glomerular filtrates moves through the ascending loop of Henle, the filtrate becomes more dilute: why? a. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water and ions b. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water c. The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water and ions d. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to water but not to ions

b. The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ions but impermeable to water

O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions: a. an increase in the PO2 of the tissue b. a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue c. an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall d. a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

b. a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates: a. secretion b. absorption c. elimination d. filtration

b. absorption

In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the: a. trachea b. alveoli c. bronchi d. bronchioles

b. alveoli

The renal system does not play a direct role in regulating which of the following? A. blood solute concentrations blood pressure B. blood temperature C. blood pressure D. blood pH

b. blood temperature

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables a person to sense a disturbance in gas levels because: a. the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly b. the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing c. stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing d. the medulla oblongata is able to control the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood

b. the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to stomach acidity and protein-digesting activities by having a: a. sufficient colony of H. pylori b. thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells c. high level of secretion of anzymes by chief cells d. high level of secretion of bases from parietal cells

b. thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron? a. Tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, glomerular filtration b. Tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion, glomerular secretion c. Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion d. Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

c. Glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular secretion

What effect does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the nephron? a. It increases water permeability of the descending limb of the loop of Henle b. It decreases water permeability of the descending limb of the loop of Henle c. It increases water permeability of the collecting duct d. It decreases water permeability of the collecting duct

c. It increases water permeability of the collecting duct

Which of the following is true regarding aldosterone? a. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to high blood sugar b. It is released by the hypothalamus in response to low blood sugar c. It leads to reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubule of the nephron d. It leads to Na+ loss from the collecting duct

c. It leads to reabsorption of Na+ in the distal tubule of the nephron

The sigmoidal or S-shape of oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curves occurs because of: a. binding of each successive oxygen molecule to a subunit of hemoglobin molecule results in a protein conformational change that makes the remaining subunits more likely to bind oxygen b. cooperative binding c. a and b d. none of the above

c. a and b

Glucose is transported from the intestinal lumen into epithelial cells through _____ and from the intestinal epithelium into circulation by: a. facilitated diffusion; primary active transport b. cotransport with sodium; cotransport with sodium c. cotransport with sodium; facilitated diffusion d. active transport; active transport

c. cotransport with sodium; facilitated diffusion

A person travels from sea level to high on a mountainside experiences some trouble breathing. Why? a. the percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level b. the percentage of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level c. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level d. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is higher than at sea level

c. the partial pressure of oxygen in the air at high elevations is lower than at sea level

Salivary glands in the mouth release: a. Enzymes especially secreted to begin the breakdown of proteins b. Gastric juices c. Water and glycoproteins called mucins that together form the slimy substance called mucus d. All of the above

c. water and glycoproteins called mucins that together form the slimy substance called mucus

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? a. Fluid and electrolyte balance b. Maintenance of pH balance c. Regulation of blood pressure d. Production of adrenaline

d. Production of adrenaline

Amino acids, dipeptides, and sugars are transported from intestinal epithelial cells into circulation. Lipids are first transported from the intestinal epithelium into: a. smooth muscles that make up the core of the villi of the intestinal epithelium b. the gallbladder c. the liver d. lacteals and the lymphatic system

d. lacteals and the lymphatic system

Which of the following is least likely to be present in the glomerular filtrate (the filtrate produced by the nephron before it enter the loop of Henle) of healthy adult nephron? a. amino acids b. glucose c. electrolytes d. large molecular weight protein

d. large molecular weight protein

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in: a. the partial pressure of oxygen b. the partial pressure of carbon monoxide c. hemoglobin concentration d. pH

d. pH

Certain nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of some animals because: a. only those animals use those nutrients b. the nutrients are subunits of important polymers c. only certain foods contain them d. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients

d. these animals are not able to synthesize these nutrients