Endocrine System

What are the eight major endocrine glands?

1) Adrenal cortex 2) Adrenal medulla 3) Thyroid gland 4) Parathyroid 5) Pancreas Islets 6) Thymus gland 7) Pineal gland 8) Pituitary gland

Hormone of the parathyroid gland that targets bone and kidneys, and raises blood calcium

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the adrenal cortex and stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Hormone of the hypothalamus that targets the kidney and blood vessels to increase water retention

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) a.k.a vasopressin

Hormone of the posterior pituitary gland that targets the kidneys and blood vessels to increase water retention

ADH - antidiuretic hormone (produced in hypothalamus; stored and released by posterior pituitary)

Hormone of the heart that targets the kidneys and adrenal cortex to reduce the reabsorption of sodium ions and lowers blood pressure

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Endocrine gland that monitors blood sugar level. Helps in lipid and protein metabolism. Outer portion of the adrenal gland.

Adrenal cortex

Endocrine gland that controls cardiac function. Raises blood sugar and controls the size of blood vessels. Located on top of kidneys, inner part of the gland

Adrenal medulla

Hormone of the adrenal cortex that targets most tissues to stimulate development of secondary sex characteristics

Androgens

Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

CRH (corticotropin RH)

Hormone of the thyroid gland that targets bone and kidneys, and lowers blood calcium

Calcitonin

Hormone of the kidneys that targets the intestines to increase the reabsorption of calcium ions

Calcitriol

Responsible for secreting the hormones and other molecules that help regulate the entire body in both the short and the long term.

Endocrine system

Hormone of the adrenal medulla that targets the heart, blood vessels, liver and lungs to increase heart rate and increase blood sugar levels (fight or flight response)

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Hormone of the kidneys that targets the bone marrow to stimulate the production of red blood cells

Erythropoietin

Hormone of the ovaries that targets the uterus, ovaries, mammary glands, brain, and other tissues to stimulate uterine lining growth, regulate menstrual cycle, facilitate the development of secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen *also produced by the placenta

Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads and stimulates the maturation of sperm cells and ovarian follicles

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets muscle and bone to stimulate growth

GH (growth hormone)

Hormone of the pancreas that inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon

GHIH (growth hormone IH) a.k.a somatostatin

Hormone of the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of GH from the anterior pituitary

GHIH (growth hormone IH) a.k.a somatostatin

Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates anterior pituitary to release GH (growth hormone)

GHRH (growth hormone RH)

Hormone of GI tract that targets the stomach to stimulate the release of HCl (hydrochloric acid)

Gastrin

Hormone of the pancreas that targets the liver to increase blood glucose levels

Glucagon

Hormone of the adrenal cortex that targets most tissues to increase blood glucose but not as quickly as glucagon. Released in response to long-term stressors

Glucocorticoids

Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH

GnRH (gonadotropin RH)

Hormone of the placenta that targets the ovaries to stimulate the production of estrogen and progesterone

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

The link between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Helps maintain homeostasis by regulating appetite, weight, sexual drive, circadian rhythm and body temperature. Located in the brain, superior to the pituitary and inferior to the thalamus. Communicates w/ pituitary by secreting "releasing hormones" (RH) and "inhibiting hormones" (IH)

Hypothalamus

Serve as a neuroendocrine control center

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Hormone of the ovaries that targets the anterior pituitary and inhibits the release of FSH

Inhibin *also produced by the testes

Hormone of the pancreas that targets the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue to decrease blood glucose levels

Insulin

Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads and stimulates the production of sex hormones and ovulation in women

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Hormone of the adipose tissue that targets the brain to suppress appetite

Leptin

Hormone of the pineal gland that targets the brain to regulate daily circadian rhythm (wake and sleep)

Melatonin

Hormone of the adrenal cortex that targets the kidneys to increase the retention of sodium ions and excretion on potassium ions

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Hormone of the hypothalamus that targets the uterus to stimulate contractions. Also targets the mammary glands to stimulate milk secretion

Oxytocin

Hormone of the posterior pituitary gland that targets the uterus to stimulate contractions. Also targets the mammary glands to stimulate the production of milk.

Oxytocin (produced in the hypothalamus, stored and released by posterior pituitary)

Hormone of the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary

PIH (prolactin IH) a.k.a dopamine

Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates anterior pituitary to release prolactin

PRH (prolactin RH)

Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the mammary gland and stimulates the production of milk

PRL (prolactin)

Endocrine gland that raises and lowers blood sugar. Active in carbohydrate metabolism

Pancreas Islets

Endocrine gland that regulates calcium levels in the blood. Four small glands that are embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid

Parathyroid gland

Endocrine gland that has an influence on daily biorhythms and sexual activity. Situated between the two hemispheres of the brain where the two halves of the thalamus join

Pineal gland

Endocrine gland that plays an important role in growth and development. Also known as the "master gland"

Pituitary gland

Nicknamed the "master gland" because many of the hormones it secretes act on other endocrine glands. Located within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, beneath the hypothalamus. Hangs from a thin stalk called the infundibulum and it consists of an anterior and posterior lobe (each with a different function)

Pituitary gland

Hormone of the ovaries that targets mainly the uterus and mammary glands to stimulate uterine lining growth, regulates menstrual cycle, required for maintenance of pregnancy

Progesterone

Hormones that change the activity of existing enzymes in target cells

Protein hormones

Two hormones of GI tract that targets the pancreas and liver to stimulate the release of digestive enzymes and bile

Secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin)

Hormones that trigger gene activation and protein synthesis in some target cells

Steroid hormones

Two hormones of the thyroid gland that targets most cells and stimulates cellular metabolism

T3 (triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine)

Hormone of the hypothalamus that stimulates anterior pituitary to release thyrotropin (TSH)

TRH (thyrotropin RH)

Hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that targets the thyroid and stimulates the secretion of thyroid hormones

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) a.k.a thyrotropin

Hormone of the testes that targets the testes and many other tissues to promote spermatogenesis and development of secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone

Hormone of the thymus gland that targets lymphatic tissues and stimulates the production of T-cells

Thymosin

Endocrine gland that plays a role in immune responses. Located between the sternum and the heart, embedded in the mediastinum. Slowly decreases in size after puberty.

Thymus gland

Endocrine gland that helps regulate metabolism and functions in growth and development. Butterfly-shaped gland and the point of attachment between the two lobes called the isthmus. The isthmus is on the anterior portion of the trachea, with the lobes wrapping partially around the trachea

Thyroid gland