exam 2 study guide emotion
Which of the following situations is NOT one in which babies typically display the Moro reflex?
when it hears another baby crying
Which of the following most accurately summarizes socioemotional selectivity theory?
when people have less time to live ahead of them than behind them, they selectively prioritize emotional well-being and close relationships over achievement and building resources for the future
Which of the following is the correct definition of piloerection?
when the muscles around the hair follicles contract, so the hair stands up on end
The prefrontal cortex of the brain does not reach full maturity until
young adulthood, about 18-25 years of age
Which of the following best summarizes the findings of research on flashbulb memories?
Flashbulb memories are more vivid and confidently held than non-emotional memories, but no more accurate.
Claire is out having lunch one day, and sees her friend Mackenzie having lunch with a man Claire has not met. Claire does not interrupt them, but after watching them for a few minutes thinks...Hey, they seem really attracted to each other! Which of the following might Claire have noticed as a sign of mutual attraction, consistent with research discussed in your textbook?
Mackenzie and the man were mirroring each others' posture and movements.
Mammalian infants' experience of separation distress has been linked to suddenly reduced activation of receptors for which kind of neurotransmitter?
endorphin opioids
Which of the following is a result of increased parasympathetic nervous system activation?
increased respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Infants typically begin social smiling, i.e. in response to another person's smile, at about of age
2 months
In the visual cliff task, babies are placed on the shallow side of a table covered in clear glass, where the solid floor is immediately beneath the glass on one side, then drops sharply a few feet on the other. The mother stands beyond the deep side of the table, facing the baby and either smiling or looking frightened. At what age do babies typically begin responding to the mother's expression when deciding whether to cross the "cliff" or not?
9 months
The heart's natural rhythm, determined by its pacemaker of the absence of any input from the autonomic nervous system, is approximately beats per minute
90
Which of the following has NOT been documented as an effect of seeing an emotionally intense image, according to your textbook?
After seeing a long series of images, people tend to remember not only the emotionally intense ones, but also the images that immediately followed emotionally intense ones.
Which of the following is thought to be an important mechanism by which infants form attachments to their primary caregivers?
All of the above are likely important mechanisms of attachment: Oxytocin Endorphins and other opioid neurotransmitters Synchronized behavior between the caregiver and the infant
Which of the following has NOT been associated with greater perceived physical attractiveness?
All of the above have been associated with greater perceived attractiveness: Statistically average facial features Healthy skin and hair Attractive personality
Which of the following species have NOT shown signs of self-recognition in a variant of the dot-on-the-nose test in human children?
All of the above have self-recognition: elephants magpies chimpanzees
Which of the following is NOT one of John Gottman's four horsemen of the apocalypse, the set of marital conflict behavior associated with greater probability of divorce?
Anger
According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to say that they fall in love easily?
Anxious
According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to agree that romantic love does not last forever?
Avoidant
In a classic study, Harry Harlow (1958) raised baby monkeys in cages with one mother figure made of wire, and another covered with warm, fuzzy cloth. For half of the monkeys, the wire mother held a bottle of food; for the other half, the cloth-covered monkey held the food. Researchers observed where the monkeys spent most of their time. Which of the following best summarizes the implications of the study results?
Babies need comforting physical contact to thrive, as well as food and clean, safe surroundings.
Which of the following is the key advantage of cardiac interbeat interval (IBI) over beats per minute (BPM) as a measure of heart rate?
Changes on IBI can be measured on a finer scale than changes in BPM
Which of the following statements about depression and cognition is NOT supported by research discussed in your textbook?
Depressed individuals are more likely to overestimate the amount of control they have over situations, as compared to non-depressed people.
Jack and Diane have been married for more than 20 years, and frankly, the spark has dimmed. They still care deeply for each other, but would like to rekindle the excitement in their relationship. According to research by Art Aron and colleagues (2000), which of the following activities has a good chance of helping the couple with this goal?
Doing new, exciting activities together
Which of the following is NOT described in your textbook as a factor that predicts higher relationship and marital satisfaction?
Each partner is good at detecting when the other is attracted to a third person.
At which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is the body most vulnerable to infection and illness?
Exhaustion
In studies examining people's memory for a long battery of photographs, which factor best predicted the likelihood that a photo would be remembered by most people?
How intense or arousal-eliciting the photo was
Attachment behavior first begins to emerge in infants around 6 months of age. Which of the following is the most commonly accepted reason for attachment developing at this age?
Infants begin to crawl around 6 to 9 months of age, and are at greater risk of getting hurt or lost.
In a study by Cahill and colleagues (1994), researchers gave half of the participants a drug while the others received a placebo. They found that the drug interfered with memory for details of an emotionally intense story, relative to the placebo, but had no effect on memory for details of a neutral story. What did the drug used in this study do?
It blocks some aspects of sympathetic nervous system activation.
According to a meta-analysis of longitudinal data conducted by Fraley (2002), how strong is the correlation between infant and adult attachment style?
Medium-sized, around 0.40
In the trolley dilemma, participants must decide whether to flip a switch that will divert a trolley, saving five people's live but killing one person. In the footbridge dilemma, participants must decide whether to push a large wrestler into the path of a trolley, killing that wrestler but saving the lives of five people who would otherwise have been hit. When researchers compare participants' responses to these two dilemmas, what do they find?
Most people are more hesitant to push the wrestler into the trolley's path than they are to flip the switch, although they have the same effect.
In one study described in your textbook, mothers were asked how they would respond if their child misbehaved in public, such as knocking items off the shelf at a store. Which of the following best summarizes the results?
Mothers in the US said they would their children to stop, or physically restrain them: Japanese mothers said they would explain why the behavior hurt other people.
Which of the following kind of emotion has NOT been found to broaden people's attention, to focus on global patterns rather then detailed elements of those patterns?
NOT: All of the above have been found to broaden people's attention. & NOT: Positive emotion with low approach motivation
Jose is watching television one night, and sees a commercial advertising a particular brand of dish soap. The commercial is clever and funny, making him laugh. Two days later, Jose is facing an array of shelves with several brands of dish soap, and has to pick one. Although he does not even remember seeing the commercial two nights earlier, he selects that brand thinking it is probably the best. This example illustrates which of the following theoretical models?
NOT: The synaptic tag-and-capture hypothesis & NOT: The somatic marker hypothesis. Probably: The affect infusion model
In the study described in your textbook (Shiota & Levenson, 2009), young, middle-age, and older adults watched sad and disgusting video clips. Some participants were asked to think about the films in unemotional ways (detached reappraisal), and others to think about positive aspects and implications of the films (positive reappraisal). Which of the following best summarizes the study's results?
NOT: Older adults were generally better at regulating their emotions than young and middle-age adults OR older adults were best at implementing positive reappraisal, whereas young adults were best at implementing detached reappraisal.
Which of the following emotions do children only begin to display around the time they can recognize themselves in a mirror?
NOT: amusement
Which of the following statements about similarity between romantic partners is FALSE?
Over time, romantic partners tend to grow apart, becoming less alike.
Which of the following is the key advantage of pre-ejection period (PEP) over interbeat interval (IBI) as a measure of cardiac activity?
PEP is only influenced by sympathetic activation, whereas IBI is influenced by both sympathetic and parasympathetic activation
Which of the following best summarizes the proposed Yerkes-Dodson law, described in your textbook?
People perform cognitive tasks best when arousal levels are intermediate, neither too high nor too low.
In a study by Mario Mikulincer and colleagues (2000), participants viewed prime words, some of which were threatening (e.g., failure), and some neutral (e.g., chair). After each prime word, a target string of letters was displayed; the participant's task was to decide as quickly as possible whether the string was a word or not. Results showed that participants detected target words with close relationship themes (e.g., love) faster after seeing a threatening prime than after a neutral prime. Which of the following best describes the main implication of these results?
People recognize relationship-themed words more quickly than words without relationship themes.
Which of the following best summarizes the affect infusion model (Forgas, 1995) relating emotion to cognition?
People use their emotions as information in making decisions, even if the source of the emotion is unrelated to the decision to be made.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding attention to emotion-inducing stimuli?
People who are prone to strong anxiety orient their vision quickly toward unpleasant images, and have trouble pulling their attention away.
Mark learns that a colleague of his, Joshua, has just been diagnosed with cancer. He thinks about all of the implications this will have for his friend's life, and for their relationship. According to research by Nancy Eisenberg and colleagues (1989), Mark is LEAST likely to offer practical support to Joshua when he is feeling which of the following emotions?
Personal distress
Which of the following emotion states has been found to promote creative thinking?
Positive mood
On your way to campus one day, your car is rear ended. Although you and the other driver are both okay, and the accident did not feel that serious, you are informed that your car is a total loss, and the other driver's insurance company is simply going to give you money to buy a new car. You'll have to buy the car quickly, and it's important that you make a good decision, but there are many complex factors to consider. According to research on emotion and cognition, which of the following emotions will most help you in making a good, careful decision?
Sadness
According to an early study by Hazan and Shaver (1987), adults with which attachment style are most likely to agree that ups and downs are normal in a long-term romantic relationship?
Secure
In several studies, researchers have given some participants a high dose of acetaminophen, and others a placebo. Participants then complete a laboratory task in which they are apparently rejected by other people. Which of the following best summarizes the implications of these studies' results?
Social pain and physical pain share similar neural mechanisms.
Which of the following is NOT considered a defining feature of secure infant attachment to a regular caregiver?
Stranger anxiety...a fear of people other than regular caregivers
Which of the following proposes that the positive vs. negative valence of affect is used as information to inform decision-making, altering people's evaluations on issues unrelated to the cause of the emotion itself?
The affect infusion model
In a classic study, Harry Harlow (1958) separated baby monkeys from their mothers, and placed them in cages with one mother figure made of wire, and one covered with warm, fuzzy cloth. For half of the monkeys, the wire mother held a bottle of food; for the other half, the cloth-covered monkey held the food. Which of the following best summarizes the study results?
The baby monkeys spent most of their time on the cloth-covered mother, regardless of which mother held the food.
Which of the following proposes that positive emotions help us expand the focus of our attention, and take advantage of opportunities we might otherwise have overlooked?
The broaden and build hypothesis
Which of the following is NOT associated with higher likelihood that a marriage will last, rather than ending in divorce?
The couple lived together prior to marrying.
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
The nerves carrying instructions from the brain out to the visceral organs in the body, such as the heart, digestive system, and skin
Belinda makes a quick stop at the grocery store on the way home from work, in order to pick up a few items. She carries her keys into the store, and in her rush she almost puts them down in order to reach up for an item on a high shelf. In a flash, however, she imagines leaving the keys on the grocery shelf, forgetting them, and getting back to her car only to realize she has lost her keys. The thought is so unpleasant that she carefully puts the keys in her purse instead. This example illustrates which of the following theoretical models?
The somatic marker hypothesis
Which of the following proposes that people make decisions, in part, by subconsciously estimating their emotional response to the results of each course of action, and then choosing the course that produces the best feeling?
The somatic marker hypothesis
Which of the following proposes that emotional arousal enhances the consolidation of memories for events that happened during or just before the arousal?
The synaptic tag-and-capture hypothesis
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people who chose the avoidant paragraph as the best fit in Hazan and Shaver's (1987) study of adult attachment styles?
They agree that it is normal for people's romantic feelings to grow and wane repeatedly over the course of a relationship.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people who chose the anxious paragraph as the best fit in Hazan and Shaver's (1987) study of adult attachment styles?
They rarely report feeling underappreciated or misunderstood by their partners.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people who chose the secure paragraph as the best fit in Hazan and Shaver's (1987) study of adult attachment styles?
They say that they fall in love easily and often.
In a study by Cahill and colleagues (1994), researchers gave half of the subjects a drug that temporarily disables some aspects of sympathetic nervous system arousal, and others a placebo. All participants then watched a series of slides, accompanied by a story that was either emotionally intense or neutral. A week later, all participants answered a series of multiple choice questions about the story. Which group received the highest score, on average?
Those who took the placebo and heard the emotionally intense story
According to theorist John Bowlby, what is the central function of the attachment system?
To allow babies to balance their need to explore with their need to remain safe
In a study by Wilson and colleagues (1993), described in your textbook, participants spent time doing a task, and then chose one of several posters that had been hanging on the wall as a gift to take home. The researchers called participants three weeks later, and asked them to rate how much they liked their new poster. Which of the following best summarizes the implications of the study results?
When the right choice depends mainly on values and preferences, a gut reaction may be a better basis for decision-making than logical analysis.
The endocrine system consists of
a set of molecules carrying instructions through the bloodstream to visceral organs
At what age to children typically begin to use emotion words appropriately, in pretend play and in social interaction?
about 2 years
In one study described in your textbook (Qu et al., 2015), adolescents who engaged in fewer real-life risky activities showed less activity in the prefrontal cortex during a simple impulse-inhibition task than those who engaged in more risk-taking. Given what is known about the prefrontal cortex, which of the following is the most plausible interpretation of this finding?
adolescents who engage in less risky behavior have weaker impulses, so controlling them is easier
Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is characterized by very high sympathetic nervous system activation?
alarm
You have to give a presentation in one of your classes, and you know it's important to feel confident. Right before the class, however, something unpleasant happens. Which of the following emotional responses to the event is mostly likely to increase your confidence?
anger
Maria is 15 months old. Her mother has to go out one evening, so she takes Maria to the home of a good friend who can look after her for a couple of hours. Because Maria has never met this friend, the mom stays with her for a while before leaving. Still, Maria clings to her mother while they are in this unfamiliar places, and when her mother cries she screams uncontrollably. When Maria's mother returns, Maria has a difficult time calming down, and seems angry at her mother for leaving as well as glad that she has returned. A researcher would describe Maria's attachment style as
anxious-ambivalent
The research evidence on emotion and memory suggests that moderate increases in facilitate memory encoding.
arousal
While holding her 4-month-old niece, an aunt playfully holds the baby's legs tightly so the baby cannot move them. When the baby becomes annoyed by this, where does research suggest she is likely to look?
at her legs
A baby is being held is a somewhat uncomfortable position by its pediatrician during a simple medical test. Crying, the baby looks at the doctor, and appears noticeably angry. According to a study discussed in your textbook, how old is the baby likely to be?
at least 7 months old
In a classic study (Lewis and Brooks-Gunn, 1979), researchers asked infants' and toddlers' mothers to put a small dot of rouge on their children's noses while pretending to wipe them. The researchers then observed the toddlers' behavior when looking in the mirror. Which research question was the study designed to address?
at what age do young children begin to develop sense of self?
Derrick is 12 months old, and after a year of maternity leave his mom is going back to work. She takes him to his new day care, and stays with him for a while before leaving. While she is there Derrick plays quietly on his own, paying little attention to her, and when she leaves he does not seem to mind. However, he does not explore the daycare much while she is gone, mostly sleeping or playing quietly with one toy. When his mother returns, Derrick does not run to her like many of the other children do to their moms. A researcher would describe Maria's attachment style as
avoidant
Which of the following physiological variables is influenced by BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activation?
cardiac interbeat interval (IBI)
Which of the following is NOT a result of increased sympathetic nervous symptom activation?
constriction of pupil diameter
In a study by Isen and colleagues (1987), participants were randomly assigned to watch either a funny or neutral film clip. They were then given a small candle, a matchbox, and a thumbtack, and asked to attach the candle to a corkboard on the wall. This study was designed to test the effects of positive emotion on .
creative thinking
Which of the following best describes the autonomic specificity hypothesis?
different emotions are associated with different patterns of activity across organs throughout the body
Shakira is buying coffee one day at a local coffee shop. She notices that the man helping her is moving slowly and seems a bit glum. Shakira thinks...He really seems sad today, I wonder what's going on? As it happens, Shakira is correct—the man had just broken up with a long-term romantic partner. In this example, Shakira has most clearly demonstrated.
empathic accuracy
Which of the following facial expressions of emotion do English-speaking children typically learn to recognize and label first, before learning the labels for other emotions?
happiness
Which of the following is the results of increased sympathetic nervous system activation?
might be: expansion of the air sacs in the lungs. not increase the blood flow to the digestive system
Which of the following statements about cortisol is FALSE?
might be: people with a history of chronic intense stress... not: all of the above are true not: cortisol enhances some aspects of immune functioning, and inhibits others
The trolley dilemma, described in your textbook, is commonly used to study .
moral reasoning
In a study by Fraley and Shaver (1998), researchers recorded the behavior of couples waiting at airport gates, and if only one person got on the plane, they asked the remaining person to complete a questionnaire about his or her attachment style and current thoughts and feelings. Results showed that women who were felt more upset about the separation, and women who were had spent more time demonstrating affection physically before her partner departed.
more anxious; less avoidant
Which of the following statements about newborn infants' crying is FALSE?
newborn infants' cries of fear and frustration sound different, and are easily differentiated
Which of the following is NOT typical of people's emotion trajectories throughout adulthood?
not: happiness is lower during middle age than during young adulthood and late life
In the visual cliff task, infants are placed on the shallow side of a table covered in clear glass, where the solid floor is immediately beneath the glass on one side, then drops sharply a few feet on the other. The mother stands beyond the "deep" side of the table, looking at the baby. Which of the following research questions was this task designed to address?
not: Do babies have an innate fear of heights, or does this develop at a certain age? or At what age do babies realize that the cliff is not real, and they are in no danger? might be: at what age do babies respond to their mothers facial expression?
At what stage of adulthood do people report the highest subjective well-being (assuming they are physically healthy), on average?
older adulthood, over 70 years of age
Research with prairie voles as well as human suggests that the neurotransmitter plays an important role in facilitating long-term pair bonds between mating partners.
oxytocin
Which of the following is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
oxytocin
Which of the following is the correct term for contraction of the intestines, moving food through the digestive system?
peristalsis
Newborn babies smile most often during
rapid eye movement sleep
Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome, or stress response, is characterized by heightened cortisol activity?
resistance
A 2-year-old girl is visiting the zoo for the first time, with her father. As they look at the monkeys, an adult monkey comes close to the girl and begins reaching out for her. The girl initially seems nervous but looks at her father and, seeing that he is smiling, looks back at the monkey, laughs, and talks to it playfully. This is an example of
social referencing
In one study described in your textbook by Sternberg & Campos, 1990, researchers restrained the arms of 1, 4, and 7-month-old infants to see what facial expressions they would display, and where they would look. According to the researchers, what did the results of this study suggest?
that changes in the expression of anger reflect development in the babies' ability to cognitively appraise the situation
In a study procedure called the impossible outcome task, babies watch as an experimenter covers two objects with a screen, and then takes the screen away to reveal either one or two objects. Which of the following accurately summarizes results when the babies are just a few months old?
the babies look longer at the impossible outcome, when just one object is revealed.
A small baby is laying quietly in its crib when it hears a door slam, very loudly. What behavior is it likely to display?
the baby will fling its hands out, then contract into a fetal position with fingers clenched in order to grab onto whatever it can.
In an ECG, researchers detect heart rate by measuring
the electrical activity generated by heart muscle in the process of contracting
According to your textbook, when making a decision about a risky, but potentially rewarding situation people's emotions are NOT very responsive to:
the probability of obtaining the reward.
in order to interpret someone's heart rate during an experience of strong emotion, it must be compared to:
the same person's heart rate right before the emotional experience
A 3-year-old boy is in a grocery store, and hears another child crying. He goes to the other child, observes the situation, and asks "why are you crying? Are you scared because you can't find your mom?" What cognitive ability is the 3-year-old boy displaying?
theory of mind
One of the effects of heroin, many painkillers, and other opiate drugs is an increase in parasympathetic nervous system activation. If a patient comes into the emergency room and the doctor suspects he or she is under the influence of heroin, what simple psychical symptom is the doctor likely to look for?
very small pupils