Endocrine System
What are the eight major endocrine glands?
1) Adrenal cortex 2) Adrenal medulla 3) Thyroid gland 4) Parathyroid 5) Pancreas Islets 6) Thymus gland 7) Pineal gland 8) Pituitary gland
Hormone of the parathyroid gland that targets bone and kidneys, and raises blood calcium
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the adrenal cortex and stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Hormone of the hypothalamus that targets the kidney and blood vessels to increase water retention
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) a.k.a vasopressin
Hormone of the posterior pituitary gland that targets the kidneys and blood vessels to increase water retention
ADH - antidiuretic hormone (produced in hypothalamus; stored and released by posterior pituitary)
Hormone of the heart that targets the kidneys and adrenal cortex to reduce the reabsorption of sodium ions and lowers blood pressure
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Endocrine gland that monitors blood sugar level. Helps in lipid and protein metabolism. Outer portion of the adrenal gland.
Adrenal cortex
Endocrine gland that controls cardiac function. Raises blood sugar and controls the size of blood vessels. Located on top of kidneys, inner part of the gland
Adrenal medulla
Hormone of the adrenal cortex that targets most tissues to stimulate development of secondary sex characteristics
Androgens
Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
CRH (corticotropin RH)
Hormone of the thyroid gland that targets bone and kidneys, and lowers blood calcium
Calcitonin
Hormone of the kidneys that targets the intestines to increase the reabsorption of calcium ions
Calcitriol
Responsible for secreting the hormones and other molecules that help regulate the entire body in both the short and the long term.
Endocrine system
Hormone of the adrenal medulla that targets the heart, blood vessels, liver and lungs to increase heart rate and increase blood sugar levels (fight or flight response)
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Hormone of the kidneys that targets the bone marrow to stimulate the production of red blood cells
Erythropoietin
Hormone of the ovaries that targets the uterus, ovaries, mammary glands, brain, and other tissues to stimulate uterine lining growth, regulate menstrual cycle, facilitate the development of secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen *also produced by the placenta
Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads and stimulates the maturation of sperm cells and ovarian follicles
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets muscle and bone to stimulate growth
GH (growth hormone)
Hormone of the pancreas that inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon
GHIH (growth hormone IH) a.k.a somatostatin
Hormone of the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of GH from the anterior pituitary
GHIH (growth hormone IH) a.k.a somatostatin
Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates anterior pituitary to release GH (growth hormone)
GHRH (growth hormone RH)
Hormone of GI tract that targets the stomach to stimulate the release of HCl (hydrochloric acid)
Gastrin
Hormone of the pancreas that targets the liver to increase blood glucose levels
Glucagon
Hormone of the adrenal cortex that targets most tissues to increase blood glucose but not as quickly as glucagon. Released in response to long-term stressors
Glucocorticoids
Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
GnRH (gonadotropin RH)
Hormone of the placenta that targets the ovaries to stimulate the production of estrogen and progesterone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
The link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating appetite, weight, sexual drive, circadian rhythm and body temperature. Located in the brain, superior to the pituitary and inferior to the thalamus. Communicates w/ pituitary by secreting "releasing hormones" (RH) and "inhibiting hormones" (IH)
Hypothalamus
Serve as a neuroendocrine control center
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Hormone of the ovaries that targets the anterior pituitary and inhibits the release of FSH
Inhibin *also produced by the testes
Hormone of the pancreas that targets the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue to decrease blood glucose levels
Insulin
Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads and stimulates the production of sex hormones and ovulation in women
LH (luteinizing hormone)
Hormone of the adipose tissue that targets the brain to suppress appetite
Leptin
Hormone of the pineal gland that targets the brain to regulate daily circadian rhythm (wake and sleep)
Melatonin
Hormone of the adrenal cortex that targets the kidneys to increase the retention of sodium ions and excretion on potassium ions
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Hormone of the hypothalamus that targets the uterus to stimulate contractions. Also targets the mammary glands to stimulate milk secretion
Oxytocin
Hormone of the posterior pituitary gland that targets the uterus to stimulate contractions. Also targets the mammary glands to stimulate the production of milk.
Oxytocin (produced in the hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary)
Hormone of the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary
PIH (prolactin IH) a.k.a dopamine
Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates anterior pituitary to release prolactin
PRH (prolactin RH)
Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the mammary gland and stimulates the production of milk
PRL (prolactin)
Endocrine gland that raises and lowers blood sugar. Active in carbohydrate metabolism
Pancreas Islets
Endocrine gland that regulates calcium levels in the blood. Four small glands that are embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
Parathyroid gland
Endocrine gland that has an influence on daily biorhythms and sexual activity. Situated between the two hemispheres of the brain where the two halves of the thalamus join
Pineal gland
Endocrine gland that plays an important role in growth and development. Also known as the "master gland"
Pituitary gland
Nicknamed the "master gland" because many of the hormones it secretes act on other endocrine glands. Located within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, beneath the hypothalamus. Hangs from a thin stalk called the infundibulum and it consists of an anterior and posterior lobe (each with a different function)
Pituitary gland
Hormone of the ovaries that targets mainly the uterus and mammary glands to stimulate uterine lining growth, regulates menstrual cycle, required for maintenance of pregnancy
Progesterone
Hormones that change the activity of existing enzymes in target cells
Protein hormones
Two hormones of GI tract that targets the pancreas and liver to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes and bile
Secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin)
Hormones that trigger gene activation and protein synthesis in some target cells
Steroid hormones
Two hormones of the thyroid gland that targets most cells and stimulates cellular metabolism
T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine)
Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates anterior pituitary to release thyrotropin (TSH)
TRH (thyrotropin RH)
Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the thyroid and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) a.k.a thyrotropin
Hormone of the testes that targets the testes and many other tissues to promote spermatogenesis and development of secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
Hormone of the thymus gland that targets lymphatic tissues and stimulates the production of T-cells
Thymosin
Endocrine gland that plays a role in immune responses. Located between the sternum and the heart, embedded in the mediastinum. Slowly decreases in size after puberty.
Thymus gland
Endocrine gland that helps regulate metabolism and functions in growth and development. Butterfly-shaped gland and the point of attachment between the two lobes called the isthmus. The isthmus is on the anterior portion of the trachea, with the lobes wrapping partially around the trachea
Thyroid gland