Exam 3
Belvina has recently acquired a smartwatch that she hopes will help her get in shape. Twelve hours a day, every hour, her watch alerts her if she hasn't been active enough during that hour. What would be a good example of an implementation intention that Belvina could use to take advantage of these reminders?
"If I get a movement alert, then I have to get up and walk 500 steps"
Which of the following sentences demonstrates overregularization?
"In my dream I catched two gooses!"
Two intelligence hypotheses:
1) if intelligence is a singular capability that all three tests measure, a person with a lot of this capability will do well on all three tests. 2) there's no such thing as intelligence in general
Growth mindset
A belief that intelligence can be developed
Prototype
A best example or average member of a concept that incorporates most of the features most commonly associated with it. Example: differentiating between whether dolphins are fish or mammals as a kid Or Example Bird: a robin is more prototypical than a kiwi bird
General Adaptation Syndrome
A broad-based physiological response to a physical threat that unfolds in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Challenge reactivity
A cardiovascular pattern of responding to a situation whereby the heart pumps out more blood and the vasculature dilates, allowing efficient circulation through the body
Threat reactivity
A cardiovascular pattern of responding to a situation whereby the heart pumps out more blood by the vasculature constricts, preventing efficient circulation through the body
crystallized intelligence g(C)
A component of general intelligence that involves accumulated knowledge and skills
Fluid intelligence g(F)
A component of general intelligence that involves the ability to deal with new and unusual problems
Stereotype threat
A concern that one's performance or behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one's group
Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect)
A cycle by which others' beliefs or our own can affect behavior in ways that make the beliefs true
Down syndrome
A developmental disorder could by an extra copy of chromosome 21, characterized by intellectual disabilities, delays in motor development, and increased rick for a range of health problems
Fetal alcohol syndrome
A developmental disorder that affects children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy. It's effects include a range of psychological problems and physical abnormalities
Zygote
A fertilized egg, formed by Union on sperm and egg
General intelligence (g factor)
A general mental ability that Charles Spearman hypothesized in required for virtually any mental test
In experiments conducted by Harry Harlow in the late 1950s, infant monkeys showed a clear preference for an artificial "surrogate mother" that gave no milk, but was covered in soft terry cloth, over a bare wire surrogate that gave milk. What, according to Harlow, did the infant monkeys gain from the cloth, milk-less surrogate?
A greater sense of emotional security
Cortisol
A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that is often elevated in response to stressful events
Type A personality
A label used to describe a collection of traits that include being highly competitive and driven, hot-tempered and hostile, and urgently focused on time and time management
Type B personality
A label used to describe a collection of traits that include being reflective, creative, and less competitive
Overregularization error
A language error made by children that involves extending rules of word formation. These errors reveal children's understanding of grammar Example: ran, came, and ate turn into runned, comed, and eated
intelligence quotient (IQ)
A measure of intelligence that is calculated by dividing a child's mental age by his or her chronological age and then multiplying by 100
Heritability
A measure that describes, for a given population in a given environment, what proportion of the variance of a trait is due to genetic differences
Imprinting
A mechanism for establishing attachment early in life that operates according to a relatively simple rule of attaching to the first moving object an organism sees
Concept
A mental category that groups similar objects, events, ideas, or people Example "chair": office chairs, dining chairs, high chairs, armchairs, etc.
Availability heuristic
A mental shortcut for deciding how frequent or probable something is based on how easily examples come to mind If wrong, it can lead to irrational fears: shark attacks
Representativeness heuristic
A mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of something based on how well it represents some category
Affect heuristic
A mental shortcut for making judgements and decisions that involves relying on affect- the good-for-me or bad-for-me feelings we associate with various objects and events in the world
Heuristic
A mental shortcut that allows people to efficiently solve problems and make judgements and decisions
Cross-sectional design
A methodological approach to studying development that compares participants of different age groups to one another Example: comparing 20, 40, and 60 year-old people on their ability to learn a new skill
Sequential design
A methodological approach to studying development that tracks multiple age groups across time and compares different age groups to one another, as well as compares participants to themselves at different time points Example: comparing the reading comprehension of 40 year olds and 50 year olds once and then again in 10 years
longitudinal design
A methodological approach to studying development that tracks participants across time and compares each participant at different time points Example: tracking a group of 20 year olds across several decades
Diathesis-stress model
A model of clinical disorders suggesting that genes provide a susceptibility for a disorder that will manifest as symptoms only under certain levels of stress
Mental age
A number that represents the average age at which children perform closest to a given child's score on an intelligence test
Temperament
A person's characteristic patterns of emotion and behavior that are evident from an early age and argued to be genetically determined
secondary appraisal of stress
A person's perception of his or her ability to deal with the demands of a given situation
Primary appraisal
A person's perception of the demands or challenges of a given situation
Alcohol myopia
A phenomenon whereby alcohol intoxication leads to a narrowing of attention and impairment of the ability to exert top-down control over impulses
According to his therapist, Henri is experiencing considerable stress in the workplace. In particular, Henri finds the demands of his job to be overwhelming. According to the definition of stress, what additional component would we expect Henri to be experiencing?
A physiological response
Stress
A physiological response to an environmental event that is perceived as taxing or even exceeding one's ability to adapt
sympathetic adreno- medullary (SAM) axis
A physiological system that governs the body's Immediate response to a stressful event, enabling the ability to fight or flee
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
A physiological system that governs the body's prolonged response to a stressful event, enabling the conservation of energy
Standardization
A process of making test scores more meaningful by defining them in relation to the performance of a protested group
Sleep hygiene
A regimented routine at bedtime that allows one's body to learn cues for sleep
Maturation
A series of biological growth processes that enable orderly growth, relatively independent of experience
Mindset
A set of attitudes of beliefs that shape how a person perceives and responds to the world. In the domain of intelligence, a mindset may be implicit belief about where intellectual ability comes from
Language
A shared system of symbols including spoken, written, and signed words and gestures, and a set of rules for how to combine those symbols to communicate meaning
Habituation
A simple form of learning that involves a decreased response to repeated stimulation
Factor analysis
A statistical technique developed by Charles Spearman that involves analyzing the interrelations among different tests to look for the common factors underlying the scores
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure for solving problems that guarantees a solution Example: a well-known algorithm for solving a simple maze is to follow a single wall until the exit is found
Flow
A subjective experience of having one's attention so focused on an activity or task that any sense of self-awareness disappears
Insight
A sudden, conscious change in a person's understanding of some situation or problem
Savant syndrome
A syndrome in developmentally disabled individuals that involves the presence of unusual talents that contrasts with low levels of general intelligence
Grammar
A system of rules that governs the way that language parts are put together so that people can understand each other
Aptitude test
A test designed to measure a person's potential to learn new skills
Achievement test
A test that is designed to measure how much a person has learned over a certain period of time
Neural tube
A tubular structure formed early in the embryonic stage from which the brin and spinal cord develop
biopsychosocial model
A way of understanding what makes people healthy by recognizing that biology, psychology, and social context all combine to shape health outcomes
In the context of language acquisition, which of the following best describes the "sensitive period"?
A window during which language acquisition is facilitated
How do acute and chronic stress impact the immune system?
Acute stress activates an immune response, but chronic stress compromises that response
Cognition
All of the mental activities thinking, including knowing, remembering, solving problems, making judgements and decisions, and communicating
You need to calculate your yearly income by multiplying your weekly paycheck by 52 (the number of weeks in a year). Unfortunately, you don't have a calculator handy, so you multiply the numbers by hand like you did back in school (lining the numbers up, working column by column, and so on). What kind of procedure are you using to solve your problem?
An algorithm
Sensitive period
An early period in the life of an organism during which it is especially sensitive to and able to learn from specific information in its environment
Dishabituation
An increase in responsiveness to something novel following a period o habituation
Language acquisition device
An innate mechanism that linguist Noam Chomsky proposed to explain the process of language acquisition in children. Chomsky argued that the language acquisition device is activated by language exposure and guides language development with little to no explicit teaching from adults
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
An intelligence test composed of many subtests that can be combined into a single composite to capture overall ability. Scores on separate subtests of the WAIS can be used to identify relative strengths and weaknesses that are useful to educators and therapists
Health psychology
An interdisciplinary filed that investigates the links among behavior, cognition, and physical health
Mental representation
An internal mental symbol that stands for some object, event, or state of affairs in the world.
Functional fixedness
An obstacle to problem solving that involves focusing on an object's typical functions, thus failing to recognize atypical functions that could help solve a problem
Embryo
An unborn, developing offspring, identified in humans between the 2nd and 8th week of pregnancy
Fetus
An unborn, developing offspring, indentified in humans between the 9th week of pregnancy and birth
More than other facets of personality, reacting to frustrating situations with anger is strongly associated with coronary heart disease. Why is this?
Anger substantially raises heart rate and blood pressure, putting the system under greater strain
Quantitative development
As a person develops, he changes gradually and continually across time
Qualitative development
As a person develops, her psychology changes abruptly from one stage to the next, and she seems to have very different characteristics than he had before
Three-year-old Michael, who is visiting the park, watches a group of children eating cake next to a pile of presents. He also watches as they prepare to hit a piñata with a stick. Although he has never seen a piñata before, he points to the scene and says "birthday" to his father. What did Piaget call the process that Michael has just illustrated?
Assimilation
Reflexes
Automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation
Karl reads a lot of "true crime" books, and he worries about meeting new people because they might be serial killers. However, the risk of Karl ever meeting a serial killer is low, because they are actually very rare. What pattern of thinking is distorting Karl's sense of risk?
Availability heuristic
When a newborn infant listens to her mother's voice, the infant tends to suck more vigorously on a pacifier than when she hears another woman's voice or even the voice of her own father. What does this demonstrate?
Babies are capable of learning while still in the womb, it is reasonable to conclude that their mother's voice is the one with which they would be most familiar at birth
Which of the following language-related abilities usually develops first in young children?
Being able to distinguish between the phonemes of all languages- infants are able to distinguish between the phonemes of every natural language as early as 1 or 2 months old
Fixed mindset
Belief that intelligence is genetically fixed and unchanging
Linguistic determinism hypothesis (or Whorfian hypothesis)
Benjamin Whorf's proposal that different languages impose different ways of understanding the world that can shape our thinking
Serafina is applying to colleges. But she is interested in dozens of colleges, far too many to invest the time and money to apply to. According to ________, her best bet is to deliberately narrow her pool to a smaller number of options, based on the limited information she has about each college.
Bounded rationality, Even though there is a risk that Serafina might not apply to the school that is the very best fit for her, it is better for her to recognize that she has limited resources and to make a smaller number of applications as strong as possible.
Motor development
Changes in the ability to coordinate and perform bodily movements
What do we mean when we say cigarette smoke is a teratogen?
Cigarette smoke is an environmental toxin that an interfere with development
Two researchers are interested in the development of reading comprehension. Dr. Vargas conducts a study comparing the reading comprehension of a group of 6-year-olds with that of a separate group of 10-year-olds. Dr. Byrne conducts a study tracking the reading comprehension abilities of a group of 6-year-olds over the course of four years. Dr. Vargas' study uses a _____________ design, and Dr. Byrne's study uses a ______________ design.
Cross-sectional; longitudinal
3 major components of stress
Daily hassles, major life events, catastrophic events
For as long as she can remember, Amahle has often found sensory stimulation overwhelming, especially in social settings like parties. Because of this, she experiences anxiety about face-to-face interactions with her friends and prefers email and text messaging. According to which of the following frameworks is Amahle more likely to experience cardiovascular complications because of this social stress?
Differential sensitivities hypothesis
Stages
Distinct segments of an organisms life with sharp differences or discontinuities between them
Which of the following is a question that health psychology would seek to answer?
Does mental exhaustion impair the body's ability to fight off infection?
In both human and animal studies, which statement best describes the relationship between intelligence test scores and the environment in which the subject develops?
Enrichment improves scores, while impoverishment diminishes them
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can interfere with healthy fetal development
What determines how the dividing cells in an embryo first begin to differentiate, preparing to become, for example, heart tissue, eye tissue, or spinal cord tissue?
Environmental influences switch different parts of each cells genetic blueprint on or off
The practice of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has shown benefits in a number of experimental studies. Which of the following is a key component of practicing MBSR?
Experiencing thoughts and feelings while also making an effort not to pass judgement on those experiences
Qiang disliked his math teachers in high school and struggled with the subject. As a college student, he plans to take no math classes, saying, "There would be no point, because I'm not a math person." What does Qiang's attitude toward math reflect?
Fixed mindset
Which of the following is theorized to be a component of Spearman's general intelligence factor, g?
Fluid intelligence
Which item best expresses the meaning of the phrase "nature versus nurture"?
Genetics vs experience
Syntax
Grammatical rules that govern how words and phrases combine into well-formed sentences Example: happy cow vs Spanish "cow happy"
Which of the following is the most important factor in how people benefit from social support?
Having a subset of friends and family whom you know you an count on in times of need
Pollyanna is an extremely optimistic person, who seems to see the bright side of every situation. Based on the current consensus among scientists, which of the following is probably true of her physiological responses to stressors?
Her HPA axis shows reduced activation relative to that of her peers.
Julie is a systems analyst who spends a lot of time every day crunching numbers. She often finds the work very engaging, to the point of forgetting to take a lunch break and hardly noticing time passing until it's time to go home. Despite working very hard, Julie often goes home feeling refreshed. Why is this?
Her level of engagement makes her workday feel more like challenging play than grueling work
Kalinda does design work as an independent contractor, and a new client has sent her a project that she estimates will take about 100 hours of work over the next month. Since she has already committed to several other projects, she only feels like she can handle about 80 additional hours of work, and she is worried about whether she will be able to complete the project on time. Why is Kalinda feeling stressed?
Her secondary appraisal of her work capacity is lower tan her primary appraisal of the project's demands
After a closely contested election, a friend of yours tells you that he did not vote because he knew ahead of time who would win. When pressed, he responds, "Well, I was right, wasn't I?" What effect likely contributes to your friend's current certainty about how he felt on election day?
Hindsight bias
accommodation
In Piaget's theory, the process of revising existing schemas to incorporate information from a new experience
Assimilation
In Piaget's theory, the process of using an existing schema to interpret a new experience
Eugenics
In this chapter, encouraging only the smartest to have children, a much-criticized movement
A 6-month-old baby, watching an object disappear beneath a blanket, will typically make no attempt to lift the blanket or otherwise retrieve the object. What did Jean Piaget conclude from this phenomenon?
Infants do not realize that hidden objects continue to exist
mother leaves her child with day-care workers every day. The child consistently becomes distressed when the mother leaves. When the mother returns, the child cries and runs to her to be picked up, but then immediately slaps her and struggles to get back down. To which attachment pattern does this behavior correspond?
Insecure/ ambivalent attachment
What unique feature of Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL), used by deaf children in Nicaragua, gives us special insight into how language is learned?
It arose spontaneously, invented by deaf children who had adult teachers
Ursula experienced a terrible tragedy: While she was at work, her house burned down. While still grappling with her shock, she resolves that she will do her best to understand what this tragedy could mean. How will this quest for meaning influence Ursula's ability to cope with her new situation?
It depends on whether or not she feels she found what the tragedy means
Philomena has no children of her own but has long dreamed of adopting a child. After many years of researching and planning, she has finally received approval to adopt a baby boy. In the week before bringing her new son home, she feels excited, but also finds that the preparations are leaving her frazzled and sleepless. Why is this?
Major life events, even happy ones, are often a source of stress
In the card game Hearts, the Queen of Spades is almost always a card you want to get rid of. Darna is a champion Hearts player with a lot of experience, but she has only just begun playing poker. Despite queens being good cards to hold onto in poker games, Darna's instincts tell her to discard the Queen of Spades whenever it is dealt to her. Darna's prior experience with Hearts is influencing her poker-playing through which mechanism?
Mental set
Cytokines
Molecules, released as part of the body's natural immune response, that respond to injury or infection by causing fever and inflammation
In the phrase "weeping willow," "ing" is an example of what component of language?
Morpheme
Which statement best describes how neurons in the developing brain end up in their final locations?
Neurons migrate according to a rough wiring diagram specified by genes, the wire-like guide structures ar the glial fibers
Stress appraisal theory
People are most stressed when their primary appraisal of the demands of a situation outweighs their secondary appraisal of their ability to cope
Achievement gap
Persistent differences in the performance of certain groups of people, usually based on characteristics like race or gender
In a study, 2½-year-old children had trouble inferring the location of a toy hidden in a room after seeing a miniature toy placed in the same location in a scale model of the room. Which maneuver by the researchers would have improved the children's performance?
Placing the model out of reach behind a glass partition
According to the "broaden-and-build" interpretation, what function do positive emotions serve?
Positive emotions facilitate both open-mindedness and constructive action
When Derrick received a diagnosis of early-stage leukemia, he leapt into action. Following every lead, Derrick sought out ways to improve his chances of beating the disease. After several months, when asked how he was feeling, he could reply honestly that he felt optimistic and invigorated. What is Derrick demonstrating?
Problem-focused coping
At the request of the surgeons, a private surgical clinic has hired a massage therapist who is to work with every patient. Immediately prior to surgery, patients receive 30 minutes of seated relaxation massage. Why might this procedure be included as part of the clinic's standard course of surgical treatment?
Reducing stress prior to surgery may speed up the time needed for patients to heal
Ariadne has her intelligence measured using the WAIS as part of a scientific study. Three months later, she is recruited by the same lab to participate in a second study. With her permission, they reuse her WAIS scores from the first study rather than readministering the test. On what grounds can this decision be justified?
Reliability
Pragmatics
Rules that govern the practical aspects of language use, such as taking turns, using intonation and gestures, and talking to different types of people
Advertisers routinely exploit the affect heuristic to influence the decisions of consumers. Which of the following techniques would use positive affect to improve a consumer's chances of buying a product?
Showing physically attractive people using the product
Given the general rules of motor development, which of the following would you expect a child to master first?
Sitting without support
In the biopsychosocial model, socioeconomic status (SES) is generally considered a "social" factor. Although it's not common, a dramatic change in a person's SES can occur from one day to the next (e.g., by winning the lottery or by going unexpectedly bankrupt). However, in many studies of health risk, a person's SES in childhood is more strongly predictive of their long-term health outcomes than their current SES. Why is this?
Social factors like SES have big impacts on psychological development during childhood
Implementation intentions
Specific "if-then" thoughts that cognitively connect a desired action to some triggering event or stimulus
In study after study, results show that exercise is a powerful tool for combating stress and depression. However, many people struggle to stick to a regular exercise routine. Why is this?
Sticking o a routine requires self-control which is impaired in people who have high levels of stress
Fela doesn't drink or use drugs. Nevertheless, he is much more likely to take big risks and act without thinking things through when a lot of things in his life are causing stress. Why might this be?
Stress impairs the executive faculties of our prefrontal cortex
Consider the concepts of "sharks." How would the category of "hammerhead sharks" relate to it?
Subordinate concept
What are the three concept hierarchies?
Superordinate, basic, and subordinate Super= more abstract "furniture" "fruit" "animal" Basic= a mix of both "Chair" "bed" "sofa" "cabinet" Subord= the most specific "Rocking chair" "hummingbird"
What ongoing pattern leads to long-term organ damage as a result of chronic stress?
Sustained allostatic load
Object Permanence (Piaget)
The awareness that objects continue to exis even when they are temporarily out of sight
Under the testing paradigm of Binet and Simon, what would it mean for a boy to take a standardized test and to have a mental age of 8 years, but a physical age of 9 years?
The boy's performance is comparable to that of an average 8 year-old on the same test
intelligence
The capability to think abstractly comprehend complex ideas, reason, plan, solve problems, learn from experience, and acquire new knowledge
neural proliferation
The creation of new synaptic connections
Social support
The degree to which people believe they can turn to other people for information, help, advice, or comfort
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Reliability
The extent to which a test of measure produces consistent results
A common sales technique is the "door-in-the-face" technique. To use this technique, the seller first quotes a price that is outlandishly high, knowing the customer will almost certainly refuse. They then follow up with a second, much more reasonable price. Why is this technique usually more successful than simply naming the more reasonable price up front?
The first price changes the customer's reference point, so the lower price seems like a huge savings
broaden and build function
The idea that positive emotions evolved as a signal of safety, allowing for exploration and creativity
Bounded rationality
The idea that rational decision making is constrained by limitations in people's cognitive abilities, available information, and time. Their capacity to make rational decisions is bounded, or constrained by their limited resources.
Differential sensitivities
The idea that some people have a genetic predisposition to be more strongly affected by variation in their environment, especially during early childhood
A one-year-old infant is at the park with her mother when an older child approaches whom the infant doesn't know. The infant quickly turns to look at her mother's face. What is probably going on?
The infant wants to see how her mother is reacting to the new child; social referencing
gene x environment interaction
The interaction between environmental factors and a person's genetic predispositions that determine the unique phenotypes expressed in personality
Framing
The particular way that an issue, decision, or set of options is described. Framing can change decisions by shifting the decision maker's reference point/
Myelination of axons
The process of insulating axons in myelin, which speeds their conductivity and allows information to move more rapiddly through the brain and body
Restructuring
The process of reorganizing one's understanding of a problem to facilitate a solution
Babbling
The production of speech sounds by infants, usually beginning around 6 or 7 months of age Example: "ma" or "ba"
Dual processing theory
The proposal that people have two types of thinking that they can use to make judgements and decisions: one that is slower, more effortful, and leads to more thoughtful and rational outcomes, and one that is fast, fairly effortless, and leads to decent outcomes most of the time.
Dawn feels run-down most of the time. She worries that the things her friends post on social media suggest that they live a much more interesting life than her own. Which component of the biopsychosocial model does her worry about her lifestyle qualify as?
The psychological component
What was the critical detail that led Hans Selye to realize that stress was responsible for the symptoms his rats were displaying?
The rats who were in the control condition showed the same symptoms as those who received ovarian extract injections
Developmental psychology
The scientific study of how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally from infancy through old age
Cognitive psychology
The scientific study of mental activities and how they operate
Morpheme
The smallest unit of language that carries bits of meaning. Morphemes include words and also word parts like prefixes and suffixes that change a word's meaning Example: adding "ing" to talk changes its meaning
Phoneme
The smallest unit of language, such as the individual sounds that make up speech Example: Dog has a "d" short "o" and hard "g" sounds
Attachment
The strong, enduring, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver
Epigenetics
The study of how life events can change how genes are expressed
Allostatic load
The sustained activation of many physiological systems in response to frequent or chronic stressors
Belief perseverance
The tendency for people to resist changing their beliefs, even when faced with disconfirming evidence
Confirmation bias
The tendency to look for and weigh evidence that confirms preexisting beliefs more strongly than evidence that is inconsistent with those beliefs
Loss aversion
The tendency to make choices, including riskier ones, that minimize losses
Overconfidence bias
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's knowledge and judgements
Hindsight bias
The tendency, once some outcome is known, to overestimate the likelihood that one would have predicted that outcome in advance
synaptic pruning
The trimming back of unnecessary synapses according to a "use it or lose it" principe- connections that get used are maintained, and unused connections are eliminated
symbolic representation
The use of words, sounds, gesture, visual images, or objects to stand for other things
Erik has been in a high-stress job for the last ten years, and his doctor tells him that he should probably begin taking beta blockers in order to reduce the risk of a heart attack. How would taking beta blockers reduce this risk?
They reduce the intensity of SNS reactions to stressful events
A debate is organized and the audience is evenly divided with respect to which side they agree with. Assuming both debaters have roughly equal skill, what is the likely outcome for the audience?
They will tend to leave the debate even more persuaded of their prior views than when they arrived
Miguel has just received a text message that awakened him from a deep sleep. It informs him that he is late for work. In the ensuing panic to get dressed and speed down the highway to avoid losing his job, he develops a splitting tension headache from the constriction of blood vessels in his head. What is Miguel experiencing?
Threat reactivity
Automatic system
Type of judgement that is fast and fairly effortless and leads to decent outcomes most of the time Example: skipping past a profile because you don't like the guy's shirt
Controlled system
Type of judgement that is slower, and more effortful and leads to more thoughtful and rational outcomes Example: weighing the pros and cons of the details in someone's profile or imagining the intentions behind the photos they chose to post
In a large-scale study comparing siblings across many families, a scientist finds that intelligence (as measured with a standardized test) appears to have a heritability of .38 after controlling for family wealth. How should she interpret this result?
When looking at the population as a whole, 38% of the variation in score difference is explained by differences in genes
The ventromedial frontal cortex
When this region of the brain is damaged, patients are unable to properly evaluate the emotional consequences of their actions
Complete the following statement in the way that would be most consistent with Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis of linguistic determinism: "Someone who has never learned any words pertaining to or describing sadness
Will not experience sadness"
Lexi is frustrated because she feels as though she knows the material after studying, but her nerves get the better of her in testing situations. What specific element of her experience should she work on reducing in order to do better on tests?
Worry
Sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 years): The child develops knowledge through senses and actions but cannot yet think using symbols, namely language. During this stage, the child learns that objects continue to exist even when they are hidden.
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts