Exam 3- Ch. 8-10

What are some factors that can contribute to an individual being under weight?

-Individuals who inherit higher resting metabolic rates, tall body frames, or both may find it difficult to gain weight. -Excessive physical activity can result in low body weight. -Compared to sedentary adults, the bodies of rapidly growing, physically active children and adolescents have higher energy needs. If these children do not consume enough energy, they can lose weight. -Chronic diseases such as cancer, tuberculosis, AIDS, and inflammatory bowel disease often result in severe weight loss that is difficult to treat. -Some people who suffer from depression fail to eat enough food to support their energy needs, and they lose weight as a result.

What are some features or claims that are commonly used in ads for weight-loss products or services?

-Requires no need to change dietary patterns or physical activity -Results in permanent weight loss. -Includes a money-back guarantee -Is supported by satisfied customers -Displays before-and-after photos

Why is bariatric surgery effective?

Bariatric surgeries are effective because they reduce the size of the stomach. As a result, patients can consume only small portions of food at a time.

Body mass index (BMI) is _______.

Based on a relationship between weight and risk of chronic disease

Sources of heme iron include _______.

Beef

Members of the National Weight Control Registry tend to _______.

Eat meals regularly, including breakfast

Other processed foods can be _____________ with varying amounts of any vitamin or mineral.

Fortified

Why do fad diets and dietary supplements promoted for weight loss appeal to overfat people?

Many overweight and obese people are attracted to fad diets and dietary supplements for weight loss because they believe promoters claims that the diets or products are "magic bullets" for shedding unwanted weight quickly and effortlessly.

What are the serious health consequences of anorexia nervosa?

-Severe constipation -Slow heart rate -Hypotension (low blood pressure) -Loss of normal menstrual cycles (women) -Low bone mineral density -Lanugo (delicate, dense, white hair on the skin) -Low thyroid hormone and decreased metabolic rate -Muscle wasting and weakness

How do weight loss medications work?

-Some of these medications suppress or regulate appetite, but orlistat reduces fat digestion by about 30%. -The undigested fat is eliminated in the feces and can cause an oily, unpleasant discharge. -The fat carries fat-soluble vitamins along with it, and these micronutrients are eliminated in feces as well.

Elevated blood pressure

-Systolic 120-129 -Diastolic <80

Stage I hypertension is

-Systolic 130-139 -Diastolic 80-89

Normal blood pressure

-Systolic <120 -Diastolic <80

Stage 2 hypertension is

-Systolic greater than or equal to 140 -Diastolic greater than or equal to 90

To be classified as a vitamin, a compound must generally meet what criteria

-The substance cannot be made in the body. -The body requires the substance for maintaining good health. -Absence of the compound from the diet for a defined period produces deficiency symptoms that, if caught in time, are quickly cured when the substance is resupplied. -A synthetic version of the compound is available in a dietary supplement.

Over consumption of water

-Water intoxication can occur, but it is a rare condition. -Nausea and vomiting, confusion, and weight gain can result from excessive water intake. -Water intoxication can cause death when the condition raises sodium to dangerous levels in the bloodstream. -Marathon runners who consume water during competition are at risk of water intoxication.

Identify popular dietary supplements that are promoted for weight loss, and indicate whether each supplement is safe and effective.

Bitter orange, chitosan, chromium, conjugated linoleic acid, ephedrine, garcinia cambogia, glucomannan, green tea and green tea extracts, guar gum, hoodie, pyruvate, raspberry ketone, spirulina, yohimbe

People who are obese are at increased risk for all of the following types of cancer EXCEPT ______. -Colon cancer -Kidney cancer -Skin cancer -Pancreatic cancer

Skin cancer

List the major types of eating disorders.

The three main types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder

While researching healthy ways to lose weight, Ahmed found the website of the National Weight Control Registry (NWRC). According to the site, most NWCR participants engage in certain behavior(s)

They exercise, on average, for one hour daily, They eat low-calorie, low-fat diets, They weigh themselves once a month, They eat breakfast daily

Enriched grain products have specific amounts of _______ added during processing.

Thiamin

_______ relies on the principle that lean tissue is denser than water.

Underwater weighing

_______ fat deposits are in the omentum, which is under the abdominal muscles

Visceral

Factors that have a major influence in body water losses

-Altitude -Day of the week -Alcohol and sodium intake -Humidity

What are the risk factors for having an eating disorder?

-Being female -Being an adolescent (AN and BN) -Having a history of frequent dieting -Having a first-degree relative with an eating disorder -Placing a high degree of importance on having an "ideal" body shape -Being dissatisfied with one's body shape -Having a poor self-image and low self-esteem -Having a perfectionist personality -Being from a dysfunctional family -Being teased or bullied about one's weight -Being in an occupation or sport that emphasizes a lean body build

What are some cons of weight loss surgeries

-Complications often associated with gastric bypass surgery include intestinal blockage and bleeding, leaks along the staple site, blood clot formation, and wound infections. -After surgery, gastric bypass patients can develop micronutrient deficiencies and some bone loss. -However, patients can reduce their risk of nutrient deficiencies by taking vitamin and mineral supplements.

Camilla is iron deficient. Which of the following actions should she take to enhance her body's iron absorption?

-Consuming vitamin C-rich foods or supplements along with iron-containing plant foods -Eating heme and nonheme iron foods together -Eating high-fiber foods that are rich sources of phytic and oxalic acids -Drinking tea with meals and snacks

To determine the approximate percentage of the RDA supplied by a recipe.....

-Divide the amount of vitamin C in one serving by RDA for vitamin C that is recommended for the gender/age group -Move the decimal point two places to the right, and replace the decimal point with a percent symbol

Vitamin C ___________ iron absorption.

-Enhances Does this by keeping iron in its most absorbable form.

To improve their nutritional value, milled grains that undergo ______________ have had specified amounts of __________________________________ and the mineral iron added to them.

-Enrichment -Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid

The ______________________ procedure involves removing a major part of the stomach, which reduces the stomach's size. This procedure does not involve bypassing part of the _______________, so the body is able to absorb nutrients

1.) Sleeve gastrectomy 2.) Small intestine

The body loses water in a variety of ways. Put the water output mechanisms in order from greatest contribution to fluid loss (1) to least contribution to fluid loss (5) per day.

1.) Urine 2.) Insensible perspiration 3.) Expired air 4.) Feces 5.) Sweat

A healthy body fat percentage for women is _______.

23-31%

The RDA for vitamin C for males between the ages of 31-50 years is ________.

90 mg/d

What is a fad diet?

A trendy dietary practice that has a widespread appeal among a population; after a period people lose interest in the practice and it becomes no longer fashionable

The least invasive type of weight-loss surgery is ______________. As a result of this procedure, the surgeon can reduce or increase the size of the stomach after surgery.

Adjustable gastric banding

Vitamins _______.

Are organic molecules

A pigment that can be converted to vitamin A is called provitamin A. The most potent form of provitamin A is ______________, the orange-yellow pigment in carrots and other orange and yellow vegetables and fruits

Beta-carotene

Basal metabolism includes energy needs for _______.

Breathing and circulating blood

Weight gain occurs when...

Caloric intake consistently exceeds energy expenditure

To reduce the likelihood of giving birth to babies with neural tube defects, women of childbearing age should obtain adequate _______.

Folate

Karl is 54 years old. He notices that now he cannot eat as much as he did when he was in his 30s without gaining weight. Why is this?

For every decade past the age of 20, a male's basal metabolism declines by 3% per decade due to the steady decrease of lean body mass

Compared to gastric stapling procedures, what is a major advantage of gastric banding?

Gastric banding is easier to perform, safer than other types of bariatric surgery, and relatively easy to reverse.

According to his physician, Ryan has iron-deficiency anemia. The doctor recommended he eat iron-fortified cereal daily. Which of the following foods or beverages would be the best accompaniment for an iron-fortified cereal and why?

He should have a cup of orange juice with the iron-fortified cereal because vitamin C in orange juice increases iron absorption.

A person with a BMI of 20 would be considered in the _______ range.

Healthy

What are some health conditions that are often associated with being underweight..

Hormonal imbalances, depression, cancer, and infectious or digestive tract diseases.

What are some measures an underweight person can take to gain lean mass safely.

-Gradually increase their consumption of calorie-dense foods, especially those high in healthy fats. Fatty fish, such as salmon; olives; avocados; seeds; low-fat cheeses; nuts and nut butters; bananas; and granola made with dried fruit, seeds, and nuts are high-calorie nutritious food choices with low saturated-fat content. -Replace beverages such as soft drinks with more nutritious calorie sources, such as 100% fruit juices, smoothies, and milk shakes made with peanut butter and fat-reduced ice cream. -Following a regular meal and snack schedule also aids in weight gain and maintenance.

The vitamin content of a vegetable can be affected by _______.

-Soil composition -The vegetable's maturity when harvested -Sunlight exposure

Plants contain pigments called _____________, some of which the body can convert to vitamin A.

Carotenoids

Foods that are rich sources of provitamin A carotenoids

Carrots, spinach, winter squash, sweet potatoes, mangoes

A few weight-loss medications that can be prescribed for long-term use...

Contrave®, Saxenda® Belviq®, Qsymia®, and Xenical® (orlistat)

Vitamin K can be produced by _______.

Intestinal bacteria

If the extracellular fluid has an excess of sodium ions, _______.

Intracellular fluid moves to the outside of cells

In the United States, table salt is often fortified with _______.

Iodine

Worldwide, the most common nutrient deficiency disorder is _______ deficiency

Iron

Gastric bypass and gastric banding procedures can be performed via __________________, making small incisions to insert cameras and instruments into the abdomen.

Laparoscopic surgery

_______ is a hormone that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body.

Leptin

Foods that are rich sources of preformed Vitamin A

Liver, fish liver oils and eggs

Other carotenoids include zeaxanthin and ____________, which help maintain good eye health.

Lutein

Marissa's BMI is 26.9. According to this information, Marissa is in the ________ BMI range.

Overweight

Which of the following populations has the highest risk of hypertension?

People with African-American ancestry

Henry is concerned about his risk of osteoporosis. Which of the following characteristics is a modifiable risk factor for this chronic condition?

Physical activity level

The only sources of retinoids, also called __________________, are animal foods, including liver and fish.

Preformed vitamin A

When foods are ___________, essential nutrients may be removed as a result

Refined

Explain how certain prescribed medications can aid weight-loss efforts.

Weight loss medications may suppress appetite or interfere with fat digestion and absorption

Some dietary fat helps the body absorb fat-soluble nutrients, including the provitamin beta-carotene. Most fruits and vegetables that are good sources of beta-carotene are low in fat or fat-free. How can you enhance the body's absorption of beta-carotene when preparing low-fat foods that contain this provitamin?

You can add olive oil or margarine to vegetables after they are cooked.

Insufficient intake of Vitamin B-12 results in

Results in megaloblastic anemia and paralysis

Insufficient intake of the vitamin Niacin results in

Results in poor appetite, dermatitis, diarrhea, and abnormal mental functioning

Insufficient intake of Vitamin C results in

Results in poor wound healing, bleeding gums and bruises

Insufficient intake of the vitamin Riboflavin results in

Results in weakness, inflammation of the mouth and tongue, and cracked skin at the corners of the mouth

Insufficient intake of the vitamin Thiamin results in

Results in weakness, poor appetite, and poor muscular coordination

Describe common types of bariatric surgery in the United States

Roux-en- Y, gastric bypass and gastric banding procedures are common forms of bariatric surgery preformed in the United States.

During the _____________ procedure, the surgeon staples across the top part of the stomach to create a small pouch and bypasses part of the small intestine. Although the unused portion of the stomach is not removed, the surgery results in reduced digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Roux-en-Y

Keira usually skips breakfast. Explain whether her behavior is a sign of an eating disorder.

Skipping breakfast regularly is a sign of disordered eating, not an eating disorder

Negative energy balance occurs when _______.

The body needs more calories than the diet supplies

During pregnancy, excess _______ intake is known to be teratogenic.

Vitamin A

People who are unable to absorb fat are likely to develop a _______ deficiency.

Vitamin A

Features of a typical fad diet

-Offers a quick fix; that is, the diet promotes rapid weight loss without calorie restriction and increased physical activity. -Is nutritionally imbalanced. The diet limits food selections from a few food groups and may dictate specific rituals, such as eating only fruit for breakfast or eating only certain food combinations. -Requires buying a book or various gimmicks, such as expensive dietary supplements, weight-loss patches, or cellulite-reducing creams. -Uses outlandish and unscientific claims to support its usefulness. For example, The Beverly Hills Diet book promoted the notion that people become fat because food "gets stuck" in their bodies, rots, and produces toxins. Another author of a fad diet book claimed people can lose weight by following diet plans based on their blood types. These notions and recommendations are not supported by scientific evidence. -Relies on testimonials from famous people or connects the diet to trendy places such as Beverly Hills, California, and South Beach, Florida. -Does not emphasize the need to change eating habits and physical activity patterns.