Exam 2

Genotype

An organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential

experience-expectant growth

Brain functions that require certain basic common experiences (which an infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally.

When infant motor skills are compared around the world, the latest independent walkers are seen in:

China

cortex

The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking and feeling, and sensing involves the ________.

If a male ________ an X-linked recessive trait from his mother, he __________ that trait because the Y from his father has no counteracting gene.

inherits, expresses

The prenatal term viability means:

life outside the womb is possible

Every __________________ begins with basic maturation and then depends on motivation and practice.

motort skill

extremely low birth weight

newborns who weigh less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds 3 ounces)

immigrant paradox

paradoxical fact that low-SES immigrant women tend to have fewer birth complications than native-born peers with higher incomes

gross motor skills

physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping

fine motor skills

physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin

Percentile

point on a ranking scale of 0-100 50% is the midpoint with 1/2 the sample being high and 1/2 is lower

like most traits, eye color is said to be

polygenetic

cerarean section (CS, C-section)

surgical birth in which incisions through through the mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly instead of being delivered through the vagina

couvade

symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers

Neurons in the brain connect at "intersections" called:

synapses

binocular vision

the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image

prefrontal cortex

the area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control

Synapes

the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons

embryo

the name for developing human organism from about the third week through the eighth week after conception

limbic system

the parts of the brain that interact to produce emotions, including the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. Many other parts of the brain also are involved with emotions

cortisol

the primary stress hormone; fluctuations in the body's ________ level affect human emotion

How is immunization achieved?

vaccination

bed-sharing

when two or more people sleep in the same bed

head-sparing

A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.

Preterm

A birth that occurs two or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy—that is, at 36 or fewer weeks after conception.

low birthweight (LBW)

A body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2,500 grams).

fetal alchohol syndrome (FAS)

A cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth, and reduced intellectual ability, that may occur in the fetus of a woman who drinks alcohol while pregnant.

co-sleeping

A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room.

X-linked

A gene carried on the X chromosome.

Fragile X Syndrome

A genetic disorder in which part of the X chromosome seems to be attached to the rest of it by a very thin string of molecules. The cause is a single gene that has more than 200 repetitions of one triplet.

Marfan Syndrome

A genetic disorder that affects connective tissues (tissue that supports skeleton and internal organs). It commonly affects eyes, heart, blood vessels and skeleton

Pituitary

A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands.

strange situation

A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.

insecure-avoidant attachment

A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.

resistent/ambivalent attachment

A pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.

Carrier

A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.

self-awareness

A person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.

secure attachment

A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.

Gamete

A reproductive cell. In humans it is a sperm or an ovum.

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, usually between 2 and 6 months old, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep.

disorganized attachment

A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.

Allele

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics. Many genes may vary

Doula

A woman who helps with the birth process, including massage during birth and help with breast-feeding.

attachment

According to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver — a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.

Julia and Brande are 24- and 28-year-old expectant parents wanting to learn all they can about fetal growth since this is their first child. Julia is currently 38 weeks pregnant. At an appointment with their OBGYN, Dr. Beischel, they ask about the current brain development of their baby. What could Dr. Beischel tell them?

All parts of the brain are formed.

Microbiome

All the microbes (bacteria, viruses, and so on) with all their genes in a community; here the millions microbes of the human body

norm

An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population.

separation axiety

An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months.

stranger wariness

An infant's expression of concern — a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear — when a stranger appears.

Alandra and Davi are 28 and 32 years-old, respectively. They are expecting their first child in the fall. After consultation with their physician, they are considering delivery via a cesarean. Which country do they likely reside in if their homeland is identified as having the highest percentage of births by means of cesarean section delivery?

Dominic Republic

trust versus mistrust

Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic _____ if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.

The theory of language learning focused on genetic programming and brain maturation identifies the _____ gene as the foundation of language learning.

FOXP2

Which of these factors is associated with neural-tube defects?

Folic Acid deficiency

temperament

Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment.

Best friends Pearly and Megan often have play dates for their children, Delta and Ellis, who are about 1½ years old. The children have begun to enjoy playing and experimenting on their own and recently attemped to flush their stuffed animals down the toilet. This is an example of behavior during the fifth stage of sensorimotor intelligence that Piaget referred to as:

Little Scientist

dominant disorders is not evident in the phenotype until adulthood

Marfan Syndrome

neuron

One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially in the brain.

social referencing

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.

During which of Piaget's stages of sensorimotor development does adaptation first occur?

Stage 2

age of visibility

The age (about 22 weeks after conception) at which a fetus might survive outside the mother's uterus if specialized medical care is available.

One-month-old twins Amara and Shiloh have realized their hands are too big to fit into their mouths. Instead, the babies have begun sucking on their thumbs only. Piaget would describe Amara and Shiloh's behavior as:

The first acquired adaptation

germinal period

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation.

Genome

The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species

transiet exuberance

The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life.

fetus

The name for a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits

Zygote

The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum

embryonic period

The stage of prenatal development from approximately the third through the eighth week after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop.

fetal period

The stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth, during which the fetus grows in size and matures in functioning.

Epigenitics

The study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression - enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes

Dizygotic (DZ ) Twins

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. (Also called fraternal twins.)

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development. (Also called identical twins.)

Females are more likely to be carriers of ________ traits but are less likely to express them.

X-linked

very low birthweight

a body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds, 5 ounces (1500 grams)

Hypothalamus

a brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body

Hippocampus

a brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

Down Syndrome

a condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46, with three rather than two chromosomes at the 21st position

synchrony

a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant

axons

a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from tat neuron to the dendrites of other neurons

kangaroo care

a form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest their babies on their naked chests, like kangaroo mothers that carry their immature newborns in a pouch on their abdomen.

Dendrites

a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

postpartum depression

a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth

Apgar scale

a quick assessment of a newborn's health from 0-10. Below 5 is an emergency- a neonatal pediatrician is summoned immediately. Most babies are at 7, 8, or 9 - almost never a perfect 10

Social smile

a smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth

small for gestational age (SGA)

a term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

a test that is often administered to newborns, which measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes

What is colostrum?

a thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by a woman's breasts for about the first three days following the birth of her child

Amygdala

a tiny structure that registers emotions particularly fear and anxiety

The term stillborn refers to fetuses that are miscarried:

after 22 weeks

The importance of using gestures when speaking to babies is that:

allow the babies to communicate earlier

Teratogen

an agent or condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death

still-face technique

an experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant

motor skill

any skilled movement of the body, from the newborn's head-lifting to the toddler's stair-climbing and, later, from handwriting to dance moves.

Neurotransmitters

brain chemicals that carry information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron

experience-dependent growth

brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant

Most sensing occurs in the:

cortex

The incidence of SIDS deaths has _____ in the United States since 1990.

decreased more than by half

When the alleles in a pair interact, the resulting phenotype reveals the influence of one allele more than that of the other allele. This pattern is called a(n):

dominant-recessive pattern.