exam 2 study guide

When might intuition and analysis lead to contrasting conclusions?

logic is more difficult than intuition, when people make a gut decision, its hard to get them to change their minds.

Early childhood is a sensitive period for rapidly and easily mastering ____ ___ ___ ____(evidence that early childhood is a sensitive time for learning language part 1)

mastering vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

How does theory of mind help a child interact with other people? C

It helps them form relationships with others by escaping their egocentric logic

What is the difference between adolescent sadness and clinical depression? GO BACK AND WORK ON IT

Difference between the two depression is= this is the worst clinical depression=their is no point and I am hopeless. depression happens when an event happens clinical depression= when nothing happens.

How might children develop empathy and antipathy as they play with one another? C

Empathy-Children develop empathy through PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR(helpfulness and kindness without any obvious personal benefit) expressing concern, offering to share, and including a shy child in a game are examples of prosocial behavior that are learned by empathy. Antipathy- children develop antipathy through ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR which includes verbal insults, social exclusion, physical assaults. FINISH

1. What is the pattern of growth in adolescent bodies? C

(1)weight, (2)then height and then (3)muscle

What complications result from the sequence of growth (weight/height/muscles)? C

1, deficions of iron, calcium, zinc and other minerals. 2. osteoporosis( fragile bones)

Why are there fewer problems caused by adolescent sexuality now than a few decades ago?

• Decreased teen births • Increased use of protection • Decreased teen abortion

What are the four aspects of family closeness? C

•Four aspects of family closeness -Communication: Do parents and teens talk openly with one another?( does the teen feel like they can talk about birth control?, can they discuss with you that the only way is drunk driving? Done something so bad they need u to bail out? Are they following you around?) -Support: Do they rely on one another?( do I rely on my child to do somethings? Or do they rely on me?) -Connectedness: How emotionally close are they? -Control: Do parents encourage or limit adolescent independence?( too controlling not good, your kid will run away. If you are not encouraging it at all, not good and bad things will happen.)

What is the difference between multifinality and equifinality?

•Multifinality- (ex.hold on at diagnosing young children, but what if the child really needed lithium and it saved the kids life?) •Equifinality Problems with testing are not the only reason diagnosis of psychopathology is complex (Hayden & Mash, 2014; Cicchetti, 2013b). One cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations, a phenomenon called multifinality (many final forms). The opposite is also apparent: Many causes can result in one symptom, a phenomenon called equifinality (equal in final form). Thus, a direct line from cause to consequence cannot be drawn with certainty.

What are the different kinds of popular and unpopular children? C

•Popular children in U.S. -Friendly and cooperative -Aggressive •Unpopular children in the U.S. A. Neglected, not rejected children -Neglected by peers, but not actively rejected( nothing is happening for them) B. Aggressive-rejected children •Disliked by peers because of antagonistic, confrontational behavior; may become bully-victims C. Withdrawn-rejected children •Disliked by peers because of their timid, withdrawn, and anxious behavior

Using the family-stress model, explain how family income affects family function.

•Poverty: Family-stress model -Any risk factor damages a family only if it increases the stress on that family.( ex. you can be very poor but you are resilient and bale to adapt to the stress) -Adults' stressful reaction to poverty is crucial in determining the effect on the children.( ex. remember mom and dad would always be frustrated because we were broke as a bitch and could have had an effect on me)

What brain parts are the last to reach full growth? C

Prefrontal cortex

What do children learn from sociodramatic play? C

Sociodramatic play enables children to 1. explore and rehearse social roles 2. test their ability to explain their ideas and persuade 3. practice regulating their emotions 4. Develop self-concept

1. How does physical activity affect a child's education? C

1. Advances in physical, emotional, and mental health: good amount of physical activity leads to better self-esteem, feeling well, looking good. 2. Research shows direct benefits on CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW and NEUROTRANSMITTERS as well as indirect results like better mood. children learn by doing and then express what they know by moving, in embodied cognition, the idea that thinking is connected to body movement. For example, the physical act of hand-writing helps children learn to read.

1. What has changed over the past decades regarding political identity? C

21st century- more adults identify as non political than as republicans, Democrat or any other party.

Why might the single-parent structure function less well than two-parent structures?

*Absence of father or single-fathers* -Generally, fathers who do not live with their children become less involved every year.( father needs to be in the loop and research shows this) -Single-parent fathers experience same problems as single mothers.( -Remarried adults tend to spend less on step-children; sometimes reject them; change residence; disrupt harmony and stability. -Step-children may experience constellation shifts, differential discipline strategies, anger, sadness or destructive behaviors. *Single families in cultural context* •Less income, time, stability •Emotional and academic support reduction -Culture is always influential.

What affects the age at which puberty begins? C

- Puberty begins between ages 8 and 14. - Influence of genes, gender, weight, hormones, and stress interact. - Onset stress matters less when friends mature at similar rates.( ex. one person can hit puberty before someone else)

What perceptions arise from belief in the imaginary audience? C

-Belief that others are watching and taking note of appearance, ideas, and behaviors; creates self-consciousness( ex. having a pimple on the face and everyone is watching them) •Acute self-consciousness

Why do cultures differ in how they value pride or modesty? C

-Cultures and families differ in which attitudes and accomplishments they value.( ex. Americans have a tendency to value risk taking and independence vs china where they value the role they play in the family) -Emerging self-perception benefits academic and social competence. -Praise for process—not static qualities—encourages growth. (ex. "i saw you persevere even though that was difficult" instead of "you are a winner".) -Notice and value of material possessions increases(ex. when I was a kid and watched Brian rector eat Doritos and wear nice clothes at lunch I was aware)

what are examples of intrinsic motivation? C

-Drive, or reason to pursue a goal -Comes from inside a person -Apparent in intrinsic joy, invented dialogues, and imaginary friends (ex. what children naturally want to do and finds on his own, personal investments that people enjoy like hobbies)

What are several reasons why some children are less active than they should be? C

-Indoor activities often replace outdoor play. -Economic barriers( low SES) and disabilities may limit participation in league, club and other after school activities. -When academic instruction replaces physical education; less physical activity may cause less learning.

What are the advantages for children in a two-parent family structure? C

-Work best on average; children learn better in school; few psychological problems -more contact increases affection and care -decreased child maltreatment risk(ex. in the 70s it was one sided now it is 50/50 on family share, research shows this)

1. What is changing in rates of early-childhood obesity, and why? C

1. As family income decreases so does obesity. A sign of poor nutrition, likely to reduce immunity and increase later disease. = SES connection and obesity( poor nutrition equals reduced immunity and later sickness) There are many explanations for the connection between obesity and low SES. A. Children in food-insecure households are more likely as adults to overeat when they are not hungry.( when you were poor as a kid you want to eat more when you are an adult) B. In low-income family cultures, parents tend to guard against undernutrition and rely on fast foods, so their children are especially vulnerable to obesity.( ex. think about nene and how she would feed you all the time as a kid because they were poor) C. Many parents of overweight children believe their children are thinner than they actually are.

1. What are the four main styles of parenting? C

1. Authoritarian parenting: High behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct, and little communication (ex. you must perform, not a lot of communication) 2. Permissive parenting: High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance, or control (ex. that "cool" mom. Not good for the kid. No guidelines and research show it makes really anxious children. The child needs a parent more than a friend. No consequences or guidance or control) 3. Authoritative parenting: Parents set limits and enforce rules but are FLEXIBLE and LISTEN to their children. (ex. different from authoritarian because parents listen to their children.)( parents are the heavy right hand when need be, protect you and stop you, enforce rules but are flexible and listen to rules as well.) 4.Neglectful/uninvolved parenting: Neglectful parents are oblivious to their children's behavior; they seem not to care. Their children do whatever they want. This is quite different from permissive parents, who care very much.

1. Why do parents and adolescents often bicker? C

1. Disputes are common because of BIOLOGY, COGNITION and CULTURE which all push for adolescent's INDEPNDENCE, which clashes with adults desire for CONTROL and PROTECTION. 2. Each generation tends to misjudge the other, and that increases conflict. Adolescent's want and need respect from adults, and they are quick to see disrespect, even if it is not really there.

Why is it premature for today's adolescents to achieve vocational identity? C

1. Early vocational identity is no longer appropriate. No teenager can be expected to choose among the tens of thousands of careers; most adults change vocations (not just employers) many times. 2. Vocational identity takes years to establish, and most jobs are demand quite specific skills and knowledge that are learned best on the job.

What is the difference between family structure and family function? C

1. Family structure -Legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home, includes nuclear family, extended family, stepfamily, and others. •Genetic connections( biological connections) •Legal connections( foster children) 2. Family function -The way a family works to meet the needs of its members *FUNCTION is more important than structure, but harder to measure.( as mentioned before, its more important to make sure that the how is functioning, is everyone's needs met? Is the family intact? VS structure which is single parent, gay parents, adopted parents)*

1. How does identity foreclosure differ from identity moratorium? C

1. Foreclosure Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis(formed an identity without really testing it out. ex. you come from another country and forced to do a family restaurant and don't have a choice and working in the back and not having any chance to try it out) you could be fine but later on you could be like why didn't I try out my personality? 2. Moratorium An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions (Going to college is a common example.) going to college is an example, i guess that's what I'm suppose to do even if you dont want to . for example, your family has told you to go to school your entire life and now you did. you have chosen to be a cheerleader and you keep going with that and you dont want to be that.

From whom do adolescents usually learn about sex? C

1. From peers 2. From educators 3. From Parents

What is Erikson's fifth psychosocial crisis, and how is it resolved? C

1. Identity versus role confusion • Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt(example of this is dating someone who likes bring me the horizon and being all about bring me the horizon and then switching to dating someone who likes hip hop and being all about hip hop. 2. Identity achievement Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans. Identity achievement. (past experiences and future place unique and like everybody else)

What do children learn from rough-and-tumble play? C

1. Mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or hitting with no intention to harm. (ex. lets rumble!!) 2. learns expressions and gestures (e.g., play face) signifying that the child is "just pretending." 3. Advances children's social understanding

Why do experts want to limit children's screen time? C

1. More time kids are glued to screens the less time they spend in active, social play. 2. reduces conversation, imagination and outdoor activity 3. Makes it harder to sleep 4. Attractive media teaches= violence, sexist and racist stereotypes 5. depression

Why does playing with peers increase physical development and emotional regulation?

1. Physical development a. children need physical activity to develop muscle strength and control. 2. Emotional regulation a. Peers provide an audience, role model, and sometimes competition. b. Active social play correlates with physical, emotional and intellectual growth.

What are children thought to gain from play? flag for answer

1. Play is the most productive and enjoyable activity that children undertake. 2. Vygotsky on play Makes children "a head taller" than their actual height.

What aspects of language seem difficult for young children?

1. Pragmatics are the most difficult to learn--practical use of language, adjusting communication to audience and context(words,tones,grammatical form) 2. Abstractions are particularly difficult; actions are easier to understand. A hole is to dig; love is hugging; hearts beat.

1. How does preoperational thought differ from sensorimotor intelligence and from concrete operational thought? C

1. Preoperational thought is different from operational thought because children do not yet use operational thought. ( which is why it's called "pre" operational) 2. Preoperational thought is BEYOND sensorimotor intelligence because they can think in SYMBOLS, not just senses and motor skills.

Why is middle childhood considered a healthy time? C

1. Safeguarded by genetic and environmental factors (ex. typically immune and kids don't get sick during this time) 2. Fewer chronic conditions: Better diagnostic and preventive medical care, Less secondhand smoke, Better health habits, Specialized programs, Improved oral health 3. Lower death rates: immunizations, less lethal accidents, fatal accidents

Why is social comparison particularly powerful during middle childhood? C

1. Social comparison helps school-age children value themselves for who they are, abandoning the imaginary, rosy self-evaluation of preschooler's. 2.the self-concept becomes more realistic: children incorporate comparison to peers and become more specific when they judge their own competence, developing 3. Awareness of social prejudice and gender discrimination

Among sexually active people, why do adolescents have more STIs than adults? C

1. Teens are slower to recognize symptoms, tell partners, and get medical treatment. 2. That makes them more at risk of infertility and even death later on.

What aspects of children's thought does theory-theory explain?

1. Theory-theory refers to the idea that children naturally construct theories to explain whatever they see and hear.

when is timeout effective and when is it not? C

1. Time-out is only effective when the child enjoys "time in", when the child is engaged with the parents or peers. 2. When used with Calm voice and time-out is only 5 minutes long

How might siblings raised together not share the same family environment? C

1. if relocation, divorce, unemployment, or a new job occurs in a family, the impact depends on each child's AGE, GENES, RESILIENCE, and GENDER. Moving to another town upsets a school-age child more than an infant, divorce harms boys more than girls, poverty may hurt preschoolers the most, and so on. 2. DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTBILITY: meaning each child is more affected for better or worse than another.( ex. when siblings are raised together, experiencing the same family conditions, the mix of genes, age, and gender may lead one child to becoming antisocial, another to pathologically anxious)

What are the consequences of each style of parenting? C

1.Authoritarian parents raise children who become a. create conscientious, obedient, and quiet but not happy. b. Such children may feel guilty or depressed, internalizing their frustrations and blaming themselves when things don't go well. c. As adolescents, they sometimes rebel, leaving home before age 20. As adults, they are quick to blame and punish. 2.Permissive parents raise children who a. lack self-control. b. Inadequate emotional regulation makes them immature and impedes friendships, so they are unhappy. c. They tend to continue to live at home, still dependent on their parents in adulthood. 3. Authoritative parents raise children who are a. successful, articulate, happy with themselves, and generous with others. These children are usually liked by teachers and peers, especially in cultures that value individual initiative (e.g., the United States). 4. Neglectful/uninvolved parents raise children who are a. immature, sad, lonely, and at risk of injury and abuse, not only in early childhood but also lifelong.

What are three ways in which adults can foster language development? C

1.Code focused teaching 2.Book-reading 3.Parent education 4.Language enhancement 5.Preschool programs

What is the relationship between executive control and learning in school C

1.It allows kids to Organize and prioritize thoughts. 2.Made up of working memory, cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control. 3. Allows a person to anticipate, strategize and plan behavior. 4. It also related to emotional regulation. (ex. Executive function best way to think about it is if you have ADHD and don't have executive function: decide what to pay attention to and prioritize, and it helps organize what needs to be done to make something occur and how long it's going to take. think about it as the little manager in your head. not only is attention is hard for but also emotional regulation issues like impulse problems and thinking before speaking.

1. Who benefits most from Head Start? C

1.lowest family incomes 2. for those living in rural areas 3. those with disabilities.

How might intuitive thinking increase risk-taking?

1099

How does growth during middle childhood compare with growth earlier or later? C

6-11 middle childhood 1. usually a time of good health and steady growth. children master new skills, learn thousands of words, and enter a wider social world. 2. they are safer and happier in comparison to adolescence( death rate for 5-9 year is lowest of any age group) a time of slow and steady growth, a little more than 2 inches and 5 pounds in a year.

What is the difference between ADHD and typical child behavior? C

All young children are sometimes inattentive, impulsive, and active, gradually settling down with maturation. However, those with ADHD "are so active and impulsive that they cannot sit still, are constantly fidgeting, talk when they should be listening, interrupt people all the time, can't stay on task, . . . accidentally injure themselves." All this makes them "difficult to parent or teach" (Nigg & Barkley, 2014, p. 75).

How is the corpus callosum crucial for learning? C

A: Facilitates communication between the two brain hemispheres. B: by 6 or 7 the corpus collasum can help kids COORDINATE BETTER in comparison to a 3- or 4-year-old. an argument on the playground is learning skill they are fighting about the rules and are actively in the game and their paying attention and getting it.

How does adolescent egocentrism differ from early-childhood egocentrism? C

Adolescent egocentrism is ages 10-13 a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others. Early childhood egocentrism is children's tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective. THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT BETWEEN 10-13 CHILDREN RUMINATE; THAT IS THE HALLMARK DIFFERENCE.

What role do parents play in the formation of an adolescent's religious and political identity? C

Adolescent's political and religious affiliation is similar and a predictor of their parent's political and religious affiliation.

Why do many adults misunderstand the role of peer pressure? C

Adults worry that an unseen friend might not be benign, but it is more likely that such a friend is helpful. Parents may advice caution. Adults misunderstand because they think that all peer pressure is bad( drugs, breaking law). but peer pressure is really strong and can be HELPFUL and POSITIVE INFLUENCE Example 1- social media: caregivers think that social media corrupts the use but social media can strengthen existing friendships. EXAMPLE 2-if your struggling with a blended family situation, and a friend or peer can help out by saying "they love you or support you" when your having a bad day and they can tell you to do dumb stuff.) basically parents think that al friends are bad influences and all peer pressure is bad.

Why do many adults think adolescent suicide is more common than it is? C

Although suicidal ideation during adolescence is common, completed suicides are not. The U.S. annual rate of completed suicide for people aged 15 to 19 (in school or not) is less than 8 per 100,000, or 0.008 percent, which is only half the rate for adults aged 20 and older (Parks et al., 2014). Keep this statistic in mind if someone claims that adolescent suicide is "epidemic." They are wrong.

Why are there gender differences in adolescent depression and arrest? C

Girls -twice as high in women -Cause for the gender disparity may be biological psychological, or social. (ex. girls have more mood disorders then boys. it has to do biology(estrogen), women's ability to talk about their emotions and be allowed to by culture( psychological and social)) Cognitive explanation: Girls may ruminate more then boys which could explain the expression of depression. Boys - 3 times more likely to be arrested then girls -men struggle with being appropriate, more likely to be fetishy, predator's, and have trouble with aggression and rebellion.

1. What are the first visible signs of puberty? C

Girls: Sudden growth spurt, widening of hips, the first menstrual period, growth of nipples and breasts and initial pubic hair, leading to final pubic-hair patterns and full breast development. Boys: Growth of testes, initial pubic-hair growth, growth of penis, first ejaculation of seminal fluid, appearance of facial hair, peak growth spurt, deepening of voice, and final pubic-hair growth.

1. According to Vygotsky, what should parents and other caregivers do to encourage children's learning? C

Be mentors to the child by a. presenting challenges b. Offering assistance (without taking over) b. Add crucial information d. Encourage motivation

Why is early childhood the best time to learn a second (or third) language? C

Before the age of 6, so that both languages are located in the same area of the brain with no impact on the cortex structure. Evidence of plasticity.

What are the similarities between life-course-persistent and adolescence-limited offenders? C

Both types involve antisocial behaivor that results in arrest's for the first time in adolescence, for similar crimes, but their future diverges. Most juvenile delinquents are adolescence-limited offenders, whose criminal activity stops by age 21. They break the law with their friends, facilitated by their chosen antisocial peers. Some delinquents are life-course-persistent offenders, who become career criminals. Their lawbreaking is more often done alone than as part of a gang, and the cause is neurological impairment (either inborn or caused by early experiences). Symptoms include not only childhood defiance but also early disabilities with language and learning. adolescence-limited offender A person whose criminal activity stops by age 21. life-course-persistent offender: A person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminal. During adolescence, the criminal records of both types may be similar. However, if adolescence-limited delinquents can be protected from various snares (such as quitting school, entering prison, drug addiction), they will outgrow their criminal behavior. This is confirmed by other research: Few delinquent youths who are not jailed continue to be criminals in early adulthood (Monahan et al., 2009).

_____ ______ _____ ______ makes early childhood the ideal time to learn a language( evidence that early childhood is a sensitive time for learning language part 2

Brain maturation, myelination, scaffolding, social interaction

How does fast-mapping aid the language explosion? C

By developing an interconnected SET OF CATEGORIES for words, speedy vocabulary acquisition becomes possible.

How do Vygotsky and Piaget differ in their explanation of cognitive advances in middle childhood? C

Piaget said that cognitive advances occur naturally, as a result of maturation and self-exploration. he thought children would discover most concepts themselves. Vygotsky believed that 1.cognitive advances rely on scaffolding by peers and mentors through guided participation in the zone of proximal development. 2. Emphasized culture: a time for learning dependent on family, school, culture 3. play with peers, screen time, dinner and neighborhood play: every experience form birth on shapes a child..

How might a child's interpretation affect the ability to cope with repeated stress? C

Child interpretation of events is crucial. 1. Cortisol increases in low-income children if they interpret events connected to their FAMILY'S POVERTY as a personal threat and IF the family lacks ORDER and ROUTINE( thus increasing daily hassles). (ex.meaning making and talk to a child after something large has happened like a divorce and talk to the kid about, " how do you feel about it?" and can get insight on the child's interpretation of events and reframe it) 2.In general, a child's interpretation of a family situation (poverty, divorce, and so on) determines how it affects him or her

Why is a harmonious, stable home particularly important during middle childhood? C

Children cherish safety and stability, not change during middle childhood.

explain fast-mapping aid in the language explosion

Children hear a word used in context and, instead of figuring out the exact meaning, stick it into one of several "categories" already in place in their mental set. (Ex. When kids would say "I am so exciting" instead of "I am so excited")

Why is discipline part of being a parent? C

Children misbehave. They do not always do what adults want them to do. Sometimes they do not know better, but sometimes they deliberately ignore a request, even doing exactly what they have been told not to do. Since misbehavior is part of growing up, and since children need guidance to keep them safe and strong, parents must respond.

Why are cluster suicides more common in adolescence than in later life? C

Cluster suicide- one person kills themselves and everyone else does it to. the power of the peer at this age. you don't have them with adults. "i want to be with them" power of social peer influence. this is the time when kids are more susceptible to peer pressure. A. because they are more EMOTIONAL and EGOCENTRIC than LOGICAL and ANALYTICAL, adolescents are particularly susceptible when they hear about someone else's suicide, either through the media or from peers (Niedzwiedz et al., 2014).

1. What are the differences between the cognitive and evolutionary perspectives on sex development? C

Cognitive theory Emphasizes gender schema( the concept that kids categorize humans as ether male or female). They perceive the world in egocentric terms. Therefore, they categorize male and female as opposites. Gender complexity like pc culture make no sense to them. During preoperational stage- appearance is stronger than logic. around age 5- its really that the brain has a schema or mental ability of what gender means. what's the mom do in the house? what does dad do in the house? by 5 your starting to figure it out. • Evolutionary theory - Sexual attraction is crucial for basic urge to reproduce. • Males and females try to look attractive to the other sex in gendered ways. • Young boys and girls practice becoming attractive to the other sex. because without sex none of us would be here. how do we survive? we need to always replicate and reproduce through sexual attraction. us being sexually attracted to the opposite gender is the most important thing in life. opposite gender wants us to look attractive for the opposite gender. " ex. little girls wear pink and earing so they look very "female" to attract the male but IN the future. men are looking for broader shoulder, and muscular.

what are examples of extrinsic motivation? C

Extrinsic motivation (example. teeth brushing, grades, room being clean and things nobody wants to do) -Drive, or reason to pursue a goal -Arises from the need to have achievements rewarded from outside (ex. give rewards to people like ice cream after brushing teeth to increase extrinsic motivation)

How do researchers measure whether or not a child is developing a theory of mind? C

False belief task. - can be seen when young children try to escape punishment by lying

1. How are growth rates, body proportions, and motor skills related during early childhood? C

Growth rates- height and weight increase they go from a chubby look to a slimmer look at age 6. Their limbs grow longer and have a more awkward look. More accidents because of this. Body proportions- proportions shift: children slim down as the lower body lengthens and fat is replaced with muscle. Motor skills- motor skills as brain maturation allows advances. Adults need to provide space and guided practice; children do the rest. Most North American 6-year-olds can climb a tree and jump over a puddle, as well as throw, catch, and kick a ball. Many can ride a bicycle, swim in a pool, and print their names. Some, on other continents, can embroider clothes, swim in oceans, and climb cliffs.

What are the short-term and long-term effects of childhood obesity? C

Long term- Childhood overweight correlates with asthma, high blood pressure, elevated cholesterol, and loneliness. Short term-As weight builds, school achievement decreases, self-esteem falls, and loneliness rises.

1. Why might poverty contribute to child maltreatment? FIND ANSWER I GUESS CANT FIND IN TEXTBOOK

One argument may be that adults who were mistreated as children are more likely to mistreat their own. They also have a more difficult time finding and keeping steady work, thus causing financial strain.

1. How does the influence of peers and parents differ for adolescents? C

Peers: During early adolescence, friendships are always important. peer support can be crucial for HEALTHY MATURATION especially if the parents are cold. Peers do not negate need for parental support( although they don't listen to you your not doomed from being a parent, a 16 year old cant help another 16 year old with a car accident.) Parents: Healthy parent-adolescent relationships enhance later peer friendships and more reciprocal romances.( a reflection of the way a child sees their romantic parents is a reflection of the way you see you're relationship)

How do hormones affect the physical and psychological aspects of puberty? C

Physical: hormones affect the physical aspects of puberty by certain growth spurt within the body psychological: because it can increase stress, sexual desires, and outbursts of emotions.

1. What did Piaget mean when he called cognition in middle childhood concrete operational thought? C

Piaget called cognition in middle childhood concrete operational thought, for the ability children have to perform logical operations regarding their life experiences and perceptions. They aren't limited by egocentrism anymore, but apply critical thinking. (example: no longer tooth fairy and magic, its now science, math and cursive which is why you learn all of this in the 3rd grade) textbook- by calling this period "operational" Piaget emphasized productive thinking. concrete operational thinking is the stage after preoperational thought and before formal operational cognition.

4. What are the arguments for and against corporal punishment? C

Pros 1. Succeeds momentarily because children become more quiet 2. 3rd variable in research, maybe disobedient children cause spanking, for example they are depressed or delinquent out of spite of being spanked? 3. Noting problems with correlational research; parents do not need to use corrective actions if there are no problems to correct" 4. Longitudinal/ corporal punishment study pro claim: Argument on longitudinal study is hard to believe because most north American adults were spanked as children and few consider themselves worse because of it. 5. Children who are frequently spanked are also children who misbehave more frequently, the punishment may be the result of child's delinquency and not the cause. 6. One u.s. study found that spanked children became more happy and successful adults; conservative protestant parents spanked their children more often then other parents but if the spanking occurred only in early childhood NOT middle childhood, the child did not develop low self-esteem and increased aggression. 7. FINISH 8. Aggression/corporal punishment study pro claim: correlational study does not equal causation and a lot of them did not become unusually aggressive adults 9. Scientists definition of spanking; if they do not distinguish between corporal punishment, and milder occasional spanking , then the data will show that spanking is harmful regardless. Cons 1. Longitudinal study shows that children who were physically punished are more disobedient later on, and are more likely to become child bullies, adolescent delinquents, and then abusive adults. 2. Children who are not spanked more likely to develop better self-control 3. Adult's emotions; angry spankers may become abusive; children have been seriously injured or even killed by parents who use corporal punishment. 4. Childs immature cognition; parents assume that the transgression is obvious, but children may think that the parents anger, not a child's action caused spanking. 5. Most parents tell their children why they are being spanked, but when they are hit, children are less likely to listen or understand. 6. Research shows that children who were physically disciplined tend to be more aggressive and more likely to use corporal punishment on others- first on their classmates, and later on their spouses and then children. 7. Almost all of the research shows that children who are punished suffer overall; they are more depressed, anti-social, and lonely. Many hate schools and have few close friends. 8. Emotional and social problems in adulthood are more common in people who are spanked as children- true for both relatively mild and serious spanking. 9. Even among warm and loving parents, children who were spanked tend to be more anxious. Worried about doing something To lose their parents affection.

How much of moral development is innate, and how much is learned? C

Prosocial reactions are inborn but not automatic. Some children limit empathy by avoiding contact with the person in need which illustrates the importance of emotion development and regulation in the development of prosocial behavior and the influence of cultural norms. Antipathy also may be inborn, as well as learned. Generally, parents and teachers teach better behavior and children become more prosocial and less antisocial with age. At every age, antisocial behavior indicates less empathy. That may originate in the brain. But at least for children, lack of empathy correlates with parents who neither discuss nor respond to emotions.

What are the differences between the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories of gender development? C

Psychoanalytical Theory - Phallic stage( age3-4) : Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure - Oedipus complex: The unconscious desire of young boys to replace their fathers and win their mothers' exclusive love. - Identification: Considering the behaviors, appearance, and attitudes of someone else to be one's own. ( for example, when you are around this age you start to get "cooties" and you want to split off from the opposite gender and be close to your own gender. Another example of identification with psychoanalytical theory is that " I don't wan tto do sociodramatic play with the girls I want to be with the boys on king of the hill" Behaviorism - Gender differences • Gender differences is the product of ongoing reinforcement and punishment • Are learned through all roles, values, and morals. - "Gender-appropriate" • Rewarded more frequently than "gender-inappropriate" behavior. (for example, you get rewarded for "oh you're a princess! And like girly things! And boys are rewarded for "oh you like action figures and rough and tumble!" - Social learning theory (extension of behaviorism) • Children notice the ways men and women behave and internalize the standards they observe. (instead of the phallic stage social learning calls it the "genital and gender stage" their just figuring out.

What role do adults play in the development of morality in children? C

Raising moral issues and letting children talk about them may advance morality- not immediately but soon. Talking to a kid about Deep thought might protect the child during adolescence, when life changing more issues arise.

How does scaffolding relate to a child's zone of proximal development? C

Scaffolding in relation to a child's ZPD depends on the WISDOM and WILLINGNESS of teachers to provide scaffolding, TEMPORARY support to help children within their developmental zone. (Ex of scaffolding in ZPD=Good mentors offer extensive scaffolding, encouraging children to look both ways before crossing the street(point out speeding trucks , cars, and buses while holding the child's hand.)

How do Erikson's stages of cognition for preschool- and school-age children differ? C

School-age children become consumed by a conflict between industry and inferiority, whereas preschool children are consumed by a conflict between initiative and guilt. School-age students enjoy practicing skills and collecting and organizing things. These children are intrinsically motivated to achieve, especially in school, and compare themselves to their peers. This leads to a reduction in self-esteem; they no longer have the "protective optimism" of the preschool years. School-age children are more sensitive to criticism than preschool children are, and it can lead to a feeling of inferiority.

According to Siegler, what is the pattern of learning math concepts? C

Siegler emphasized that math is learned gradually. With new and better strategies for calculation is tried, ignored and finally adopted.

How might the concept of neurodiversity affect treatment for special children? C

The idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated, in much the same way diverse cultures and ethnicities are welcomed. Neurodiversity seems particularly relevant for children with disorders on the autism spectrum. we should see autism as neither good or bad but different.

Why are the personal fable and the invincibility fable called "fables"? C

They are called fables because they don't reflect reality; adolescents markedly overestimate their uniqueness or strength and underestimate risk and vulnerability.

When is parental monitoring a sign of a healthy parent-adolescent relationship? C

When parental monitoring is the result of WARM AND SUPPORTIVE RELATIONSHIP not cold and controlling, adolescents usually become confident, well-educated adults, avoiding drugs and risky sex.

Why and when might minor stresses be more harmful than major stresses? C

Why- Because stress accumulates overtime, including minor disturbance's( daily hassles). A long string of hassles, day after day, takes a greater toll then isolated major stress. when they are ACCUMULATED, more then single increased PATHOLOGY and decreased ACHIEVMENT. -Social context is imperative. •Child soldiers( child is taught to kill early damages children) •Homeless children( "I have to explain why im wearing the same clothes everyday") •Separation after natural disaster

What are the similarities and differences in the four kinds of aggression? C

a. Instrumental aggression is common among 2-year-olds, who often want something and try to get it. This is called instrumental because it is a tool, or instrument, for getting something that is desired. The harm in grabbing a toy, and hitting if someone resists, is not understood by the child. b.. Relational aggression (usually verbal) destroys self-esteem and disrupts social networks. A child might tell another, "You can't be my friend" or "You are fat," hurting another's feelings. Worse, a child might spread rumors, or tell others not to play with so-and-so. c. reactive aggression- also is common among young children. Almost every child reacts when hurt, whether or not the hurt was deliberate. The reaction may be aggressive—a child might punch in response to an unwelcome remark—but as the prefrontal cortex matures, the impulse to strike back becomes controlled. Both instrumental aggression and reactive aggression are less often physical when children develop emotional regulation and theory of mind d.The fourth and most ominous type is bullying aggression, done to dominate. Bullying aggression occurs among young children but should be stopped before kindergarten, when it becomes more destructive. Not only does it destroy the self-esteem of victims, it impairs the later development of the bullies, who learn habits that harm them lifelong. A 10-year-old bully may be feared and admired; a 50-year-old bully may be hated and lonely. (An in-depth discussion of bullying appears in Chapter 8.)