Exam 3 anatomy
true
(T/F) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments.
true
(T/F) Skeletal muscle fibers contain sarcomeres; smooth muscle fibers do not.
true
(t/f) Cells of unitary smooth muscle are found in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the intestine.
true
(t/f) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands move closer together but do not diminish in length.
true
(t/f) skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei
false
(t/f) symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility
symphysis
A joint united by fibrocartilage tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________. -- united by fibrocartilage
eccentric
A muscle that is lengthening while it produces tension is performing a(n) __________ contraction.
tibial condyle
A potts fracture could result in damage to ____
acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
prevent hyperextension of the spine
Along with support, the anterior longitudinal ligament of the vertebral column also acts to ________.
rare because of the ligament reinforcement
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________.
bursae
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.
multinucleated muscle fibers that can extend as long as 30 centimeters
During development embryonic cells will fuse to form muscle fibers. This will result in ________.
forward sliding of the tibia on the femur
If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________.
recruitment
If both of the neurons in the figure were activated, more muscle fibers would contract than if either neuron alone were active. This mechanism for control of the force of muscle contraction is known as __________.
latent
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at the axon terminal of a motor neuron there is a short period called the ________ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors.
decreased synthesis of muscle proteins and/or increased breakdown of muscle proteins
In a bedridden patient recovering from a badly fractured femur, disuse atrophy in the thigh muscles is caused by _________.
hyaline cartilage
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.
true rib
It passes from the vertebral column to the sternum via its own costal cartilage.
RA is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disorder. Inflammation occurs in the joint, and the fluid that accumulates causes swelling, stiffness, impairment of joint movement, and extreme pain.
Maggie is a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who has newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis (RA). She complains of painful, stiff hands and feet, feeling tired all the time, and reports an intermittent low-grade fever. She asks the nurse if she is going to be "crippled." How should the nurse respond?
excitability
Muscle tissue can be stimulated by the nervous system. Cells with the ability to change their membrane potential have what property?
weakness of muscle
Myasthenia gravis is a disease that is believed to be caused by autoimmune disorder, resulting in the loss of ACh receptors at the motor end plate of muscle fibers. What is likely to be a symptom of myasthenia gravis?
inhibiting the action of acetylcholinesterase
Myasthenia gravis is sometimes treated medically by a treatment that involves ________.
multi unit smooth muscle
Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and few gap junctions?
Pubis
Only one component bone of the right coxal bone articulates with this same bone component on the other side of the body. Which of the following bone components fits this description?
because it immobilizes/stabilizes an injured ankle
Proper application of RICE--rest, ice, compression, and elevation--can effectively control inflammation due to an ankle sprain. Why would compression provided by a correctly wrapped elastic Ace bandage be helpful in preventing further inflammation?
a group of eight short bones united by ligaments
The "true wrist" or carpus consists of ________.
temporal bone
The ___________ bears a mandibular fossa that articulates with condylar process of the mandible
troponin
The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed?
multiaxial
The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.
cruciate ligaments
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________.
true
The pelvic outlet is narrower in a male than in a female. The female pelvis is modified for childbearing; it is wider, shallower, and lighter than the male pelvis. The male pelvis has thicker, heavier bones with more prominent bone markings, acetabula that are larger and closer together, and a narrower, heart-shaped pelvic inlet.
ethmoid
The superior nasal concha is a part of which bone?
vertebrochondral
The term______ ribs refers to ribs that attach to each other before they attach to the sternum.
to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine
What are the major functions of the intervertebral discs?
arrival of an action potential
What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell?
abduction
What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?
the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body
What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?
molecule
What level of structural organization do voltage-gated sodium channels in muscle sarcolemma represent?
motor end plate
What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors?
opposition
When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________.
platellar ligament
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped?
slow oxidative fibers
Which muscle-fiber type is best suited for endurance activities, such as long-distance jogging?
In the absence of oxygen, creatine phosphate can drive aerobic respiration pathways for a few minutes.
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding ATP production in muscles during periods of prolonged energy use, such as exercise?
lateral malleous
Which portion of the fibula articulates with the talus?
unitary smooth muscle
Which type of muscle is found in the wall of hollow organs?
skeletal
Which type of muscle requires voluntary nervous stimulation for activation?
because fluid accumulation reduces joint movement
Why would inflammation of the knee joint be a "good thing" when there's been an acute quadriceps injury?
supination
________ is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.
actin
a myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge
Z discs
a sarcomere is the distance between two ____
axis
allows head to shake no
medial longitudinal arch
arch that runs front to back on the inside of the foot
example of a feature of synovial fluid
bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage
deltoid tuberosity
bone marking of the humerous
syndesmosis
bones are connected exclusively by ligaments
synchondroses
cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the end of bones
transverse foramina
cervical vertebrae can be uniquely identified by the presence of __________
short, flat spinous processes
characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
osteoarthritis
chronic degenerative joint disease
The sliding filament model of contraction states that __________.
during contraction, the thin myofilaments slide past the thick myofilaments so that the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap to a greater degree
functional role of the T tubules
enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction
primary function of the intervertabral foramina
for exit of spinal nerves from spinal cord
triaxial
if a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation
depolarization
in a muscle fiber, the key intracellular event that stimulates muscle contraction is known as ______
flexion
is a bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.
suture
joint only found in skull
false
lordosis only occurs in pregnant women
hyoid bone
movable base for the tongue
multiaxial movement
movement in all three planes and around all three axes
What is the major function of the axial skeleton?
provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle
zygomatic
scientific name for the cheek bone
I band
the ___ contains only the actin filaments
repolarization
the _______ phase of an action potential occurs as potassium exit the cell and returns membrane potential to resting state
slightly movable
the ampiarthrotic joints exhibits what level of movement?
atlas
the bone that articulates with the occipital condyles; allows head to nod yes
coccyx
the fused rudimentary tailbone
relaxation phase
the sarcomeres are increasing in length and the force generated decreases
smooth ER
the sarcoplasmic reticulum is an elaborated ________
myosin
the thicker filaments are the _____ filaments
true
there are cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
these bones have articular facets for the ribs
lumbar vertebrae
these bones have the thickest body (centrum) with short blunt spinous process
synarthrotic, diarthrotic, synovial
three functional types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
three structural types of joint
gomphosis
tooth in socket
shoulder
torn rotator cuff- this collection of muscles and tendons is associated with the ______ joint
graded responses
vary in strength of contraction for different demands
-changing frequency of stimulation -changing strength of stimulation
what are responses graded by
binding of ATP
what causes the myosin head to connect from actin
release of ADP and Pi
what causes the power stroke
bursae
what is a flattened sac that reduces friction between adjacent structures during joint activity called?
a state of sustained partial contraction
what is a muscle tone?
calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
what occurs during the latent period of muscle contraction
sella turcica
what serves as a seat of endocrine system by supporting the pituitary gland
endomysium
what surrounds the individual muscle cells
lumbar
what vertebrae has the largest body, relative to the other regions?
symphysis
when someone has "slipped a disc" of their vetebral column, which type of joint have they disrupted
A band
where both actin and myosin are found
sternum
which is not a part of the appendicular skeleton? clavicle scapula sternum ilium
fibro
which prefix does not refer to muscle myso myo fibro
an olympic sprinter
who is the least likely to develop "flat feet" as an adult?
it is a heavy consumer of energy
why does skeletal muscle store glycogen
