Exam 2 - SOC

Expressive Leader

A leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone's emotional wellbeing.

Instrumental Leader

A leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks.

Laissez - Faire Leaders

Allow members of the group to make their own decisions.

Interpret the ways that technology impacts societal development.

Children are developing, technology can lead to social problems and health issues, including: isolation. Poor in person communication skill. Low attention span.

Explain the ways that size influences group dynamics?

Dyad: The smallest possible social group( two members) It is unstable because of the small size if one person leaves the group it ceases to exist. Triad: (Three person group) is more stable than a dyad. Conflicts between two members can be mediated by the third.

Democratic Leaders

Encourage group participation and consensus building before moving into action.

Recognize the characteristics of bureaucracies?

Formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear divison of labor, explicit rules and impersonality.

Differentiate psychological and sociological theories of self development.

Freud developed the idea of the subconscious mind and the unconscious mind, which he believed control most of our drives, impulses, thoughts, and behaviors.

Authoritarian Leaders

Issue orders and assign tasks

Describe how people are socialized through institutions like schools. workplaces, and the government?

Process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group. Socialization process begins in infancy and lasts throughout the lifetime.

Explain Marx's concepts of class and alienation?

Refers to the condition in which the individual is isolated and divorced from their society, work and the sense of self. And class consciousness, the awareness of one's rank in society.

Interpret the sociological concept of reality as a social construct?

The way we present ourselves to other people is shaped partly by our interactions with others as well a by our life experiences.

The United States Government is a form of: a.) A bureaucracy b.) A coercive organization c.) a total institution d.) A normative organization

a.) A bureaucracy

The concept anomie can be defined as: a.) A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness. b.) How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group. c.) A person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests. d.) When one or more of an individual's roles clash.

a.) A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.

functionalist Émile Durkheim viewed society as: a.) An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy b.) An even playing field composed of the educated and uneducated Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion c.) Split between two classes categorized by education, kinship, and religion d.) The product of class struggle, requiring social revolutions to correct rampant class inequality

a.) An organism in which each portion plays a vital role in keeping the organism stable and healthy

The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because: a.) Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities. b.) Societies began to form where rainfall was plentiful; groups were able to cultivate plants instead of living nomadic lifestyles. c.) Tribes became nomadic, traveling to various locations in search of sustenance. d.) Animals were first domesticated as a resource for survival.

a.) Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities.

The Asch experiment yielded different results when other researchers tried to replicate it decades later, but a recent replication of Milgram's experiment had virtually the same results. What important implications does Milgram's research have for contemporary society? a.) It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience. b.) It demonstrates how people can avoid social influence that would lead to criminal actions. c.) It challenges the notion that authoritative figures have any real power over personal decisions. d.) It demonstrates that people who cave to social pressure have major character flaws, which helps employers avoid poor employees.

a.) It demonstrates that the power of conformity can still lead to real-life instances of obedience.

George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows: a.) Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage b.) Game stage, play stage, generalized other stage, preparatory stage c.) Preparatory stage, game stage, play stage, generalized other stage d.) Generalized other stage, preparatory stage, play stage, game stage

a.) Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage

People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n) ________ group. a.) Reference b.) Secondary c.) Professional d.) Identity

a.) Reference

A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On one hand, it's his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players. On the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of a.) Role strain b.) Emotion work c.) Role conflict d.) Feeling rules

a.) Role strain

During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____ a.) Socialization b.) Role fulfilment c.) Re socialization d.) Anticipatory Socialization

a.) Socialization

Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? a.) Symbolic Interactionism b.) Structural Functionalism c.) Conflict d.) Exchange Theory

a.) Symbolic Interactionism

The McDonaldization of Society refers to: a.) The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions. b.) The obesity epidemic that's rapidly sweeping the United States. c.) The country's increasing dependence on fast food as a daily meal. d.) The increasing popularity of McDonalds as a hang-out for youths.

a.) The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions.

Katrina, age 5, and Sharon, age 4, love to play together while their mothers chat. Katrina has a toy iron and washing machine. She and Sharon spend hours "washing" and "ironing" her baby doll's clothes, just like they see their mothers do. Which of George Herbert Mead's stages of development are Katrina and Sharon exemplifying? a.) The preparatory stage b.) The play stage c.) The game stage d.) The "generalized other "stage

a.) The preparatory stage

Peer groups are important to adolescents because: a.) They help to develop a sense of identity separate from adolescents' parents. b.) They provide the second major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. c.) They rank higher in importance to adolescents' than parental influence. d.) They help exert dependence among adolescents

a.) They help to develop a sense of identity separate from adolescents' parents.

An achieved status a.) is earned. b.) is located in the physical body. c.) is inherited from one's parents. d.) is unalterable, so it is always present.

a.) is earned.

In 1998, former NFL linebacker Chris Spielman was forced to choose between staying with his sick wife and playing professional football. What sort of sociological phenomenon was he experiencing? a.) role conflict b.) role strain c.) the unconscious d.) a dual self

a.) role conflict

The term "master status" is defined as a a.) status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses. b.) set of expectations that are attached to a specific role. c.) set of behaviors that are associated with a particular position. d.) perspective that allows a person to understand many other people's points of view.

a.) status that generally overrides all other statuses a person possesses.

In an effort to control a total institution, and to create a community of sameness, inmates are forced to strip down, be searched by police officers, and given identical uniforms before entering prison. This is an example of _______. a.) An entry test that must be passed b.) A degradation ceremony c.) A graduation d.) An exit test that must be passed

b.) A degradation ceremony

Which of the following is NOT an example of organic solidarity? a.) A Ford Motors employee assembling taillights on an assembly line b.) A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama c.) A fast-food employee putting burgers into their buns d.) A toll-booth employee collecting toll change

b.) A freelance artist creating a sculpture of Barack Obama

If a young girl in a family is expected to take on the cooking and cleaning roles while her mother is at work, she is most likely aligning to: a.) Achieved Status b.) Ascribed Status c.) Underlying status d.) Role Strain

b.) Ascribed Status

Which of the following is an example of role conflict? a.) Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham. b.) Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. c.) Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. d.) Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country.

b.) Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.

Some sociologists have pointed out that gender roles are often determined by how a society socializes young boys and girls. Which of the following is an example of socializing a child into a gender role. a.) Taking a young boy to the aquarium b.) Buying a girl a toy kitchen to play with c.) Letting a girl wear pants to school d.) Allowing a boy to sleep with his blanket

b.) Buying a girl a toy kitchen to play with

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society a.) The iron cage b.) Collective conscience c.) Bourgeoisie d.) Anomie

b.) Collective conscience

_____ describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern. a.) Institutionalization b.) Habitualization c.) Industrialization d.) Rationalization

b.) Habitualization

When Elan goes to the tutoring center at their college, they are surprised that they cannot meet with an individual tutor, but are given a computer program to practice on. When it doesn't work, they are told to contact the company that made the study program. None of the tutoring center workers know anything about the college subjects. This is an example of: a.) An out-group dynamic b.) McDonaldization c.) Bureaucracy d.) Impersonality

b.) McDonaldization

Which of the following is an example of an in-group/out-group dynamic: a.) Organizations across a college campus come together at a yearly fundraiser to raise money for the local Breast Cancer Awareness chapter. b.) Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta. c.) Chorus members of the campus's production of Hairspray practice in Theatre building's first floor, while the cast of God of Carnage practices on the second floor. d.) The Chemistry Club advertises their organization at the local science fair.

b.) Members of sorority Delta Delta Delta advise their pledges not to socialize with members of pledges of rival sorority Sigma Delta Theta.

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence? a.) Schools b.) Peers c.) Religion d.) The media

b.) Peers

When Michael starts high school, he joins the basketball team. He begins to look to his teammate friends for cues on how to behave at dances, in the hallways, and even in the classroom. Michael's basketball team is serving as Michael's _____. a.) Out-group b.) Reference group c.) Aggregate d.) Secondary group

b.) Reference group

On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ______. a.) Institutionalization b.) Role performance c.) Role strain d.) Ascribed status

b.) Role performance

A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. a.) Functionalist b.) Symbolic interactionist c.) Feminist d.) Conflict theorist

b.) Symbolic interactionist

The term institutionalization can be defined as: a.) The idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit. b.) The act of implanting a convention or norm into society. c.) A status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income. d.) Responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to their rank and role in society.

b.) The act of implanting a convention or norm into society.

Parents often socialize their children to: a.) Understand and follow different norms from what they themselves follow b.) Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow c.) Ignore society and create their own norms and follow them regardless of consequences d.) Ignore society and live alone without much interaction with other people

b.) Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow

____ societies relied on permanent tools for survival, and expanded due to innovations such as crop rotation and fertilizer. a.) Industrial b.) Feudal c.) Agricultural d.) Hunter-gatherer

c.) Agricultural

Sumaira is scared that she will not find a job in the current economy. She decides to be a business major and attend one of the top business schools in the country. Upon graduation, she is hired by a major investment banking firm in New York. Sumaira has completed: a.) A degradation Ceremony b.) Developing her sense of self c.) Anticipatory Socialization d.) Developing her sense of mortality

c.) Anticipatory Socialization

Kellan wants to shop at Express for the new school year, but because all of his friends shop at Pacific Sun, Kellan does as well. Kellan's behavior is an example of: a.) Consumer-oriented discretion b.) Laissez-faire leadership c.) Conformity d.) Out-group dynamics

c.) Conformity

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, when do humans begin to think about the feelings of other people and begin to see the world through other people's eyes? a.) When they are born b.) When they first go to school c.) In their teenage years d.) After they graduate from college

c.) In their teenage years

Christine is president of her Improvisation Comedy Troupe. When making decisions about booking gigs, rehearsal spaces, and call-times, Christine leaves the troupe to decide for themselves. Christine is a(n) _____ leader. a.) Authoritarian b.) Democratic c.) Laissez-faire d.) Republican

c.) Laissez-faire

During a kindergarten music break, the teacher makes a student feel badly because the student cannot play the piano. The teacher expresses surprise because they happen to know that the child's parents are both professional musicians. Which arena is the core of the teacher's assumption. a.) Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development b.) George herbert Mead's theory of self development c.) Nature vs Nurture d.) Freud's theory of self development

c.) Nature vs Nurture

Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o'clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o'clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o'clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition? a.) A shift in her desire to enjoy life b.) A shift in her reading habits c.) Resocialization d.) A complete and permanent loss of herself

c.) Resocialization

Changes in the importance of socialization's different agents might occur over time within a society. Identify the major agent(s) of socialization that is/are less important to adolescents now than in the late 1800s. a.) Schools b.) Peers c.) The family d.) The mass media

c.) The family

Tanya enrolls in a local community college so they can one day become an engineer. Tanya is about to become a member of a: a.) Voluntary organization b.) Paparazzi organization c.) Utilitarian organization d.) Coercive organization

c.) Utilitarian organization

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is a.) the transition toddlers make from the imitation of infancy to the play stage of childhood. b.) the inability of very young children to differentiate between themselves and others. c.) an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles. d.) the guidelines and expectations that are associated with a particular role in society

c.) an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.

According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games? a.) the behaviors associated with particular roles b.) how to imitate behaviors and actions c.) the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole d.) the values and beliefs of their parents

c.) the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole

Sociologists define the self as a.) only the private, innermost parts of the mind that are not usually shown to others. b.) the parts of the human mind that are created through interactions with others. c.) the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people. d.) the part of an individual that is displayed to other members of a society.

c.) the experience of an individual's personal identity that is distinct from other people.

The term meritocracy is defined by the text as: a.) A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. b.) The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation. c.) The authoritarian devalue of an employee. d.) A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

d.) A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

Which of the following is best described as a part of resocialization? a.) A parent punishing their child for repeating a behavior they were warned to stop. b.) A parent restricting their little girl's use of her play kitchen after the girl says playing in the kitchen makes her "feel like mommy." c.) A worker using Google docs instead of Microsoft Word to write their memos. d.) A worker erasing discarding all their old post-it note reminders in favor of their new online calendar

d.) A worker erasing discarding all their old post-it note reminders in favor of their new online calendar

Sandy is standing in line for The Weekend tickets. The line wraps around the block, spilling into the streets and crowding store windows. Sandy is part of a(n): a.) Dyad b.) Triad c.) In-group d.) Aggregate

d.) Aggregate

Which of the following is NOT one of Marx's four types of alienation? a.) Alienation from the product of one's labor b.) Alienation from one's self c.) Alienation from others d.) Alienation from one's religion

d.) Alienation from one's religion

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: a.) Collective norms are weakened. b.) Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. c.) Specialization of labor lead to alienation. d.) All of the above

d.) All of the above

Education is important to society because: a.) It teaches children facts about the world in which they live. b.) It teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain social graces. c.) It teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-on-one situations. d.) All of the above

d.) All of the above

The transition from college life to work life can be quite difficult for many young adults in the United States. Which is a possible cause for this struggle? a.) The status quo has been maintained for a substantial period of time, and now the economy and government are undergoing significant changes. b.) Many young people are in the same situation, so drawing expertise or knowledge from their experiences from peers is difficult. c.) Finding a job, renting an apartment, and being independent is a daunting task that seems insurmountable. d.) All of the above

d.) All of the above

A famous socialite is court-ordered to enter a rehabilitation center to eliminate her drug addiction. The socialite is about to become a member of a: a.) Voluntary Organization b.) Paparazzi Organization c.) Utilitarian Organization d.) Coercive Organization

d.) Coercive Organization

A student at a university explains that he doesn't want to join a fraternity because he believes they create negative in-group and out-group dynamics. What perspective best describes his views? a.) Symbolic interactionism b.) Coercive Power c.) Structural Functionalism d.) Conflict theory

d.) Conflict theory

Despite a decline in customers and several negative reviews on social media and in a local newspaper, a restaurant owner holds fast to their belief that their traditional ethnic menu should remain in place. When the new assistant chef integrates new ingredients into the appetizers, the owner wants to criticize her, but decides that it is better for staff morale and confidence they are supportive of the changes. What type or function of leadership is the owner revealing? a.) Authoritarian b.) Democratic c.) Laissez-faire d.) Expressive

d.) Expressive

Erik Erikson's theory explains: a.) Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand-ins that provided food. b.) How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality. c.) When human moral development begins in an individual. d.) How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.

d.) How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life.

Please place the following societies in chronological order: a.) Pastoral; Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural; Agricultural b.) Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Agricultural; Horticultural c.) Pastoral; Agricultural, Hunter-gatherer; Horticultural d.) Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural

d.) Hunter-gatherer; Pastoral; Horticultural; Agricultural

A nightclub has several types of employees and each has a specialized task. Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check identification, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Bouncers can get their friends in for free, unlike the other employees. The club is a bureaucracy in many ways, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it? a.) Specialization b.) Hierarchy c.) Formal written communication d.) Impersonality

d.) Impersonality

Patrick isn't old enough to go to school yet, but he loves to play house. He has a toy stove and pretends to be a stay-at-home father. Playing house sometimes gets boring, so he goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that Patrick is a.) In the game stage b.) Aware of the roles of others c.) Her own generalized other d.) In the play stage

d.) In the play stage

Leaders whose personal styles make them more task-oriented or goal-oriented and less concerned with people's feelings are called ________ leaders. a.) Expressive b.) Charismatic c.) Traditional d.) Instrumental

d.) Instrumental

Which of the following is NOT an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? a.)Charlotte is an intelligent teenager, but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she's destined to a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out. b.) Though encouraged by his parents to audition for Julliard, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty. c.) Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired. d.) Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

d.) Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a bureaucracy: a.) Clear divison if labor b.) Impersonality c.) Explicit rules d.) Personality-based promotion

d.) Personality-based promotion

The phrase "keeping up with the Joneses" is an example of what group concept? a.) Triad b.) In-group c.) Out-group d.) Reference group

d.) Reference group

A single-parent paralegal is asked to take an extra shift three times per week during which he has to organize files for another lawyer. The extra work keeps him away from his son, and leaves him unable to keep up with the housework. He is experiencing: a.) Ascribed status b.) Achieved status c.) Role strain d.) Role conflict

d.) Role conflict

A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. a.) Agent of socialization b.) Role c.) Stereotype d.) Status

d.) Status

Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of: a.) The influences of a total institution b.) The generalized other c.) The influences of one's peer groups d.) The hidden curriculum of schools

d.) The hidden curriculum of schools

A characteristic of primary groups is that they a.) are larger and more anonymous than secondary groups. b.) are often formal or impersonal. c.) tend to be based on specific roles or activities. d.) involve a strong sense of belonging.

d.) involve a strong sense of belonging.