Exam 3 chapter 13-18

If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events?

A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein.

Which statement regarding calcium is FALSE?

Approximately 50 percent of the body's calcium is found in the blood.

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.

Bile ... liver ... fats ... small intestine

The most accurate statement about FSH is ________.

FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development

The hepatic portal system delivers nutrient-rich blood from the __________ to the __________.

GI tract; liver

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of

HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen

The adrenal medulla shares this trait in common with both the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary glands.

It is a neuroendocrine organ

The most accurate statement about LH is ________.

LH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation

The Dietary Guidelines recommended limiting added sugar in a diet. Which of the following foods would be considered a significant source of added sugar?

Nutri-grain cereal bar

Which statement(s) correctly describe(s) the role of hormones in calcium metabolism? Be aware that all statements may be correct.

Parathyroid hormone is released when dietary calcium levels are low.

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

Production of natural cortisol may decrease.

Which of the following is true about the quality of protein?

Proteins from foods of animal origin are generally high-quality proteins

Which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex or its hormones is TRUE?

The adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress immune responses.

What impact does the added sugar and solid fat (in a donut) have on the grouping of a food on into the MyPlate?

The food would be grouped on MyPlate based on key nutrients content in it. The kilocalories from added sugar and solid fat would count toward empty kilocalories.

Which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true?

The nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system.

Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?

The shape of the enzyme's active site determines its activity. Enzymes are specific to specific chemical reactions. Some enzymes require a coenzyme to be active. ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE TRUE

All of the following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.

Which of the following statements about trans fats is correct?

Trans fats are produced by the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats in vegetable oils.

Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger?

When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor (the "first messenger") activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger.

Food that has been moistened with saliva and then swallowed through the esophagus is called __________.

a bolus

Cortisol production occurs in the __________ and is stimulated by __________.

adrenal cortex; ACTH

Which of the following statement(s) regarding digestion is/are correct?

all these statements are correct

When digested, proteins are broken down into ____

amino acids

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?

amylase

_____ are the main male hormones.

androgens

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

When digested, fats are broken down into ____

both glycerol and fatty acids

In ____ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

both type 1 and 2

Which of the following foods contains primarily saturated fats?

butter

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

calcitonin

Which of the following nutrients are digested within the small intestine?

carbs, proteins, lipids ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which of the following foods would provide the highest quality protein in the smallest portion size?

chicken breast

The advantage of using complex carbohydrates as an energy source rather than simple carbohydrates is that __________.

complex carbohydrates release energy more slowly, and so they provide a more sustained source of energy

Which of the following foods provides a moderate amount of protein per serving?

corn

Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acid?

corn oil

High ____ level - Cushing's disease

cortisol

Low ___ level - Addison's disease

cortisol

To which of the MyPlate food groups would cheese belong?

dairy

Which of the following MyPlate food groups would provide a significant amount of vitamin A?

dairy

Bile assists in the chemical digestion of triglycerides by

emulsifying large fat droplets into tiny ones, providing more surface area for enzymes

Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight-or-flight" response to danger?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The absorption mechanism that requires a specific carrier molecule, but no energy, to move digested nutrients across the cell membrane is called __________.

facilitated diffusion

Foods contain only one type of fatty acid, either saturated or unsaturated, but never both.

false

Foods only contain one type of carbohydrate.

false

Small fat-soluble molecules, such as free fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins, are absorbed through facilitated diffusion in the small intestine.

false

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.

fructoses

Which of the MyPlate food groups provides a significant amount of vitamin C?

fruits

Which of the following foods would have the lowest amount of protein per serving?

fruits

A muscle located at the end of the esophagus must relax before the bolus can enter the stomach. This muscle is called the __________.

gastroesophageal or lower esophageal sphincter

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.

glucocorticoids

High ____ in adulthood - acromegaly

growth hormone

High _____ in childhood -- gigantism.

growth hormone

Saturated fats differ from unsaturated fats in that saturated fats

have at least two hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom in their fatty acid tails

The target cells of an endocrine gland __________.

have specific receptors for the hormone

Which of the following nutrients is a carbohydrate?

high fructose corn syrup, starch, fructose

All of the following are secreted into the lumen of the digestive tract during the process of digestion, EXCEPT __________.

hormones

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?

hydrochloric acid

The structure that controls hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________.

hypothalamus

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?

hypothalamus

Lack of ___ - type 1 diabetes mellitus

insulin

unresponsive to ___ - type 2 diabetes mellitus

insulin

Which element is required in the diet for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

iodine

Bile is produced by the __________ and stored by the __________.

liver; gallbladder

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?

luteinizing hormones (LH)

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____

maltose

Which of the following foods would be a good source of naturally occurring sugar?

milk

Foods are placed into the various groups of MyPlate based upon __________.

nutrient content

Which of the following foods would be the best source of complex carbohydrates?

oatmeal

Chemical digestion __________.

occurs when enzymes break apart large molecules into smaller molecules

Which two hormones most directly regulate lactation?

oxytocin and prolactin

Which of the following foods is the best source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

peanut oil

Each of the following is a source of complete protein, EXCEPT __________.

peanuts

The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is

peristalsis

Which of the following represents the path taken by food after leaving the mouth?

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Starch is a type of _____.

polysaccharide

From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones (antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin) released?

posterior pituitary

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

prolactin

To which of the MyPlate food groups would peanut butter belong?

protein foods

When considering receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that, in general, ________.

receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane

The pancreas aids in the chemical digestion of food by

releasing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions into the duodenum

The kidneys secrete both _______

renin and erythropoietin

Which of the following is likely to be the MOST significant source of fiber in a cereal bar?

rolled oats, cracked oats, steal cut oats

Which type of fatty acid is most common in animal-based foods, such as steak, butter, and milk?

saturated fat

The absorption of the majority of ingested nutrients takes place largely in the __________.

small intestine

Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule?

steroid

Protein digestion begins in the _____

stomach

Which of the following hormones is/are involved in normal functioning of the male reproductive system?

testosterone, LH, FSH, ALL OF THE ABOVE

Essential amino acids are those that __________

the body is not capable of synthesizing

Nonsteroid hormones are usually faster-acting than steroid hormones because __________

they activate proteins that already exist within the cell

High _____ level - Grave's disease

thyroid hormone

Which of the following plant foods have the highest quality of protein?

tofu

Amino acids are absorbed through the process known as active transport.

true

Calcium is actively absorbed in the upper small intestine with the aid of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D.

true

Disorders associated with the endocrine system can be caused by problems with hormone production or lack of receptors for the hormones on the target cells.

true

Enzymes are proteins, which catalyze chemical reactions.

true

The thyroid hormone calcitonin inhibits the effects of vitamin D on calcium metabolism and works to lower calcium levels in the blood.

true

When the amount of thyroxine in the body increases, the basal metabolic rate of the body also increases.

true

In _____ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

type 1

In _____ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

type 2

What is the main component of gastric juice?

water