Exam 2
The Bill of Right
First 10 amendments to the Constitution
Republic
Government of a select few; gov. has control
Federalist
Led by James Madison promised Bill of Right at first session
Anti-Federalist
Led by Thomas Paine, Henry, S. Adams feared lack of Bill of rights /radical liberal no gov.
Articles of the Constitution
These are the main areas of the US Constitution which lay out the establishment of all three branches of the Government -- the legislative, the executive and the judicial as well as the establishment of states and their relationship to the federal government and how the Constitution can be amended, how National law is supreme and how the Constitution will be ratified.
Benedict Arnold(1775-1780)
Who: (Merchant ) American General What: Commander of West Point and confidant of George Washington When: 1775-1780 Where: Ticonderoga(NY)- West Point Why: Was a consider a traitor to the American Colonist for assistant the British influenced by his wife which after finding out of Arnold the British failed to gain info on West Point.
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Who: Adams What: allowed expulsion of aliens and limited free speech and press/Anybody from France has to be deported/Illegal to talk bad about president When: 1798 Where: Federalist Congress/ France Why:Was a down fall for Adams
XYZ Affair (1798)
Who: Adams/James Monroe/Father of US Navy What: Adams tries to avoid war with France so he sent Monroe to ease the tension with the Jay treaty; 3 anonymous French agents demanded bribery so they can take them to whoever is in charge When: 1798 Where: France Why: authorized various defense measures, including the creation of the Department of the Navy and the construction of warships. Adams attempted to avert war with Great Britain and France which limited the ability of nations that were hostile to Great Britain to trade in U.S. ports.
Ethiopian Regiment(1776)
Who: African Slave What: Loyalist military unit made up of 1000 escaped slaves, given emancipation by British When: 1776 Where: American Revolution Why: Step closer in gaining their emancipation
James Armistead
Who: African Slave (personal slave of General Lafayette) What: Sent him into the British Army as a cook to spy on Cornwallis. He offered to spy for Cornwallis, allowing him to return to American lines to report on the British and that is how he escape. James info leads to Washington's victory When: 1781 Where: Yorktown Why: 1st African slave spy that leads to victory in battle
The Federalist Papers 1787
Who: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison What: A collection of 85 articles publish anonymously used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution When: September 1787 Where: 13 states Why: 9 months later ratifying the constitution creating 1st political parties / federalist and anti-federalist
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Who: Alexander Hamilton/Grain Farmers What: Hamilton taxed the unpopular farmers of farmers and distillers and farmers protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government. Citizens appease rebels by giving them free whiskeys while the militia came in late. When:July 1794 Where: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Why: Washington considered in having the need for a standing Army for any future rebellion
Article V
Who: Amendment Requirements Part of US Constitution What: How the constitution can be amendment When: Sept. 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: This creates the Bill of right consisting 12 amendments
Census of 1790
Who: American population What: 1st census of the population : Total Population: 3,929,625/ Black population: 697,624, 18% slave and 59,557, 2% free/ Most Populated City:Philadelphia/ Most Populated State: Virginia 1/2 White Population under 16 yrs old When: 1790 Where: Whole United States Why: was the first census of the whole United States
Articles of Confederation
Who: Benjamin Franklin/John Dickinson What: Reducing Power of the central government/ unicameral legislature, no power to tax or regulate trade, unanimous consent required for everything When: 1776-1781 Where: Philadelphia Why: first written attempt constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states before was it was ratified
9th Amendment (1791)
Who: Bill of Rights/ Congress What: The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. When: Dec. 15, 1791 Where: Philadelphia Why: Purposely right to privacy any kind of situation/Rights kept by the people
2nd Amendment (1791)
Who: Bill of Rights/ Congress What: A well trained militia being necessary to the security of free states, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed When: Dec. 15, 1791 Where: Philadelphia Why: In case of civil battle occurs protect against federal government.
1st Amendment (1791)
Who: Bill of Rights/Congress What: Freedom of speech, press, assemble, petition the government for redress of grievances. When: Dec. 15, 1791 Where: Philadelphia Why: Congress can not prohibit this freedoms
3rd Amendment (1791)
Who: Bill of Rights/Congress What: No soldier shall in time of peace be quartet in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed When: Dec. 15, 1791 Where: Philadelphia Why: It was from French and Indian war but now the army has army bases so it doesn't mean anything anymore
10th Amendment (1791)
Who: Bill of Rights/Congress What: The powers not delegated to United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. When: Dec. 15, 1791 Where: Philadelphia Why: States have right any government claimed be federal government can handle it. (Ex: Voting Rights, Gay marriage)
Battle of Saratoga(Sept. - Oct., 1777)
Who: British army General John Burgoyne vs. Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold What: British army crawled south at a tortoise pace, giving the rattled Americans time to regroup. Gates and Arnold raised strength to about sixty-five hundred men. When: Sept.-Oct., 1777 Where: New York Why: the American victory convinced the French government to formally recognize the colonist's cause and enter the war as their ally. Two battle merging into one
Electoral College(1787)
Who: CT Plan What: Estimate to protect against uneducated democracy When:1787 Where: Philadelphia Why:Supposed to protect us from voting someone unfit to become president
The Great Compromise (1787)
Who: CT plan Roger Sherman What:Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature (Senate) and representation based on population in the other house(House of Rep.)/3 branches, checks and balances, bicameral legislature When: 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: The Great Compromise established the Senate and the House of Representatives and allowed for them to work efficiently. Defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States
Battle of Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
Who: Colonist vs British(General Gage) What: British found the hiding place of the weapons. British mission was a fail with weapons and retreated back to Boston reason it failed was the announced of Paul Revere finished by Dr. Samuel Prescott When: April 18-19, 1775 Where: Massachusetts Why: The start of the American Revolution opportunities of upward-mobility inspired Americans
War of 1812
Who: Congress/US/British What:A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize Canada from Britain(Which it doesn't work). At one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. When: 1812 Where: United States, Canada, and on the high seas. Why: The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry. Mostly a pointless war and no one won.
Battle of Bunker Hill(June 1775)
Who: Continental Colonel Prescott (MA militia) vs. British What: Colonist first battle of the American Revolution and the location was accidental since that there was a lot of fog and arrive in Breed Hill When: June 17, 1775 Where: Massachusetts, Breed Hill Why: the British defeated the Americans and despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost.
Shay's Rebellion(1786)
Who: Daniel Shays /Frontier Farmers What:Were not given same rights as the wealthy economically and they could not get enough money to pay their taxes or their debts. Because they could not pay, many of them were having their land taken away from them. When: 1786 Where: Boston Massachusetts Why: Realizing of need of a strong central and national government, and became a major factor that led to the writing of the new Constitution.
Alexander Hamilton's economic plan
Who: Delegate of NY/Secretary of Treasury What: Creating the National Bank to collect all money and states who carry on debts to send to Federal government to help pay debts When: 1791 Where: Philadelphia Why: Help with paying debt caused by wars and save America face in the International community
Thomas Jefferson
Who: Democratic-Republican/Delegate of Virginia What: Changes ways of the government in all states/ though the national government should have limited roles in citizens lives. When: 1801-1809 Where: Washington DC Why: favored state and local government promoting individual liberty
Election of 1800
Who: Democratic-Republican: Pres. Jefferson ;Vice, Pres. Burr/Federalist: Pres.Adams; Vice Pres, Pinckney What: Jefferson and Burr became received equal number of votes When: 1800 Where: Washington DC Why: Hamilton allied with Jefferson for once so that Burr could not won the Presidency
Mum Bett (1781)
Who: Elizabeth Freeman What:Sued the state for her freedom based on the Bill of Rights promising "liberty for all" When: 1781 Where: Massachusetts Why: Slavery nullifies led to abolishment of slavery in MA
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Who: Founding Father (President of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) What: He was the co-author of the Declaration of Independence When: (1706-1790);1776 Where: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Why: He is the ultimate american change society of African slaves and give equal opportunity to woman
John Dickinson (1776)
Who: Founding Father and Politician What: The co- author of the Article of Confederation When: 1776 Where: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Why: he final draft written by him before being revised by the continental congress
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Who: Franklin, Adams, and John Jay/ British commissioners What: formally recognizing the United States as a free and independent nation after eight years of war. When: Sept. 3, 1783 Where: 13 Colonies Why: The British acknowledged the independence of the United States. The colonial empire of Great Britain was destroyed in North America.
First Presidential Cabinet
Who: George Washington What: Secretary state: Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War: Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury:Alexander Hamilton Attorney General: Edmund Randolph When: 1788-1792 Where: The Executive, Maryland Why: Surrounded himself with educated people who can advise him/best presidential cabinet started with 4 members in the cabinet increases over time
Valley Forge (1777-1778)
Who: George Washington/ Prussian General Baron von Steuben (gay) What: Washington's army had no supplies and all of them had poor military experience; most of the army were sick with small pox and are unable to fight; he wanted to recruit someone to help the army to train When: Winter, 1777-1778 Where: Pennsylvania Why: Its a turning point in the Revolutionary War, testing the mettle of George Washington and his troops and paving the way for their ultimate victory in the war for American independence.
Constitutional Convention (1787)
Who: George Washington/James Madison/ William Paterson (45 other delegates) What: Enlightenment in Europe Influential creating the perfect document / (James)VA Plan: 3 branches, checks and balances, and bicameral legislature based on population/(William) NJ Plan: unicameral legislature, equal state representation When: 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why:to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation, and working to create the Preamble of the U.S Constitution
Missouri Compromise
Who: Henry clay What: wanted the statehood as slave state have pro-slavery states/ Henry let Missouri as slave state if Congress gives Maine state as a free slave state/establish southern boarder of 36 degrees, 30 minutes as northern- most boundary fro slavery When: 1820 Where: Missouri Territory Why: Future war on freedom of slavery
DC Compromise (1791)
Who: James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton What: Strong Congressional opposition from Madison and Jefferson of the National Bank but will not opposed to if they move the capital from North to South When: 1791 Where: Maryland Why: This helps win the decision for the national government to take over and pay the state debts/Jefferson and Madison spreading word to their party to agree to Hamilton's Plan
Preamble of the Constitution (Sept. 17, 1787)
Who: James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington/ the Founding Fathers What: Introduction to the U.S. Constitution, establishing the goals and purposes of government When: September 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: 1st time in history the announcement of government created by the people
Lews and Clark Expedition (1803)
Who: Jefferson/CPT Lewis and 2LT Wm. Clark What: Put on a team of 40 soldiers to explore the Louisiana Territory and Sacagawea was their guide came upon the Natives and were able to go through it peacefully When: 1803 Where: Louisiana Territory Why: Exploration of most of the Louisiana but creates tension with the Natives as the citizens move more to the west
Midnight Judges
Who: John Adams What: Creates the Judiciary act of 1789 and fills numerous judicial position to secure Federalist political powers and by doing that he puts on federalist as judges When: DEC. 1800-FEB. 1801 Where: Supreme Court Why: This will ultimately test the power of the Supreme Court
Second Continental Congress (May, 1775)
Who: John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben. Franklin, George Washington What: It was agreed that a continental army would be created. The Congress commissioned George Washington of Virginia to be the supreme commander, who chose to serve. When: May, 1775 Where: Pennsylvania Why: Guide to the American Revolution and moved towards independence.
Northwest Ordinance (1784-1787)
Who: John Hanson / Confederation Congress What: Carved 5 new states which no other states can get that land / Establishing a policy for buying of land/ setting a number of people necessary for statehood and banned slavery in region When: 1784-1787 Where: Ohio,Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Why: Pushing limits of the extension of land and laid the basis for the government of the Northwest Territory and for the admission of its constituent parts as states into the union.
Monroe Doctrine
Who: John Quincy Adams/ James Monroe What: Established the US Policy forbidding European intervention in Latin America affairs When: 1823 Where: European Nation Why: European power won't have anymore influence on Americans/American foreign policy
Article VI: Supremacy Clause
Who: Laws of the U.S Part of US Constitution What: U.S supreme law of land, every law, treaties, that is made in the United States shall stay and be followed in this land only as well as the Judges in any state When: Sept. 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: It assures that the Constitution and federal laws and treaties take precedence over state law and binds all judges to adhere to that principle in their courts.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Who: Madison & Jefferson What Both resolutions attacked the Alien & Sedition Acts, stating that they were an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment. The Virginia called on the federal courts to protect free speech and the Kentucky asserted that states could nullify laws of Congress that violated the Constitution. When: 1798 Where: Congress Why: These Resolutions abolished Adams' unconstitutional Alien & Sedition Acts, and protected the people from the government having too much control over them.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Who: Madison/Jefferson/William Marbury What: Madison refuse to appoint William Marbury as Justice-of-the-Peace/US Citizens suing the federal government/Marbury is in the right but Jefferson ignores the court for any decision against Madison/There was no constitution that could protect the Supreme Court so Madison won When:1803 Where: Washington DC/Supreme Court Why: It was an unfair court case so the supreme court declare the judiciary act to establish the concept of judicial review for the court to have an equal footing with other branches with power to declare what the law says
John Hanson (1781-1782)
Who: Merchant and public official from Maryland What: 1st president of the United States in Congress When: 1781-1782 Where: Philadelphia Why: 1st president under the Articles of Confederation
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Who: Monroe /John Quincy Adams/Jackson What: Farmers in Georgia are moving closer to Florida which come in contact with the Native and were attacked by them/ Monroe sends Jackson to stop the Natives and instead tries to invade Florida and Spaniard upset unless they paid them and Adams agreed to it for the land. When: 1819 Where: Georgia/Florida/Washington DC Why: which settled border disputes between the United States and the Spanish Empire, proved vital to the nation's security and insistence that the boundary be extended to the Pacific.
"Back to Africa"/ Liberia
Who: Monroe and Slavery What: It was a notice from Monroe that there an increase of free blacks and it cause problems of interracial marriage/ US Colony establish the West Coast African so Federal Government buy those slaves and put them on boats to take them back to Africa When: 1820's Where: Liberia, Monrovia Why: Failure led to consideration of Abolitionism and Fed. gov. could not afford to free slaves
3/5 Compromise (1787)
Who: Part of CT Plan Roger Sherman and James Wilson What: state calculating how many representative get a whole number of 3 people use 3/5 of the slave number/most misrepresented and misunderstood When: 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: Pushes away of slavery/ convince slaves states to free them or vote
Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
Who: President Monroe/ Democratic-Republican What:two terms, a period of strong nationalism, national banks, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. When: 1817-1825 Where: United States/Boston Columbian Centinel Why: The term blocked bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.
Article IV: Full faith and credit
Who: Public Document Part of US Constitution What: shall be given in each state to the public Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceeding of every other state. When: Sept. 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: All public documents will be respected in all states
Adam Smith
Who: Republican's economist (The Father of Economics What:Wrote the "On the Wealth of Nations"/ individual self interest = strong republic (market economy)/ Market economy everyone had opportunity to get rich / work hard and make a great economy When: 1776(1783-1787) Where: 13 american colonies Why: Smith argued that by giving everyone freedom to produce and exchange goods as they pleased (free trade) and opening the markets up to domestic and foreign competition, people's natural self-interest would promote greater prosperity than with stringent government regulations.
John Adams (1797-1801)
Who: Second President/Delegate of Massachusetts What: Were in verge of war with France but he had no military experience, was not qualified to be commander in chief; Hamilton was supposed to be second in command but he took off that position When: 1797-1801 Where: White House Why: Was disliked by all and was not in good terms with Hamilton and Jefferson
Deborah Sampson(1782-1783)
Who: Served in Continental Army (as Robert Shirtliff ) What: Wanted to fight and she disguised herself as a man she got wounded and battle and was found out by a doctor, so she wasn't allowed to fight anymore When: 1782-1783 Where: New York , Tarrytown Why: General was impressed by her that h gave her an honorable discharge
Tecumseh and the Prophetstown (1812)
Who: Shawnee chief Tenskatawa/Brother Tecumseh/William Henry Harrison What:The community that the Natives establish was been invaded by the colonist and they killed those who came across their territory, which created a battle finding out that the British have been supplying the Natives causing an uproar to Americans When: 1811 Where: Prophetstown/Indiana Why: Because the supplies of British, Congress declares war on England creation War of 1812
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Who: State v President of National Bank What: MD attempt to tax the National Bank and McCulloch refuse which soon became a crime racket / Court ruled that states cannot tax federal agencies When: 1819 Where: Baltimore/ Supreme Court Why: Even enforced by the Supremacy Clause the state lost and was a major blow for the "States Rights"
Article I: Impeachment
Who: The Congress Part of US Constitution What: Federal official/charges put against them/ accuse of doing something /Senate needs 67 votes to make someone guilty and House 2/3 /Removal from office When: September 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: is the process by which a legislative body levels charges against a government official. It does not mean removal from office; it is only a statement of charges, to a charge of criminal law
Article I: Necessary and Proper Clause
Who: The Congress Part of US Constitution What: Part of Power Congress have is the elastic stretch to whatever left prevents to amend the constitution Congress adapt and change the situation When: September 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: allows Congress to make laws it needs to carry out its own powers.
Article I
Who: The Congress Part of US Constitution What: Realist one of the three become the strongest is the Congress /Creation of Two Houses ; House of Rep. checks: originate bills and Senate checks: ratifies treaties and appointment/Powers: Tax, Raise Army, Declare War/Impeachment/Creating lower courts When: September 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: Gives Congress its powers and limits. They are the ones to make laws for the United States of America.
George Washington (1775-1783)
Who: The Congress commissioned of Virginia What: become the supreme commander for the continental army chosen by John Adams When: June 1775 -1783 Where: Pennsylvania Why: He was an indispensable founding father and the only guy that everyone relied on.
Article II
Who: The Executive part of US Constitution What: The President; Qualification: Natural Born and 35 yrs old, Powers: Commander and chief, appointment and Treaty, Checks: Appoint Supreme Court Justice, Veto, 4 yr. term When: September 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: designed to limit the powers of the executive branch, was meant to establish the President of the United States as a different kind of government official than a king.
Article III
Who: The Supreme Court Part of US Constitution What: The Constitution decide to have a Supreme Court but not specifying how many member and must be appointed by President and Senate, and must serve for life When: Sept. 17, 1787 Where: Philadelphia Why: Any judicial power will be sent the Supreme Court
Common Sense (January 1776)
Who: Thomas Paine (Founding Fathers) What: Describing of breaking away from Great England:Free and Independence (500,000) When: January 1776 Where: 13 colonies Why: Made an alliance with the French during the American Revolution to win against Great Britain
Battle of Trenton(Dec. 25, 1776)
Who: Washington,Hessian (German soldiers)/British What: Were at pick for the colonist to give up the war but Washington took the chance in Christmas day to attack by crossing the river When: December 25, 1776 Where: New Jersey, Delaware River Why: 1st victory against the British and gain american army
Annapolis Convention (1786)
Who:Alexander Hamilton What: called by leading Virginians to discuss " trade problems and conflict between states" , but actually to lay a groundwork about working for a new constitution When: 1786 Where: Maryland Why: rallying point in the movement toward a federal convention to address the inadequate Articles of Confederation./ moved following summer for government reform
Declaration of Independence (1776)
Who:Franklin/Adams/Jefferson(author) What: Declaring freedom of the 13 american colonies from Great Britain When: July 2-4, 1776 Where: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania state house Why: n important part of American democracy because it contains the ideals or goals of our nation.contains the complaints of the colonists against the British king. it contains the arguments the colonists used to explain why they wanted to be free of British rule.
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Who:General George Washington, What: Commanding a force of 17,000 French and Continental troops, begins the siege against British and a contingent of 9,000 British troops at Yorktown, Virginia. Washington realized that it was time to act. He ordered Marquis de Lafayette and an American army to block Cornwallis' escape from Yorktown by land while the French naval fleet blocked the British escape by sea. Washington had completely encircled Cornwallis and Yorktown with the combined forces of Continental and French troops. When: 1781 Where: Yorktown Virginia Why:Cornwallis surrendered to Washington in the field at Yorktown on October 17, 1781, effectively ending the War for Independence. Pleading illness, Cornwallis did not attend the formal surrender ceremony, held on October 19. Instead, his second in command, General Charles O'Hara, carried Cornwallis' sword to the American and French commanders.
Election of 1824
Who:John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (both democratic-republican)/Henry clay What: First election where the popular vote was counted and voting for one party only. Jackson won on popular vote but no one won the electoral vote/ Which puts Clay gives support to Adams so he can win and Clay can take position as secretary state if Adams won When: 1824 Where: Washington DC Why: Jackson's claim of "Corrupt Bargain" infuriated Americans, ending the "Era of Good Feelings" and the division of democrats and republicans
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Who:Thomas Jefferson/ Napoleon What: Jefferson bought land from another country without the consent of the Congress When: 1803 Where: Louisiana whole north and south west of land Why: Doubles the size of US but creates problems with the Congress it was an unconstitutional decision
Democratic-republic
government of a popularity elected few; people and the government make decisions
Democracy
majority rule on everything which is the people