Exam 3 anatomy

true

(T/F) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments.

true

(T/F) Skeletal muscle fibers contain sarcomeres; smooth muscle fibers do not.

true

(t/f) Cells of unitary smooth muscle are found in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the intestine.

true

(t/f) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length.

true

(t/f) skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei

false

(t/f) symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility

symphysis

A joint united by fibrocartilage tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. -- united by fibrocartilage

eccentric

A muscle that is lengthening while it produces tension is performing a(n) __________ contraction.

tibial condyle

A potts fracture could result in damage to ____

acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh

After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?

prevent hyperextension of the spine

Along with support, the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column also acts to ________.

rare because of the ligament reinforcement

Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.

bursae

Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.

multinucleated muscle fibers that can extend as long as 30 centimeters

During development embryonic cells will fuse to form muscle fibers. This will result in ________.

forward sliding of the tibia on the femur

If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________.

recruitment

If both of the neurons in the figure were activated, more muscle fibers would contract than if either neuron alone were active. This mechanism for control of the force of muscle contraction is known as __________.

latent

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at the axon terminal of a motor neuron there is a short period called the ________ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors.

decreased synthesis of muscle proteins and/or increased breakdown of muscle proteins

In a bedridden patient recovering from a badly fractured femur, disuse atrophy in the thigh muscles is caused by _________.

hyaline cartilage

In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.

true rib

It passes from the vertebral column to the sternum via its own costal cartilage.

RA is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disorder. Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain.

Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). She complains of painful, stiff hands and feet, feeling tired all the time, and reports an intermittent low-grade fever. She asks the nurse if she is going to be "crippled." How should the nurse respond?

excitability

Muscle tissue can be stimulated by the nervous system. Cells with the ability to change their membrane potential have what property?

weakness of muscle

Myasthenia gravis is a disease that is believed to be caused by autoimmune disorder, resulting in the loss of ACh receptors at the motor end plate of muscle fibers. What is likely to be a symptom of myasthenia gravis?

inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase

Myasthenia gravis is sometimes treated medically by a treatment that involves ________.

multi unit smooth muscle

Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and few gap junctions?

Pubis

Only one component bone of the right coxal bone articulates with this same bone component on the other side of the body. Which of the following bone components fits this description?

because it immobilizes/stabilizes an injured ankle

Proper application of RICE--rest, ice, compression, and elevation--can effectively control inflammation due to an ankle sprain. Why would compression provided by a correctly wrapped elastic Ace bandage be helpful in preventing further inflammation?

a group of eight short bones united by ligaments

The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________.

temporal bone

The ___________ bears a mandibular fossa that articulates with condylar process of the mandible

troponin

The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?

multiaxial

The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.

cruciate ligaments

The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.

true

The pelvic outlet is narrower in a male than in a female. The female pelvis is modified for childbearing; it is wider, shallower, and lighter than the male pelvis. The male pelvis has thicker, heavier bones with more prominent bone markings, acetabula that are larger and closer together, and a narrower, heart-shaped pelvic inlet.

ethmoid

The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?

vertebrochondral

The term______ ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum.

to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine

What are the major functions of the intervertebral discs?

arrival of an action potential

What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell?

abduction

What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?

the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body

What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?

molecule

What level of structural organization do voltage-gated sodium channels in muscle sarcolemma represent?

motor end plate

What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors?

opposition

When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________.

platellar ligament

Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?

slow oxidative fibers

Which muscle-fiber type is best suited for endurance activities, such as long-distance jogging?

In the absence of oxygen, creatine phosphate can drive aerobic respiration pathways for a few minutes.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ATP production in muscles during periods of prolonged energy use, such as exercise?

lateral malleous

Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus?

unitary smooth muscle

Which type of muscle is found in the wall of hollow organs?

skeletal

Which type of muscle requires voluntary nervous stimulation for activation?

because fluid accumulation reduces joint movement

Why would inflammation of the knee joint be a "good thing" when there's been an acute quadriceps injury?

supination

________ is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.

actin

a myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge

Z discs

a sarcomere is the distance between two ____

axis

allows head to shake no

medial longitudinal arch

arch that runs front to back on the inside of the foot

example of a feature of synovial fluid

bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage

deltoid tuberosity

bone marking of the humerous

syndesmosis

bones are connected exclusively by ligaments

synchondroses

cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the end of bones

transverse foramina

cervical vertebrae can be uniquely identified by the presence of __________

short, flat spinous processes

characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

osteoarthritis

chronic degenerative joint disease

The sliding filament model of contraction states that __________.

during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap to a greater degree

functional role of the T tubules

enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction

primary function of the intervertabral foramina

for exit of spinal nerves from spinal cord

triaxial

if a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation

depolarization

in a muscle fiber, the key intracellular event that stimulates muscle contraction is known as ______

flexion

is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.

suture

joint only found in skull

false

lordosis only occurs in pregnant women

hyoid bone

movable base for the tongue

multiaxial movement

movement in all three planes and around all three axes

What is the major function of the axial skeleton?

provide central support for the body and protect internal organs

serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.

role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle

zygomatic

scientific name for the cheek bone

I band

the ___ contains only the actin filaments

repolarization

the _______ phase of an action potential occurs as potassium exit the cell and returns membrane potential to resting state

slightly movable

the ampiarthrotic joints exhibits what level of movement?

atlas

the bone that articulates with the occipital condyles; allows head to nod yes

coccyx

the fused rudimentary tailbone

relaxation phase

the sarcomeres are increasing in length and the force generated decreases

smooth ER

the sarcoplasmic reticulum is an elaborated ________

myosin

the thicker filaments are the _____ filaments

true

there are cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae

thoracic vertebrae

these bones have articular facets for the ribs

lumbar vertebrae

these bones have the thickest body (centrum) with short blunt spinous process

synarthrotic, diarthrotic, synovial

three functional types of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

three structural types of joint

gomphosis

tooth in socket

shoulder

torn rotator cuff- this collection of muscles and tendons is associated with the ______ joint

graded responses

vary in strength of contraction for different demands

-changing frequency of stimulation -changing strength of stimulation

what are responses graded by

binding of ATP

what causes the myosin head to connect from actin

release of ADP and Pi

what causes the power stroke

bursae

what is a flattened sac that reduces friction between adjacent structures during joint activity called?

a state of sustained partial contraction

what is a muscle tone?

calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

what occurs during the latent period of muscle contraction

sella turcica

what serves as a seat of endocrine system by supporting the pituitary gland

endomysium

what surrounds the individual muscle cells

lumbar

what vertebrae has the largest body, relative to the other regions?

symphysis

when someone has "slipped a disc" of their vetebral column, which type of joint have they disrupted

A band

where both actin and myosin are found

sternum

which is not a part of the appendicular skeleton? clavicle scapula sternum ilium

fibro

which prefix does not refer to muscle myso myo fibro

an olympic sprinter

who is the least likely to develop "flat feet" as an adult?

it is a heavy consumer of energy

why does skeletal muscle store glycogen