Exam 2 Strepsirrhines and Tarsiers

grasping hands and feet

-All primates have a nail on their big toe (hallux), rather than a claw. -Most have nails on all of their digits. -Primate hands are exceptionally dexterous.

Lorisoids

-Geographic distribution: Africa and Asia (not in Madagascar) -Body size range: 2 ounces - 3.5 pounds -Activity pattern: All Nocturnal (night) -Locomotion: -Arboreal quadrupeds, slow climbers, vertical clinging and leaping very good eyesight -Diet:Fruit, gums, and insects

Lemuroids

-Geographic distribution: All live on the island of Madagascar!!!! - Body size range: 1 ounce - 15 pounds -Activity pattern: Most Diurnal (day), some Nocturnal (night) Locomotion: Arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds, vertical clingers and leapers -Diet:Fruit, flowers, gums and leaves

ancestral mammal traits

-no postorbital bar -five digits -claws -divergent orbits -small brain -wet noses -large snort -tapetum lucidum -multiple nipples -bicornuate uturus -unfused mandibular -symphysis hair, live births, mandible is a single bone, unfused mandibular symphysis, five digits, bicornuate uterus multiple nipples, tapetum lucidum (nocturna green eyes), rhinarium (wet nose, split upper lip)

Cebinae

Capuchins and squirrel monkeys, Central and South America, medium sized (668 g - 3.68 g), 3 genera, 29 species, diurnal, capuchins are frugivorous (some seed specialists), squirrel monkeys are frugivorous and insectivorous, forest habitat, multimale/multifemale groups, capuchins are sexually dimorphic with male dominance, squirrel monkeys are monomorphic with female dominance, arboreal quadruped with leaping

monotremes

Egg laying mammals (platypus and echidna)

Lorisiformes

Galagidae, Lorisidae

Galagidae (bushbabies)

Galagos and bushbabies, 5 genera, 18 species, small to medium size (60g - 1.1 kg), nocturnal, found in Africa, arboreal quadrupedalism, quadrupedal leaping, vertical clinging and leaping, frugivory supplemented by insects, mostly solitary -opposable thumb -long slender finger: for grib -large eye: equivalent of night vision

Indriidae

Indri, sifaka, woolly lemur, 3 genera, 19 species, medium to large (600g - 6.9 kg, largest living primate species in Madagascar), nocturnal or diurnal, mixed follivory and some frugivory, vertical clinging and leaping, sifakas live in multimale/multifemale groups and indris/woolly lemurs are monogamous

Tarsiiformes (haplorhini)

Tarsiers, 3 genera, 12 species, small size (49g - 135g), nocturnal, Indonesia, vertical clinging and leaping, insectivory, mostly solitary, polygyny

arboreal hypothesis

a theory for primate evolution that proposes that life in the trees was responsible for enhanced visual acuity and manual dexterity in primates; primate features are adaptations for life in the trees

what do all primates have in common

eyes in front of head, all primates have the following things in common: grasping hands, large complex brains, enhanced vision, reduced olfaction

enhanced vision in primates

eyes rotated toward the front

primate traits

grasping hands and feet, convergent orbits, postorbital bar, nails instead of claws, reduced olfaction, large brains relative to body size.

Lemuriformes

lemurs and lorises 98 species, only in Madagascar, Lemuridae, Lepilemuridae, Indriidae, Cheirogaelidae, Daubentoniidae, female dominance

Strepsirrhines

lemurs and lorises, have a tooth comb

Lorisidae

lorises, 4 genera, 12 species, small to medium size (210 g - 1.6 kg), nocturnal, Africa (one species), and Southern Asia, slow arboreal quadrupedalism, frugivory supplemented by insects, mostly solitary, polygyny

Aotinae

owl monkeys, South America, small to medium size (780 g - 1.19 kg), 1 genus, 11 species, nocturnal, frugivorous with some leaves and insects, forest habitats, monogamous social groups (male parental investment), monomorphic, arboreal quadruped with leaping, enlarged eyeballs

Atelinae

spider and howler monkeys, Central and South America, largest NW primates (4.33 kg - 10 kg), 4 genera, 26 species, diurnal, frugivorous and follivorous, forest habitats (main canopy), multimale/multifemale groups (spider monkeys form fission-fusion), howlers are arboreal quadrupeds, spider monkeys are more suspensory, all species have a prehensile tail, spider monkeys have long forelimbs, reduced thumbs and an abducted hallux

Lepilemuridae

sportive lemurs, 1 genus, 26 species, medium small to medium size (550 g - 1 kg), nocturnal, vertical clinging and leaping, follivorous (smallest primate follivores), solitary or monogamous

the visual predation hypothesis

the proposition that unique primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and on small animals, primate features are adaptations for catching insects while in the trees

derived strepsirrhine traits

tooth comb, grooming claw

Lemuridae

true lemurs 5 genera, 22 species, medium size (700g - 4.5 kg), diurmal, arboreal quadrupedalism and leaping, frugivory supplemented by leaves and insects, multi-male and multi-female troops, some monogamous, female dominant

comparative method

used to test hypotheses about adaptation, this method looks for repeated associations. For example, the prehensile tail has evolved many times always in species that live near branching plants

Cheirogaelidae

Aye-aye, super ugly, 1 genus, 1 species (Daubentonia madagascarensis), medium size (3 kg), nocturnal, arboreal quadruped, solitary with overlapping ranges, grubs, insects fruits, highly derived feeding adaptations, ever-growing rodent-like incisors for gnawing bark to expose grubs, elongated third digit for extracting grubs