Exam 3 Chapters 10,12,13,14 &15

Transsexual

An individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender, and who may make changes to his or her body through surgery and medical treatment.

Types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder autism spectrum disorder intellectual disability learning, communication and motor disorders

depressant withdrawal symptoms

Autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., sweating, fast pulse) third stage of withdrawal is characterized by delirium tremens Hand tremor insomnia nausea or vomiting transient hallucinations or illusions psychomotor agitation anxiety seizure

behavioral tx for substance use

can be based on aversive classical conditioning -aversive conditioning is effective in reducing alcohol consumption at least in short term covert sensitization therapy uses imagery to create associations between thoughts of alcohol use and thoughts of highly unpleasant consequences

neurodevelopmental disorders

behavioral disorders with onset during childhood known or presumed to result at least in part from disruption of brain development

depressant intoxication symptoms

behavioral symptoms (e.g., inappropriate sexual or aggressive behaviors, mood lability, impaired judgment) sleepiness slurred speech incoordination unsteady gait involuntary eye movement impairment in attention or memory stupor or coma

psychosocial tx for substance use

cognitive and behavioral techniques have proven helpful in tx of substance use disorder some goals in common: motivate individual to stop using the addictive drug. to teach patients new coping skills to replace the use of substances to cope with stress and negative feelings change reinforcements for using substances to enhance the individuals support from nonusing friends and family members foster adherence to pharmacotherapies in conjunction with psychotherapy

Echolalia

communication abnormality in which an individual simply repeats back what he or she hears rather than generating his or her own speech - Common feature in ASD

cataplexy

episodes of sudden loss of muscle tone lasting under 2 minutes, triggered by laughter or joking in people who have had narcolepsy for a long time

initial symptom of opioid intoxication

euphoria

methadone

opioid that is less potent and longer-lasting than heroin; taken by heroin users to decrease their cravings and help them cope with negative withdrawal symptoms

T or F: Alzheimers disease accounts for 2/3s of all cases of neurocognitive disorders

T

T or F: DSM-5 recognizes nicotine dependence as a tobacco use disorder

T

alcohol use disorder

"Excessive" use is defined by having 5 or more drinks on one occasion (at least monthly) or >14 drinks per week for men, and 4 drinks on one occasion (at least monthly) or >7 drinks per week in the past 12 months for women. Excessive alcohol use causes 88,000 deaths a year. More than half (52.7%) of Americans ages 12 and up reported current alcohol consumption. Of those, 176.6 million alcohol users, an estimated 17 million have an AUD.

treatment for insomnia

-cognitive-behavioral interventions -sleep restriction therapy -drug therapy (antidepressants, antihistamines, tryptophan, delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP), melatonin, benzodiazepines)

Treatment for Sleep Arousal Disorders

- Antidepressant for sleep terrors -scheduled awakenings

family dynamics of eating disorders

- Burch says daughters are more likely to develop ED when they have parents who are overinvested in daughters' compliance and achievements, are overcontrolling and will not allow expression of feelings -causes daughters to no learn to identify feelings -important ask of adolescence is separation and individuation from one's family to provide independence and prevent need for rigid control over their body to foster a sense of power over self and family - do not know to what extent family and personality characteristics actually causes of eating disorders -controlling nature of parents behavior toward child could be a consequence or a cause of disorder

Disorders of Sexual Interest/Desire or Arousal

- Female sexual interest/arousal disorder -Male hypoactive desire disorder -Erectile disorder

Types of Communication Disorders

- Language Disorder - Speech Sound Disorder - Childhood-onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) - Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

Psychological & social factors of ASD

- Leo Kanner thought that autism was caused by a combo of biological factors and poor parenting -described parents of children w/ _____ as cold distant and uncaring *NOT SUPPORTED

Psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa

- can be difficult because they value thinnes and believe they must maintain absolute control over behaviors causing resistance to therapy in general -therapist must win clients trust and encourage participation in therapy and and maintain trust and participation as client begins to regain dreaded weight -hospitalization of patient can hinder bond -psychotherapy is a long process and is marked by setbacks due to relapse in behaviors

Trends Across the Life Span for sexual dysfunction

- culture conveys young adults cant get enough sex but sexual activity declines steadily with age

Prevalence of Delirium

- older the person, higher the risk - males are at greater risk than females -preexisting brain damage or NCD increase risk -African Americans have higher rates bc late interventions/ less access

Profound level of Intellectual Disability

-1% of IDD population -Requires intensive support - May be able to communicate by verbal or other means -May have medical conditions that require ongoing nursing and therapy

Moderate level of Intellectual Disability

-10% of IDD population -may be able to learn some basic reading and writing -able to learn functional skills such as safety and self help -Require some type of oversight/supervision

Severe level of Intellectual Disability

-5% of IDD population - Probably not able to read/write -May learn self-help skills and routines -Requires supervision in their daily activities and living environment

Mild level of Intellectual Disability

-85% of IDD population - Can generally learn reading, writing, and math skills between third and sixth grade levels - May have jobs and live independently

Psychological/social factors of ADHD

-Aggressive and hostile behavior from parents -Parents with a problem of substance abuse - Family interaction patterns influence course and severity

types of pervasive developmental disorders

-Asperger's Disorder -Rett's Disorder -Childhood disintegrative disorder -_________ _______ disorder not otherwise specified

Prevalence & Course of ADHD

-Boys are a little more than 2x more likely than girls to develop ____ in childhood & adolescence. -Girls are more likely to present with inattentive symptoms instead of disruptive behaviors, leading to underdiagnosis -may have specific learning disorders that makes it harder to concentrate -behavior problems worsen over the course of this disorder, and are more likely to develop conduct disorder

CBT for anorexia nervosa

-CBT = most researched in this field as it confronts client's overvaluation of thinness and rewards are made contingent on the person's gaining weight -w/ CBT after hospitalization, some hospital privileges are considered rewards and they may be taught relaxation techniques regarding the ingestion of food - CBT can lead to weight gains & reductions in symptoms but many patients drop out or return to certain behaviors

CBT for bulimia nervosa

-CBT has received most empirical support -CBT is based on the view that the extreme concerns about shape and weight are the central features of disorder. Therapist teaches client to monitor the cognitions that accompany eating (binge/purge). Then therapist helps client confront cognitions and develop more adaptive attitudes toward weight and body shape. Behavioral components involve introducing forbidden foods back into diet and helping confront irrational thoughts & client is taught to eat 3 healthy meals a day and challenge thoughts about meals and possibility of weight gain. -CBT is more effective than drug therapy

Biological factors of ADHD

-Cerebral cortex is smaller in volume -Less connectivity between frontal areas of the cortex and areas of the brain that influence motor behavior, memory and attention -abnormal activity in prefrontal cortex, the striatum and cerebellum -abnormal functioning of catecholamine neurotransmitters -Genetic factors -Prenatal birth complications - Diet (inconsistent research)

Cultural factors of sexual dysfunction

-Chinese & Indian medical system teach that loss of semen is detrimental to a man's health & masturbation is strongly discouraged -Koro: syndrome that involves an acute anxiety characterized by panic and impending death from the delusion that the penis is shrinking into the body and disappearing - in polynesian culture there is no word for erection problems -in African cultures the preference is for a woman's vagina to be dry & tight for sexual intercourse

Three Domains affected in Intellectual Disability

-Conceptual domain -Social Domain -Practical DOmain

Internet-Based Health Interventions

-Delivered to individuals who cannot access in-person programs -Provide low cost exercise and nutrition programs to large segments of the population -Potential public health impact of these programs is great -has potential to deliver high quality health info and interventions to promote behaviors and improve overall health

Neurological factors of ASD

-Disruption in the normal development and organization of the brain -structural abnormalities in the cerebellum, the cerebrum, & the amygdala, possibly the hippocampus ex: when children w/ ____ are shown photos of faces, they show less activation than do typically developing children in an area of the brain involved in facial perception aka fusiform gyrus. *could contribute to social interaction deficits*

Treatments for Intellectual Disability

-Drug therapy -Behavioral strategies -Social Programs

Social Programs for Intellectual Disability

-Early Intervention Programs -Mainstreaming -Institutionalization -Group Homes

Family therapy for anorexia nervosa

-Family therapy allows patient and family to be treated as a unit and parents are coached to control child's eating and weight. As progresses, child's autonomy is linked explicitly to resolution of ED. Successful occasionally

Disorders of Orgasm or Sexual Pain

-Female orgasmic disorder -early ejaculation -delayed ejaculation -Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Environmental factors of Learning & Communication Disorders

-Lead poisoning -Birth Defects -Sensory deprivation -low socioeconomic status *create the risk of damage to critical brain areas* Children whose___ offer fewer opportunities to develop language skills are less likely to overcome bio contributors to problems

Drug Therapy for ASD

-Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors-Reduce repetitive behaviors and aggression Atypical antipsychotic medications-reduce obsessive and repetitive behaviors and improves self-control Naltrexone- Blocks receptors for opiates and reduces hyperactivity Stimulants- used to improve attention *Goal is to improve symotoms including overactivity, sterotyped behaviors (head banging), sleep disturbances, and tension - making it easier for participation in shool and in behavioral tx

Psychotherapies of autism

-combine behavioral teachniques & structured educational services -operant conditioning strategies are used to reduce excessive behaviors -comprehensive behavioral therapy administered by parents and at school

Changes in the DSM-5 regarding ASD

-The DSM-4 classified autism as one of the multiple diagnoses in the category Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) -In the DSM-% the PDD category has been dropped and there is only 1 autism spectrum disorder - due to evidence that distinctions b/w PDDs were hard to make reliably and that they seemed to share common causes -Debate over whether new diagnosis will cover majority of previously diagnosed ppl

Treatments for Gender Dysphoria

-Therapy goal is to help individuals clarify their gender identity and desire for treatment -Address secondary interpersonal and psychological issues -Cross-sex hormone therapy -Full-time real-life experience in the desired gender role -Sex reassignment surgery

contributors to gender dysphoria

-biological theories focus on effects of prenatal hormones on brain development -most theories suggest that people who develop this have been exposed to unusual levels of hormones -stria terminalis, a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus has been implicated in studies -may have genetic causes -psychosocial theories focus on parental role in shaping children's gender identity

cultural and ethnic/racial differences in alcohol use

-cultures differ markedly in their use of alcohol and rates of alcohol-related problems -consumption in russian federation is high among men & women and rates of negative health consequences due to alcohol are highest in this and surrounding countries -low rates of consumption in some African and middle eastern countries are tied to islam's prohibition against alcohol

The 5 circadian sleep-wake disorders

-delayed sleep phase type -advanced sleep phase type -irregular sleep phase type -non 24 hr sleep phase type -shift work sleep phase type

Tx for Nightmare Disorder

-desensitizing individuals to their nightmares -records content of their nightmare in detail and then reads it repeatedly while doing relaxation exercises

Emotion Regulation Difficulties

-eating disorders may sometimes serve as maladaptive strategies for dealing with painful emotions -people suffering from depressive symptoms are at risk for development of anorexic or bulimic symptoms dieting subtype: concerned with body shape/size & try best to maintain low cal diet, but frequently binge eat depressive subtype: concerned with body shape/size but plagued w/ depressing feeling and low self-esteem & decide to eat feelings depressive subtype experiences more psychological and social consequences

Biological treatments

-help wean individuals off a substance, reduce desire, and maintain use at controlled level Antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, and drug antagonists can help with this in addition to methadone maintenance programs

Sociocultural factors of Intellectual Disability

-low socioeconomic backgrounds & social . disadvantages may contribute to lower than average intellectual development -Livin in poorer areas can lead to increased exposure to lead & fewer learning opportunities * THESE FACTORS MAY DIRECTLY AFFECT A CHILD'S INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT AND EXACERBATE THE BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS THAT IMPEDE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT*

two types of narcolepsy

-majority of people with S/S of narcolepsy with cataplexy lack cells in hypothalamus that secrete hypocretin, which promotes wakefulness -minority of people with S/S of narcolepsy without cataplexy show low levels of hypocretin

vascular neurocognitive disorder (vascular dementia)

-meet the criteria for mild/major NCD depending on severity of cognitive symptoms and functional decline Most prominent cognitive symptoms: declines in processing speed, in the ability to pay attention, and in the executive functions -must be evidence of recent vascular event/ cerebrovascular disease

Symptoms of Major Neurocognitive disorder

-memory deficits -eventually long-term memory becomes impaired -aphasia -echolalia in advanced stages -palilalia -apraxia -agnosia -loss of executive functions

gender and age differences in alcohol use

-men are more likely to drink to alcohol than are women and are also more likely to drink heavily or binge drink -strong age differences in alcohol use disorders decline with age

gender differences in substance use

-more acceptable for man than women in many societies -heavy drinking signifies that a woman is not a "lady" -women are less likely than men t carry risk factors for substance use disorder

The impact of gender, culture, and education on NCD

-more elderly women than elderly men with NCD (Alzheimer's) -women tend to show greater cognitive impairment than men -African Americans are diagnosed more frequently than European Americans (vascular reasons) - Genetic factors leading to NCD may . be more . prevalent in European Americans -People with lower levels of education are more likely to be diagnosed

Brain abnormalities in Alzheimer's Disease

-neurofibrillary tangles are made up of a protein called tau, impede nutrients and other essential supplies from moving through cells to extent that cells eventually dies. -plaques are deposits of a class of protein called beta-amyloid that are neurotoxic and accumulate in the spaces between the cells of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and other brain structures critical to memory and cognition. *extensive cell death in cortex, resulting in shrinking of cortex and enlargement of ventricles in brain*

biological factors of substance use disorders

-neurotransmitters, like dopamine play a huge role ins substance abuse -genetic factors regulate the functioning of the neurotransmitter systems involved in rewarding effects of substance use

Psychotherapy for sexual dysfunction

-one technique is individual ____ in which individuals explore the thoughts and previous experiences that impede them from enjoying a positive sex life -couples therapy can help develop more satisfying relationship -in both, behavioral techniques are used to teach people skills tp enhance their sexual experiences and to improve communication and interactions with their sexual partners

Interpersonal factors of sexual dysfunction

-problems in intimate relationships -lack of communication -relationship problems - sex may become forum for hostility rather than mutual pleasure -distrust, anger, lack of respect in relationship -imbalance of power in relationship

Sociocultural and psychological factors of Eating disorders

-psychologists have linked the historical and cross cultural differences in the prevalence of eating disorders to differences in the standards of beauty for women at different times in different cultures -the ideal shape for women has become thinner and thinner -media pressure & peer pressureequates to woman valuing thinness more than men, shown in TV -athletes classified in "aesthetic" and "weight dependent" were more likely to have bulimia or anorexia

sociocultural factors of substance use

-rates of substance use disorders are higher among people living in poverty, women in abusive relationships and adolescents with bad family life because the reinforcing effects of substances are attractive to those under chronic stress -may think they have little to lose -some societies discourage any use of alcohol

Depression and CHD

-reduced oxygen & marshaling of immune system contributed to depression and CHD -both are linked to genes that alter serotonin system - depression is associated with reduced heart variability -those who are depressed are more likely to engage in CHD risk factors -exercise is effective in reducing depression and CHD -depression contributes to CHD through social isolation and impact on biological systems

Gender Dysphoria

-replaces gender identity disorder condition in which a person believes that he or she was born with the wrong sex's genitals and is fundamentally a person of the opposite sex

Biological factors of Eating Disorders

-run in families -heritability of 56% for anorexia nervosa -heritability of 41% for binge-eating disorder -genes carry general risk -genetics interact with biological changes of puberty to contribute to onset of eating disorders in girls -might be caused by imbalances in or dysregulation of any of the neurochemicals involved in this system or by structural or functional problems in hypothalamus. -ppl with anorexia show lowered functioning of hypothalamus and abnormalities in levels of several hormones important to its functioning, including serotonin and dopamine

Sleep and Health

-sleep is critically important to health -lack of sleep leads to higher mortality rates -sleep deprivation has psychological effects -stress is frequent contributor

psychological factors of substance use disorders

-social learning theories state that children learn substance use behaviors through modeling of parent's behavior -cognitive theories focus on people's expectations of alcohol's effects and beliefs about appropriateness of using it to cope with stress -characteristic that leads to increased risk= behavioral undercontrol or tendency to be impulsive, sensation seeking and pron to antisocial behaviors

prevalence of binge eating disorder

-somewhat more common in woman than men, both in general community and among people in weight loss programs -do not appear to have an racial/ethnic differences in rates -high rates of depression/anxiety and possibly higher incidence of alcohol abuse and personality disorders -chronic condition

Treatments for ADHD

-stimulant medications (i.e Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall) increase levels of dopamine, 70-85 % respond positively Nonstimulant drugs affect the levels of norepinephrine (e.g. Atomoxetine, clondine, and guanfacinechumba) Behavioral therapies- focus on reinforcing attentive, goal-directed, and prosocial behaviors and extinguishing impulsive and hyperactive behaviors *COMBINATION OF STIMULANT AND PSYCHOSOCIAL IS BEST*

Treatment for hypersomnolence

-stimulant modafinil effective in tx of daytime sleepiness -other stimulants:amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate -sodium oxybate and selegiline reduce cataplexy, hallucinations and sleep paralysis -antidepressants do not have proven effectiveness

biological therapies for sexual dysfunction

-treat primary medical condition -adjust dosage or switch medications -cease use of recreational drugs -sildenafil/Viagra, Cialis & Levitra for erectile disorder -bupropion can be an effective antidepressant and reduce sexual side effects -mechanical interventions & prosthetics for erectile disorder -antidepressant can reduce the frequency of premature ejaculation -bupropion can treat some women with hypoactive sexual desire

Treatments for Delirium

-treat primary medical condition -cease use of medication if that is the cause -antipsychotics to treat confusion -nursing care to prevent self-injury -providing reassuring atmosphere -

prevalence of bulimia nervosa

.5% in adults, .9 % in adolescents More common in females than males criteria were loosened in DSM-V by reducing the min average number of times per week binge/purge behaviors must occur from 2 to 1. Men with bulimia are more likley than women to exercise excessively to control weight more common among caucasians and in westernized cultures death rate is not as high as anorexia, both have serious medical complications

Prevalence of Anorexia

.9 % in adult women, .3 among males DSM-IV rates are stricter than DSM-V Caucasians are more likely than African Americans and Hispanic Americans to develop this disorder incidence has increased substantially since the early part of 20th century

Biological factors of ASD

1. High heritable component 2. Genetic vulnerabilities, higher rates of other genetic disorders associated with cognitive impairment, suggesting a vulnerability to varying types of cognitive impairments - several gene abnormalities 3. Prenatal/birth complications

Impaired Control criteria for Substance Use disorder

1. The substance is taken in increasingly larger amounts or over a longer period of time than originally intended. 2. The substance user craves the use of . the substance 3. The substance user feels an ongoing desire to cut down or control . substance abuse 4. Much time is spent in obtaining, using, or recovering from the substance

Pharmacological criteria for substance use disorder

10. Changes in the substances user's tolerance of the substance is indicated by the need for increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect or by a diminished experience of intoxication over time with the same amount of the substance 11. Withdrawal is demonstrated by the characteristic withdrawal syndrome of the substance and/or taking the same or similar substance to relieve withdrawal symptoms

Treatments for and Prevention of NCD

2 classes of drugs to treat cognitive symptoms: -cholinesterase inhibitors: donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), & galantamine (Reminyl) *first class of drugs help prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, showing positive effect on NCD symptoms* -2nd class regulates activity of glutamate, which plays essential role in learning & memory; memantine (Namenda) is one such drug

College Drinking Statistics

20% of college students meet the criteria for an AUD. According to a national survey, almost 60% of college students drank alcohol in the past month, almost 2 out of 3 of them engaged in binge drinking during that same timeframe. Death: About 1,825 college students die from alcohol-related unintentional injuries, including motor-vehicle crashes. Assault: About 696,000 college student are assaulted by another student who has been drinking. Sexual Assault: About 97,000 students report experiencing alcohol-related sexual assault or date rape. About 1 in 4 college students report academic consequences from drinking.

five stages of sleep

4 stages of differing depths of sleep (NREM sleep) -closing eyes, prep for sleep: alpha waves -Stage 1: irregular brain waves and lower amplitude -Stage 2: spindles(short runs of rhythmical responses & an occasional rise and fall in amplitude of EEG -Stage 3& 4: slow delta waves 5th stage known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - 4 or 5 distinct REM periods in 8 hr sleep period

Social Impairment criteria for substance use disorder

5. The ongoing use of the substance often results in an inability to meet responsibilities at home, work, or school 6. Important social, work-related, or recreational activities are abandoned or cut back because of substance use. 7. Ongoing substance use despite recurring social or relationship difficulties caused or made worse by the effects of the substance

Risky Use Criteria for substance use disorder

8. Ongoing substance use in physically dangerous situations such as driving a car or operating machinery 9. Substance use continues despite the awareness of ongoing physical or psychological problems that have likely arisen or been made worse by the substance.

Modifying Hostility to Improve Cardiovascular Functioning

A combination of cognitive and behavioral techniques has been shown to improve cardiovascular health by reducing Type A behavior, especially hostility -helped hostile patients learn to express themselves without exploding and to alter certain behaviors -overcome sense of time urgency by standing in line and reflecting -Cognitive techniques helped participants reevaluate certain beliefs such ash success depends on work quantity

Hypertension

A condition in which the blood supply through the blood vessels is excessive and can lead to deterioration of the cell tissue and hardening of the arterial walls -essential hypertension=causes unknown

DSM-5 Criteria for Intellectual Disability (IDD)

A disorder with an onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual . and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains. 3 criteria must be met: A. Deficits in intellectual functions confirmed by both clinical assessment and individualized, standardized intelligence testing B. Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility. Limit function in 1+ activities of daily life. C. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period. *Severity Range: mild, moderate, severe, profound

Difference between bulimia and binge eating disorder

A person with binge-eating disorder does not regularly engage in purging, fasting or excessive exercise to compensate for binges - people with binge-eating disorder may eat continuously throughout the day with no planned meals or they may take part in discrete binges of large amounts of food in response to stressors -may eat rapidly and appear as if they are in a daze as they eat

DSM-5 Criteria for Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents & Adults

A. A marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months duration, as manifested by at least 2 of the following: 1. A marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics (or, in young adolescents, the anticipated secondary sex characteristics) 2. A strong desire to be rid of one's primary and/or secondary sex characteristics because of a marked incongruence with one's experienced/expressed gender (or, in young adolescents, the anticipated secondary sex characteristics) 3. A strong desire for the primary and/or secondary sex characteristics of the other gender 4. A strong desire to be of the other gender (or some alternative gender different from one's assigned gender) 5. A strong desire to be treated as the other gender (or some alternative gender different from one's assigned gender) 6. A strong conviction that one has the typical feelings and reactions of the other gender (or some alternative gender different from one's assigned gender) B. The condition is associated with clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

DSM-5 Criteria for Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake disorders

A. A persistent of recurrent pattern of sleep disruption that is primarily due to an alteration of the circadian system or to misalignment b/w the endogenous circadian rhythm and the sleep-wake schedule required by an individual's physical environment, social or professional B. The sleep disruption leads to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, or both. C. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning *Specify type & if Familial *Specify if episodic (1 month but less than 3) *Specifiy if Persistent (3+ months) *Specify if Recurrent (2+ episodes within a year)

DSM-5 criteria for Insomnia Disorder

A. A predominant complaint of dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality associated with one . (or more) of the following symptoms: 1. Difficulty initiating sleep 2. Difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings 3. Early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep B. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioral, or other important areas of functioning. C. The sleep difficulty occurs at least 3 nights/week D. The sleep difficulty is present @ least 3 months E. The sleep difficulty occurs despite adequate opportunity to sleep F. The insomnia is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during course of another sleep-wake disorder (a parasomnia) G. The insomnia is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance H. Coexisting mental disorders and medical conditions do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of insomnia *Specify if with non-sleep disorder mental comorbidity, other medical comorbity, or other sleep disorder*

DSM-5 Criteria for Restless Leg Syndrome

A. An urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by or in response to uncomfrotable and unpleasant sensations in the legs, characterized by all of the following: 1. The urge to move the legs begins or worsens during periods of rest or inactivity 2. The urge to move the legs is partially or totally relieved by movement 3. The urge to move the legs is worse in the evening than during th day or occurs only in evening B. Symptoms of A occur at least 3x/week, persistent for 3 months C. The S/S are accompanied by distress or impairment in social, occupational, educational, academic, behavioral or other important areas of functioning. D. Not attributable to another mental disorder or medical condition E. The S/S are not attributable to effects of drug

DSM-5 Criteria for Specific Learning Disorder

A. Difficulties in learning and using academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 months, despite the provision of interventions that target those difficulties: 1. Inaccurate/slow &effortful word reading 2. Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read 3. Spelling difficulties 4.Difficulties w/ written expression 5.Difficulties w/ number sense, facts, or calculation 6.Difficulties with mathematical reasoning B. The affected academic skills are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for age & interferes with performance/daily life C. Begins during school years and may not fully manifest until beyond capabilities D. Not accounted for by intellectual disabilities, uncorrected visual/auditory acuity or other issues * Areas of difficulties are specified*

DSM-5 Criteria for Delirium

A. Disturbance in attention (i.e, reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention) and orientation to the environment and awareness (reduced orientation to the environment). B. The disturbance develops over a short period of time (hours-few days) and represents a change from baseline attention and awareness, and tends to fluctuate in severity during the course of a day. C. An additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., memory deficit, disorientation, language, visuospatial ability, or perception) D. The disturbances in Criteria A & C are not better explained by another preexisting, established, or evolving neurocognitive disorder and don't occur in context of severely reduced level of arousal, such as coma E. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory finding that the disturbance is a direct physiological consequence of another medical condition substance intoxication or withdrawal, or exposure to a toxin, or due to multiple etiologies

DSM-5 Criteria for Central Sleep Apnea

A. Evidence by polysomnography of 5+ central apneas/ hrs of sleep B. The disorder is not better explained by another current sleep disorder

DSM-5 Criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD)

A. Evidence of significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in 1+ cognitive domains (complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social cognition) based on: 1. concern of the individual, a knowledgeable informant, or the clinician . that there has been significant decline in cognitive function; AND 2. A substantial impairment in cognitive performance, preferably documented by standardized neuropsychological testing or in its absence, another quantified clinical assessment. B. The cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday activities (i.e., at a minimum, requiring assistance with complex instrumental activities of daily living such as paying bills or managing meds) C. The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium D. The cognitive deficits are not better explained by another mental disorder (MDD, Schizophrenia).

DSM-5 Criteria for Gambling Disorder

A. Persistent & recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting 4+ of the following in 12 month period: 1. Needs to gamble with increasing amounts of money in order to achieve the desired excitement 2. Is restless or irritably when attempting to cut down or stop gambling 3. Has made repeated unsuccessful effort to control, cut back, or stop gambling 4. Is often preoccupied with gambling 5. Often gambles when feeling distressed 6. After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even 7. Lies to conceal the extent of involvement with gambling 8. Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity because of gambling. 9. relies on others to provide money to relieve desperate financial situations caused by gambling B. The gambling behavior is not better explained by a manic episode Specify if Episodic, Persistent & Current Severity

DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts as manifested by: 1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity 2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interactions 3. Deficits in developing , maintaining, and understanding relationships B. Restricted repetitive patterns of behaviors interests, or activities as manifested by at least 2 of these: 1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech 2. Insistence on sameness 3. Highly restricted fixated interests that are abnormal in focus 4. Hyper or hyporeactivity to sensory input C. S/S present in early development D. S/S cause significant clinical impairment E. Not better explained by intellectual disability or global development delay

DSM-5 CRITERIA for ADHD

A. Persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity that interferes with functioning or development, characterized by 6 symptoms in the following 2 categories: -Inattention -Hyperactivity B. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to 12 C. Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present in 2+ settings D. Clear evidence this interferes with/reduces quality of social/academic/occupational functioning E. S/S do not exclusively occur during the course of a psychotic disorder and no other disorder better describes symptoms

DSM-5 criteria for sleep-related hypoventilation

A. Polysomnography demonstrates episodes of decreased respiration associated with elevated CO2 levels. B. The disturbance is not better characterized by another current sleep disorder

DSM-5 Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating. An episode of binge-eating is characterized by both of the following: 1. Eating, in a discrete period of time (w/in 2 hrs) an amount of food that is larger than most ppl would eat during similar time/circumstances 2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what/how much one is eating) B. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting or excessive exercise. C. The binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors both occur, on average, at least once per week for 3 months D. Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight. E. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa

DSM-5 Criteria for Binge-Eating Disorder

A. Recurrent episodes of binge eating; Characterized by both of the following: 1. Eating, in a discrete period of time (w/in 2 hrs) an amount of food that is larger than most ppl would eat during similar time/circumstances 2. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what/how much one is eating) B. Binge eating episodes include at least three of the following: -eating more rapidly than normal -eating until uncomfortably full -eating large amounts when not hungry -eating alone due to embarrassment about large food quantity -feeling disgusted, guilty, or depressed after the binge C. Marked distress regarding binge eating is present D. The binge eating occurs on average at least once a week for 3 months E. The binge eating is not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behavior and does not occur exclusively during the course of bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa

DSM-5 criteria for NREM Sleep Arousal Disorders

A. Recurrent episodes of incomlete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first 3rd ot the major sleep episode accompanied by: 1. Sleepwalking 2. Sleep terrors B. No or little dream imagery is recalled C. Amnesia for the episode is present D. The episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning E. The distrubance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance F. Coesixting mental and medical disorders do not explain the episodes of sleepwalking or sleep terrors

DSM-5 Criteria for Narcolepsy

A. Recurrent periods of irrepressible need to sleep, lapsing into sleep, or napping occurring within the same day. These must have been occurring at least 3x a week over 3 months B. Presence of @ least 1 of the following: 1. Episodes of cataplexy, defined as either a or b occurring at least a few times/month: a. In individuals with long-standing disease, brief episodes of sudden bilateral loss of muscle tone with maintained consciousness that are precipitated by laughter or joking b. In children or in individuals within 6 months of onset, spontaneous grimaces or jaw-opening episodes with tongue thrusting or a global hypotonia, without obvious triggers 2. Hypocretin deficiency as measured using CSF. Low CSF of hypocretin-1 must not be observed in the context of acute brain injury, inflammation, or infection 3. Nocturnal sleep polysomnography showing REM sleep latency less than or equal to 15 mins or a multiple sleep latency test showing a mean sleep latency less than/equal to 8 mins and 2+ sleep onset REM periods

DSM-5 Criteria for Rapid Eye movement sleep behavior disorder

A. Repeated episodes of arousal during sleep associated with vocalization and/or complex motor behaviors B. These behaviors arise during REM sleep and therefore usually occur more than 90 mins after sleep onset, are more frequent during the later portions of the sleep period, and uncommonly occur during daytime naps C. Upon awakening from these episodes, the individual is completely awak, alert, and not confused or disoriented. D. Either of the following: 1. REM sleep w/o atonia on polysomnographic recording 2. hx suggestive of REM sleep behavior disorder and an est synonucleinopathy dx (Parkinson's) E. The behaviors cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social occupational, or other important areas of functioning (injury to self or bed partner) F. The disturbance is not attributable to effects of substance or medical condition G. Coexisting mental and medical disorders do not explain the episode

DSM-5 Criteria for Nightmare Disorder

A. Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity and that generally occur during the 2nd half of the major sleep episode B. On awakening from the dysphoric dreams, the indiviudal rapidly becomes oriented and alert C. The sleep disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. D. The nightmare symptoms are not attributable to substance E. Coexisting mental and medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of dysphoric derams

DSM-5 Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa

A. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children and adolescents, less than that minimally expected. B. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or of persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight. C. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.

DSM-5 Criteria for Hypersomnolence Disorder

A. Self-reported excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period lasting at least 7 hrs, with @ least 1 of the following: 1.Recurrent period of sleep or lapses into sleep within the same day 2. A prolonged main sleep episode of more than 9 hr per day that is nonrestorative 3. Difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening B. The hypersomnolence occurs at least 3x a week, for at least 3 months C. The hypersomnolence is accompanied by significant distress or impairmenrtin cognitive, social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning D. The hypersomnolence is not better explained by and does not occur exclusively during the course of another sleep disorder E. The hypersomnolence is not attributable to the physiological . effects of . a substance F, Coexisting mental & medical disorders do not adequately explain the predominant complaint of hypersomnolence.

Genetic factors of Learning & Communication Disorders

Abnormalities in the brain structure and functioning -Broca's area (related to articulated and analyzing words) - low activity in Parietotemporal area - low activity in occipitotemporal region

Tobacco Use Disorder

According to the CDC, more than 480,000 deaths each year are caused by cigarette smoking. Tobacco use and smoking do damage to nearly every organ in the human body, often leading to lung cancer, respiratory disorders, heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses. In 2014, an estimated 66.9 million Americans aged 12 or older were current users of a tobacco product (25.2%). Young adults aged 18 to 25 had the highest rate of current use of a tobacco product (35%), followed by adults aged 26 or older (25.8%), and by youths aged 12 to 17 (7%).

sexual sadism disorder

Acts (real, not simulated) involving the physical or psychological suffering (including humiliation) of another person

Similarities in Motor Disorders

All three typically begin in childhood and increase in adolescence and then decline in adulthood - highly comorbid with OCD and likely share common causes with OCD. - co-occur in families and may be due to similar genetic factors. - associated with dysfunctions in dopamine systems in areas of the brain involved in control of motor behavior, such as the cerebrum, basal ganglia, and frontal cortex, as is the case in OCD - all three treated with behavioral therapy called habit reversal therapy (triggers for signs of impending tics or stereotypic behaviors are identified and clients are taught to engage in competing behaviors, w/ positive results) -PMTVD & Tourette's respond to drugs that alter dopamine systems like atypical antipsychotic medications.

Comparison of Eating Disorders

Anorexia Restrictive & Binge/Purge types =significantly underweight & have severely disturbed body images People with Bulimia Nervosa have normal weight/ overweight, are overconcerned with weight & shape

Harm Reduction Model

Approach to treating substance use disorders that views alcohol use as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol (such as alcohol-related accidents) and on the payoffs of moderation (such as avoidance of hangovers)

polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation

Assessment of sleep disorders in which a client sleeping in the lab is monitored for heart, muscle, respiration, brain wave, and other functions.

Treatments for Sexual Dysfunctions

Because most sexual dysfunctions have multiple causes, tx may involve a combo of approaches, often including bio interventions, psychosocial therapy focusing on problems in a relationship or on the concerns of an individual client, and sex therapies to help clients learn new skills for increasing their sexual arousal and pleasure

PCP intoxication symptoms

Behavioral changes (e.g., belligerence, assaultiveness, impulsiveness, unpredictability, psychomotor agitation, impaired judgment) involuntary rapid eyeball movement hypertension numbness loss of muscle coordination problems speaking due to poor muscle control muscle rigidity seizures or coma exceptionally acute hearing perceptual disturbances

cocaine and amphetamines intoxication symptoms

Behavioral changes (e.g., euphoria or affective blunting; changes in sociability;hypervigilance; interpersonal sensitivity;anxiety, tension, or anger; impaired judgment) Rapid Heartbeat dilation of pupils elevated or lowered blood pressure perspiration or chills nausea or vomiting weight loss psychomotor agitation or retardation muscular weakness slowed breathing chest pain confusion, seizures coma

Hallucinogens Intoxication symptoms

Behavioral changes (e.g., marked anxiety or depression, the feeling that others are talking about u, fear of losing your mind, paranoia, impaired judgment) Perceptual changes while awake (e.g., intensification of senses, depersonalization, illusions, hallucainations) Dilation of pupils Rapid heartbeat sweatin palpitations blurring of vision tremors incoordination

treatment for circadian rhythm sleep wake disorderrs

Behavioral interventions -planned napping -exposure to bright lights Administering melatonin at prescribed times -stimulants can improve alertness

Treatments for Paraphilias

Biological interventions -aimed at reducing sex drive -surgical castration (rare) -chemical castration (antiandrogen drugs) in conjunction with psychotherapy -SSRIs to reduce sexual drive and paraphilic behaviors -behavior modification therapies -Aversion therapy -CBT

Cognitive Factors related to ED

Body dissatisfaction in combination with social pressure, low self-esteem and perfectionism creates toxic mix of ____ factors that predict development of an eating disorder -these thought cause maladaptive strategies to control weight -people with eating disorders are more concerned with opionions of others and are more susceptible to societal pressures -have dichotomous thinking style (judging as all good or all bad)

Tourette's Disorder

Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been present at some time during the illness, although not necessarily concurrently.

executive functions

Brain functions that involve the ability to plan, initiate, monitor, and stop complex behaviors

Success of therapies in bulimia nervosa

CBT & interpersonal therapy clients showed greatest and most enduring improvements

GHB

CNS depressant approved for tx of sleep disorder narcolepsy low dose- relieve anxiety and promote relaxation high dose-sleep, coma, death -used among bodybuildiners and athletes -considered a date rape drug

Treatment for Sleep-related breathing disorders

CPAP for obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea Drugs that affect serotonin system-SSRIs- obstructive stimulantes modafinil to reduce daytime sleepiness -surgery (rare)c

Techniques for Treating Pelvic Muscle Tightening

Deconditioning the woman's automatic tightening of her vaginal muscles

substance abuse

Diagnosis given in the DSM-IV when a person's recurrent substance use leads to significant harmful consequences, as manifested by a failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home; the use of substances in physically hazardous situations; legal problems; and continued use despite social and legal problems

substance dependence

Diagnosis given in the DSM-IV when a person's substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment or distress, as manifested by an inability to use the substance in moderation; a decline in social, occupational, or recreational activities; or the spending of large amounts of time obtaining substances or recovering from their effects aka drug addiction in DSM-IV

paraphilic disorder

Disorder characterized by atypical sexual activity that involves one of the following: (1) nonhuman objects, (2) nonconsenting adults, (3) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (4) children

Hypersomnolence Disorders

Disorders characterized by excessive sleepiness, which can be expressed as either an excessive quantity of sleep (also referred to as hypersomnia) or a low quality of wakefulness.

irregular sleep-wake type

Do not have a discernable sleep-wake rhythm fragmented in to 3 periods during 24 hrs

Treatments for ASD

Drug Therapies Psychosocial Therapies * COMBO OF BOTH = BEST

binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa

During the last 3 months, the individual has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge-eating or purging behavior (self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. **binge on relatively small amounts of food and purge more consistently.

restricting type of anorexia nervosa

During the last 3 months, the individual has not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). This subtype describes presentations in which weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting/fasting/ and/or excessive exercise.

DSM-5 criteria for Obstructive Sleep Apnea/ Hypopnea

Either 1 or 2: 1. Evidence by polysomnogrpahy of at least 5+ obstructive apneas or hypopneas/ hr of sleep and either of : a. Nocturnal breathing disturbances:snoring, snorting/gasping or breathing pauses during sleep/ b. Daytime sleepiness, fatigue or unrefreshing sleep despite sufficient opportunities to sleep that is not better explained by another mental disorder or medical condition 2. Evidence by polysomnogrpahy of 15+ obstructive apneas and or hypopneas per hr of sleep regardless of other symptoms *Specify if Mild (less than15), Moderate (15-30), Severe (30+)

Biological Causes of Intellectual Disability

Genetic Contributions - Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs, and Chormosomal disorders Brain damage during gestation & early life -Fetal Alchohol syndrome -Infectious Diseases -Severe head trauma

Causes of Alzheimer's Disease

Genetic Factors -Family history -Twin studies confirm this role-several genes have been linked , especially apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) on chromosome 19 -chromosome 21 Deficits in Neurotransmitters - acetylcholine -norepinephrine -serotonin -somatostatin -peptide Y

Behavioral Strategies for Intellectual Disability

Involvement of parents and caregivers, behavioral modeling, integrated approach -Enhance child's positive behaviors and reduce negative behaviors -Social and communication skills may be taught -May learn to initiate . conversations and articulate more clearly - Desired behavior may be modeled in incremental steps and rewards given to the individual as they come close to mastering *do not simply focus on isolated skills but rather integrated into a comprehensive program designed to maximize the individual's ability to function in the community

Cannabis withdrawal symptoms

Irritability, aggression, anxiety or nervousness insomnia, lack of appetite/weight loss restlessness, depressed mood, abdominal pain, tremors, diaphoresis, fever, headache

Institutionalization

Less common social program where people with severe IDD are kept in a _____.

Orgasm phase of the sexual response cycle

Males - Sense of inevitability of ejaculation followed by ejaculation Females - Rhythmic contractions of the vagina and more irregular contractions of the uterus

Neurocognitive disorders associated with other medical condition

Medical conditions like Lewy Body disease, Parkinson's diseas, HIV, and Huntington's disease can produce _______.

Biological causes of Sexual Dysfunctions

Medical illnesses like diabetes (40% of erectile disorder) (can't be sole cause) Abnormally low levels of the androgen hormones or high levels of the hormones estrogen and prolactin in men estrogen problems in women may result in low arousal due to reduced vaginal lubrication Use of tranquilizers in women Substance-induced sexual dysfunction: SSRIs Recreational drugs Alcohol

Prevalence of CHH

Men are more prone to CHD than are women, but it is still the leading cause od death among women. African AMericans and Hispanic Americans have higher rates of CHD than do European Ameriacans Genetic Contributor to CHD chronic stress is a risk factor

lifelong male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Men who report never having had much interest in sex, either with other people or privately -this is a rare case

Alcohol withdrawal

Minor symptoms --> Alcohlic Hallucinosis --> Withdrawal Seizures--> Delirium Tremens

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Motor performance that is substantially below expected levels, given the person's chronologic age and previous opportunities for skill acquisition (e.g., poor balance, clumsiness, dropping or bumping into things; marked delays in acquiring basic motor skills such as walking, crawling , sitting, or catching, throwing, cutting, coloring, or printing) - comorbid with ADHD (50%) - CANNOT BE DUE TO MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

Causes of delirium

NCD is the strongest predictor of _____ increasing risk 5-fold -medical conditions increase risk -substance use -fluid & electrolyte imbalances -medication side effects -toxic substances -sensory isolation -high mortality rate among elderly

Drug therapy for Intellectual Disabilities

Neuroleptic medications are controversial but can reduce aggressive/destructive/antisocial behaviot, atypical antipsychotics to reduce aggression/ self-injury, antidepressants to reduce depression

fetishistic disorder

Nonliving objects (e.g., female undergarments) or nongenital bodyparts -commonly eroticized body parts include feet, toes & hair soft fetishes: soft, furry, lacy thing such as lingerie, stockings, and garters hard fetishes: smooth, harsh, black, such as spike-heeled shoes black gloves/ rubber/leather -for people with this disorder, the desire is for the object itself

Opioid Use Disorder

Opioids: Codeine, Fentanyl, Vicodin, Demerol, OxyContin, Methadone Opioids reduce the perception of pain but can also produce drowsiness, mental confusion, euphoria, nausea, constipation, and can depress respiration. In 2014, an estimated 1.9 million people had an opioid use disorder related to prescription pain relievers and an estimated 586,000 had an opioid use disorder related to heroin use. Overdoses with opioids led to almost 17,000 deaths in 2011. Since 1999, opiate overdose deaths have increased 265% among men and 400% among women. Withdrawal symptoms can include negative mood, nausea or vomiting, muscle aches, diarrhea, fever, and insomnia.

Difference between Bulimia & Anorexia Binge/Purge Type

People with binge/purge type of anorexia continue to be substantially below a healthy body weight, whereas people with bulimia nervosa typically are at a normal weight or somewhat overweight.

psychological causes of sexual dysfunction

People's emotional well-being and beliefs and attitudes about sex greatly influence their sexuality -mental disorders can cause sexual dysfunction due to medication, anxiety or OCD, or schizophrenia -negative attitudes towards sex, inexperience/embarrassment, performance anxiety, spectatoring -sexual trauma for women is a common reason -other trauma's for both men and women, such as loss of a Intloved one

Appraisals and Pessimism

Pessimism may contribute to poor health by causing chronic arousal of the body's fight-or flight response resulting in physiological damage -poorer immune system functioning and higher blood pressure - leads to engagement in unhealthy behaviors this outlook may affect health directly by causing hyperarousal of body's physiological repsonse to stress or indirectly by reducing positive coping strategies and healthy behaviors

Three subtypes of ADHD

Predominantly inattentive type Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type Combined type

female orgasmic disorder

Reduced intensity, or recurrent delay or absence of orgasm during sexual activity -aka anorgasmia -disorder of orgasm or sexual pain

caffeine use disorder

Regular use reported by 90% of adults Repeated use can result in a strong desire to drink caffeine, difficulties in controlling use, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state. May result in dependence, withdrawal if use is ceased, and physical symptoms such as nervousness, insomnia, gastrointestinal upset, tachycardia, incontinence, and muscle twitches

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behavior (e.g., hand shaking or waving, body rocking, head banging, self-biting) causing clinically significant distress or functional impairment

Biological therapies for ED

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine (Prozac), have been the focus of much research on tx for bulimia nervosa. -drugs appear to reduce binge-eating and purging behaviors, but fail to restore normal eating habits CBT plus antidepressents increases rate of recovery -antidepressants are often used to treat anorexia and lead to reduction in symptoms of half the studies -Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic leads to increases in weight in ppl with anorexia -SSRIs, antiepileptic medications, and obesity medications, are all better than a placebo in reducing binge-eating but do not reduce body image concerns

Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

Single or multiple motor or vocal tics, persistent for at least 1 year, and with onset before age 18 - have ONLY motor OR vocal tics, NOT both.

Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation (ADHD)

Six or more symptoms of hyperactivity- impulsivity less than six symptoms of inattention

substance-induced sleep disorder

Sleep disturbance due to the use of substances, including prescription medications (e.g., medications that control hypertension or cardiac arrhythmias) and nonprescription substances (e.g., alcohol and caffeine).

actigraph

Small electronic device that is worn on the wrist like a watch and records body movements. This device can be used to record sleep-wake cycles.

neurocognitive disorders

behavioral disorders known or presumed to result from disruptions of brain structure and functioning arise in older age

Mainstreaming

Social Program involving the practice of placing children with special needs in regular classroom settings, with the support of professionals who provide special education services * Controversial & many children remain in special education where they receive intensive training to overcome skills deficits, however newly incorporate that they will spend time in regular classrooms over the course of week

Early Intervention Programs for Intellectual Disability

Social program reccommended by experts to begin comprehensive _____ with children at risk for IDD from 1st day of life. Includes: -Intensive 1-1 ______ to enhance their development of basic skills -efforts to reduce the social conditions that might interfere with development of basic skills -Ex: Infant Health and Development program focused on birth weight of child, in home follow ups in parenting practices, children went to development centers, etc

Group Homes

Social program where those with IDD live in____ where they receive assistance with daily tasks and training in vocational and social skills. Increasingly being mainstreamed into workforce

Stimulant Use Disorder

Stimulants: Vyvanse, Adderall, Ritalin, Concerta, Ecstasy, Cocaine Stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy, as well as elevate blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration. An estimated 913,000 people ages 12 and older have a stimulant use disorder because of cocaine use, and an estimated 476,000 people have a stimulant use disorder as a result of using amphetamines. Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac arrest followed by an arrest of breathing. Also loss of sense of smell, nosebleeds, Amphetamines- concerta, ritalin, adderall- happiness, talking more and feeling energetic, Racing heartbeat Seizures Passing out Stroke, heart attack and death

techniques for treating early ejaculation

Stop-start technique Squeeze Technique

Partial syndrome eating disorders

Syndromes that don't meet the full criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa -may binge a couple times a month but not every week -may be underweight but not severe -people with this disorder are just as likely to have several psychological problems both in adolescence & in 20s

T or F: People with bulimia nervosa have a more realistic perception of their actual body shape & weight and are constantly dissatisfied with their shape and weight, constantly concerned abt losing weight

T

T or F: The DSM-5 specifies that paraphilias are not in it of themselves mental disorders and cannot be diagnosed as a paraphilic disorder

T

T or F: the DSM-5 defines desire as the presence of sexual fantasies and yearning to have sex, but many women say they seldom engage in sexual fantasies or yearning for sex yet do desire and enjoy sex

T

T or F: the suicide rate among people with anorexia is 31 times the rate in general population

T

T or F: Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are legally manufactured and sold by prescription, usually as sedatives for treatment of anxiety and insomnia

T: Benzodiazepines are also used as muscle relaxants and antiseizure medicines

T or F: Boys are a little more than two times more likely than girls to develop ADHD in childhood and early adolescence

T: Girls with ADHD tend to present primarily with inattentive features and have less disruptive behavior than boys, which could lead to underidentification in girls

T or F: The DSM-IV distinguishes between substance abuse and substance dependence

T: The DSM-V combined substance abuse and dependence into 1 diagnosis, substance use disorder, because of difficulties in distinguishing between abuse and dependence in clinical/research settings due to low reliability of the diagnosis of substance abuse.

T or F: People with psychological disorders have more physical health problems than people without psychological disorders

T: cause more pessimism etc

T or F: Neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease is the second most common type of progressive NCD after Alzheimer's disease.

T: it is caused by abnormal round structures that develop in the brain, includes changes in attention and alertness, visual hallucinations, and symptoms of Parkinson's.

T or F: Many individuals who initially meet the criteria for one eating disorder eventually migrate between them, meeting the criteria for two or more of the disorders at different times.

T: many people show behaviors and concerns characteristic of 1+ eating disorder w/o meeting full criteria. This causes the diagnosis "other specified feeding or eating disorder"

T or F: sexual interest or desire and sexual arousal seem to be more intimately connected with each other in women than in men.

T: this difference among many others caused the DSM-5 to combine difficulties in sexual interest or arousal into 1 diagnosis for women

T or F: Intellectual disability and Autism Spectrum disorder frequently co-occur

T: to make comorbid diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability social communication . (criteria A) must be below that expected for general developmental level.

T or F: People diagnosed with the combined presentation are more likely to develop a conduct disorder

T; 45-60% of people with ADHD develop a conduct disorder

T or F: Tourette's disorder, especially with the presence of complex vocal tics, is more debilitating and more often comorbid with other disorders thtn PMVTD

T; can be comorbid with ADHD or OCD & these distinctions and varying levels of severity make these 2 disorders separate diagnoses.

T or F: The behaviors from Stereotypic Movement disorder differ from tics in that the individual may continue to engage in them for an extended period of time.

T; they are often seen in individuals with other disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder.

acquired male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

The man used to enjoy sex but has lost interest in it. - lack of desire can be generalized or specific to partner

DSM-5 Sexual Dysfunctions

The sexual dysfunction disorders can be divided into 2 categories. If a sexual dysfunction is cause by substance/meds, it is given the diagnosis substance/med-induced sexual dysfunction. All sexual dysfunctions (except substance/med induced) require a min duration of 6 months. 1)Disorders of Sexual Interest/Desire or Arousal 2) Disorders of Orgasm or Sexual Pain

Treatment of Learning Disorders

Therapies designed to build missing skills -Individualized Education Plan (IEP) describes child's specific skill deficits as determined by formal tests and observations by parents and teachers and involve them in strategies to help the child overcome these deficits

Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa Binge/Purge Type

They Do Participate in: bingeing purging or other compensatory behaviors and they have a sense of lack of control over eating during binges

Characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa Restrictive Type

They Do not participate in: bingeing purging or other compensatory behaviors and they do not have a sense of lack of control over eating

Characteristics of Bulimia Nervosa

They Do participate in: bingeing purging or other compensatory behaviors and they have a sense of lack of control over eating

Characteristics of binge eating disorder

They Participate in Bingeing and they do have a sense of lack of control over eating They do not participate in purging or other compensatory behaviors -significantly overweight

long term effects of alcohol misuse

Toxic effects on the body, including the stomach, esophagus, pancreas, and liver Low-grade hypertension and dementia Increased risk for cancer Malnourishment Notable effects on brain development -moderate alcohol consumption, particularly of red wine, carries health benefits

Substance Use Disorder characteristics

Using larger amounts or for longer time than intended. Persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to cut down or control use. Great deal of time obtaining, using, or recovering. Craving Fail to fulfill major roles (work, school, home). Persistent social or interpersonal problems caused by substance use. Important social, occupational, recreational activities given up or reduced. Use in physically hazardous situations. Use despite physical or psychological problems caused by use. Pharmacological Criteria Tolerance, Withdrawal Severity of substance use disorders: mild, moderate, or severe.

major neurocognitive disorder (major NCD)

a brain disorder characterized by a deteriorating course of deficits in neurocognitive functioning (e.g. memory, attention) that interferes significantly with independent living - more commonly known as dementia when referring to older adults -typically occurs in late life -5-10% of people over age 65

speech sound disorder

a communication disorder characterized by difficulties in producing speech S/S: may not use speech sounds appropriate for their age or dialect, or they may substitute one sound for another, words may come out like baby talk.

language disorder

a communication disorder characterized by difficulties in the comprehension or production of spoken or written language and other language modalities S/S: problems w/ vocab, grammar, narrative, & other pragmatic language abilities

social communication disorder

a communication disorder characterized by difficulty using language and other modalities for communicating in social situations S/S: have deficits in using verbal/nonverbal communication for social purposes, such as greeting and sharing info, in a manner that is appropriate for social context. Participation and relationships are impaired * ONLY DIAGNOSED IF COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES DO NOT BETTER FIT ASD*

bulimia nervosa

a cycle of bingeing followed by extreme behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting.

insomnia disorder

a disorder characterized by chronic difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or by sleep that does not restore energy and alertness

gambling disorder

a disorder, similar to substance abuse, characterized by the inability to resist the impulse to gamble

Crack

a form of freebase cocaine boiled down into tiny chunks/rocks and is usually smoked

Motor Disorders

a group of disorders characterized by motor symptoms such as tics, stereotypic movements, or dyscoordination

mild neurocognitive disorder

a mental disorder manifesting a slight abnormal decrease in mental function involving memory, thought, communication, behavior, or the completion of tasks

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by disrupted social and language development

intellectual disability (formerly mental retardation)

a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired general intellectual functioning

Stimulants

activate the central nervous system, causing feelings of energy, happiness, and power; a decreased desire for sleep; and a diminished appetite -Cocaine and amphetamines -Nicotine -Caffeine

sexual masochism disorder

acts (real, not simulated) of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer

voyeuristic disorder

acts of obseriving an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of undressing or engaged sexual activity -most common illegal paraphilia

nicotine

alkaloid found in tobacco; operates on both the central . and peripheral nervous systems, resulting in the release of biochemicals, including dopamine, norepinephrine serotonin, and the endogenous opioids

methadone maintenance program

an approach to treating heroin-centered substance use disorder in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of a substitute drug, methadone goal is to eventually withdraw from methadone

night eating disorder

an eating disorder characterized by the regular intake of excessive amounts of food after dinner and into the night

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

an organization created by and for people with alcoholism involving a 12-step treatment program

performance anxiety

anxiety over sexual performance that interferes with sexual functioning

binge eating disorder

applied to people who regularly binge but do not purge what they eat

coping strategies

bad for health-avoidance coping -talking about negative emotions and important issues in one's life appears to have positive effects on healths -positive strategy is to seek social support -women respond to stress by tending and befriending or by joining social groups for protection and resources -men have small social network and are less likely to share personal issues -people who describe themselves as religious/spiritual have better physical health -different cultures have differen norms for coping with stress

Inhalant intoxication symptoms

behavioral changes (belligerence assaultiveness, apathy, impaired judgment) dizziness nystagmus incoordination slurred speech unsteady gait lethargy depressed reflexes psychomotor retardation tremor generalized muscle weakness blurred vision or diplopia stupor or coma euphoria

Cannabis intoxication symptoms

behavioral changes (e.g., impaired motor coordination, euphoria, anxiety, sensation of slowed time, impaired judgment) Red eyes increased appetite dry mouth rapid heartbeat

opioid intoxication symptoms

behavioral changes (e.g., initial euphoria . followed by apathy, dysphoria, psychomotor agitation or retardation; impaired judgment) constriction of pupils drowsiness or coma slurred speech attention and memory problems

shift work type

caused by working rotating shifts or irregular hours

Cocaine

central nervous system stimulant that causes a rush of positive feelings initially but that can lead to impulsiveness, agitation, and anxiety and can cause withdrawal symptoms of exhaustion and depression -one of the most addictive substances known -snort or inject IV -activates areas of brain that register reward and pleasure -blocks reuptake of dopamine into transmitting neuron, allowing maintenance of pleasurable feeling

amenorrhea

cessation of menses, common symptom of anorexia - the DSM-5 eliminated the DSM-IV requirement for amenorrhea from from its diagnostic criteria

Mild presentations of bulimia nervosa

characterized by 1-3 episodes of inappropriate compensatory behavior per week

Severe presentations of bulimia nervosa

characterized by an average if 14 or more episodes of compensatory behavior per week

Delirium

characterized by disorientation, recent memory loss, and a clouding of attention

caffeine

chemical compound with stimulant effects - the most heavily used stimulant

combined presentation (ADH)

children who meet symptom criteria for both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity; requires 6 or more symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

chronic illness that is a leading cause of death in the United States, occurring when the blood vessels that supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed or closed by plaque, resulting in a myocardial infarction (heart attack) when closed completely -myocardial infarction is one end points -plaque buildup -atherosclerosis -angina pectoris

Interpersonal therapy for bulimia nervosa

client and therapist discuss interpersonal problems related to client's eating disorder and the therapist works actively with the client to develop strategies to solve these problems.

Behavioral therapy for bulimia

client is taught how to monitor her food intake, is reinforced for introducing avoided foods into her diet, and is taught coping tachniques for avoiding bingeing.

Obesity

condition of being significantly overweight, defined by the CDC as a BMI of 30+, where BMI is calculated as weight in lbs multiplied by 703 then divided by square of height in inches -not included in DSM-5 as mental disorder, but is common in binge-eating disorder & is a risk factor for other mental disorders

tolerance

condition of experiencing less and less effect from the same dose of a substance

restless leg syndrome

creeping, crawling, tingling, itching sensations in legs that are prominent enough to interfere with sleep

transvestic disorder

cross-dressing -variation of fetishism

resolution phase of sexual response cycle

decreased arousal; deep relaxation possible

Conceptual domain of IDD

deficits in skills such as language, reading, writing, math, reasoning, knowledge, memory, and problem solving

The two fundamental behavior domain affected by ASD

deficits in social interactions and communications and restricted repetitive patterns of behaviors interests and activities

The sexual response cycle

desire, excitement/arousal, plateau, orgasm, resolution

aphasia

deterioration of language, difficult producing the names of objects or people and using terms such as "things" or vague references to objects or people

Social Domain of IDD

difficult in being aware of and understanding others' experiences, in interpersonal communication skills, in ability to make/keep friends, in social judgment, and in regulating their own reactions in social interactions

cerebrovascular disease

disease that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is blocked, causing tissue damage . to the brain

atypical anorexia nervosa

disorder characterized by all the criteria for anorexia nervosa except that despite significant weight loss, the weight of the affected individual remains within or above the normal range

sleepwalking

disorder of arousal characterized by repeated episodes of walking during NREM sleep

sleep terror disorder

disorder of arousal in which the individual screams, sweats, and has a racing heart during NREM sleep; the person cannot be easily wakened and usually does not remember the episode on awakening

substance use disorders

disorders characterized by inability to use a substance in moderation and/or the intentional use of a substance to change one's thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors, leading to impairment in work, academic, personal, or social endeavors

communication disorders

disorders characterized by persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language and other means of communicating

pervasive developmental disorders

disorders characterized by severe and persisting impairment in several areas of development

specific learning disorder

disrupted or delayed development in a specific domain of cognition, such as reading, written expression, and/or math

Immediate effects of Marijuana

distorted perception, difficulty with thinking and problem solving, and loss of motor coordination.

Sleep Disorders

disturbances in sleeping or staying awake, such as insomnia and narcolepsy

childhood-onset fluency disorder (also known as stuttering)

disturbances of the normal fluency and motor production of speech, including repetitive sounds or syllables, prolongation of consonants or vowel sounds, broken words, blocking or words produced with an excess of physical tension;

antagonist drugs

drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug, reducing desire for drug -Naltrexone for alcohol -acamprosate for alcohol -disulfram or antabuse for alcohol -buproprion and varenicline for nicotine

Benzodiazepines

drugs that reduce anxiety and insomnia -Xanax -Valium -Halcion -Librium -Klonopin

depressants

drugs that slow down the nervous system -alcohol -benzodiazepines -barbiturates

Barbiturates

drugs used to treat anxiety and insomnia that work by suppressing the central nervous system and decreasing the activity level of certain neurons -Seconal

cocaine/amphetamine withdrawal

dysphoric mood fatigue vivid, unpleasant dreams insomnia/ hypersomnia increased appetite psychomotor retardation or agitation

Opioid withdrawal symptoms

dysphoric mood nausea/vomiting muscle aches tearing or nasal mucus discharge dilation of pupils goose bumps sweating diarrhea yawning fever insomnia

natural opioids

endorphins & enkephalins which help cope with pain

sleep-related hypoventilation

episodes of decreased breathing associated with high carbon dioxide levels

criteria for substance use disorder

impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria

substance withdrawal

experience of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use

Substance intoxication

experience of significantly maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system that develops during or shortly after use of the substance

Behavioral theories of Paraphilia

explain paraphilia as being due to an initial classical pairing of intense early sexual arousal with a particular stimulus. These theories have been supplemented with principles of social learning theory, which suggest that the larger environment of a child's home and cultural influences his or her tendency to develop deviant sexual behavior.

exhibitionistic disorder

exposure of genitals to unsuspecting strangers

non-24 hour sleep-wake type

free-running sleep wake cycle that is not entrained by the light dark cycles -sleeps during day and is away at night

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder

frequent and impairing behaviors such as sleepwalking, sleep terrors, and confusional episodes during REM sleep

ecstasy

has stimulant effects og an amphetamine along with occasional hallucinogenic properties popular with young adults heightened energy and restlessness and calim sociol inhibitions decrease and affection for others increase serotonin levels in ecstasy users are half of those in people who are not users -teeth grinding

plateau phase (Sexual Response Cycle)

high but stable level of excitement before orgasm

Apraxia

impairment of the ability to perform purposeful acts or to execute common actions, such as waving goodbye or putting on a shirt

Withdrawal symptoms of Marijuana

inability to sleep, anxiety, depression, headaches, and cravings within a week of ceasing heavy use.

Practical domain of IDD

individuals show deficits in managing personal care, managing their own finances, recreation, transportation, and organizing themselves to hold a job or attend school.

Traumatic Brain Injury

injury to the brain resulting from traumatic force; often associated with loss pf consciousness

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

intervention for sufferers of substance use disorders to elicit and solidify individuals' motivation and commitment to changing their substance use; rather than confronting the use the motivational _______ adopts an empathic interaction style, drawing out the user's own statements of desire, ability, reasons, need, and ultimately commitment to change

guided mastery techniques

interventions designed to increase health-promoting behaviors by providing explicit information about how to engage in these behaviors, as well as opportunities to engage in the behaviors in increasingly challenging situations -beneficial if the program adapts to cultural norms

cognitive tx for substance use

interventions help clients identify situations in which they are most likely t drink and lose control over their drinking, as well as expectations that alcohol will help them cope in situations challenge expectations and help clients learn to handle stressful situations in adaptive ways, helps anticipate any negative consequences

Four conditions that define an individual's use of substances

intoxication, withdrawal, abuse, and dependence

bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration

involves meeting all of the criteria of bulimia nervosa, except that the bing eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors occur, on average, less than once a week and/or for less than 3 months.

advanced sleep phase type

involves persisten pattern of sleep onset and awakenings that are 2+ hours earlier than desired -early morning insomnia and excessive sleepiness in day

delayed sleep phase type

involves persistent pattern of delayed sleep onset and awakenings and an inability to go to sleep or wake up earlier if desired

Agnosia

is the failure to recognize objects or people Ex: can't identify common objects, failing to recognize casual friends & eventually unable to recognize spouse

Cognitive theories of Paraphilia

many distortions and assumptions that people iwth a paraphilia have about behaviors and the behaviors of victims. these distortions may have been learned from parents' deviants messages about sexual behaviors. They are used to justify the person's victimization of others

delayed ejaculation

marked delay, infrequency, or absence of ejaculation during sexual encounters -disorder of orgasm or sexual pain

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

marked difficulty having vaginal penetration; pain or tightening of pelvic floor muscles during penetration -vaginismus: contractions of muscles surrounding the outer third of the vagina when pentration with penis, finger, tampon or speculum is attempted -disorder of orgasm or sexual pain

spectatoring

mentally observing and judging oneself during sexual activities with a partner; may cause sexual problems because they do not act as a participant

Transgender

more broadly refers to individuals with varying degrees of cross-gender identity, including transsexuals but also individuals who cross-dress and people with transvestic fetishes

Dyslexia

most common specific learning disorder is_______

Substance

naturally occurring or synthetically produced product that alters perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors when ingested, smoked, or injected

A binge

occurs over a discrete period of time, such as 1-2 hours, and involves an amount of food definitely larger than most people would eat during a similar period of time and in similar circumstances. -most show tremendous variation in size of___.

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

persistent lack of, or significantly reduced, interest in sexual activity and/or lack of arousal in response to sexual activity For 6 months, women must report 3 of the following S/S: -absent or significantly reduced interest in sexual activity -in sexual or erotic thoughts or fantasies -in initiation or sex . or receptiveness to sex, in excitement or pleasure in most sexual encounters -in sexual responsiveness to erotic cues -in genital or nongenital responses to sexual activity - can be lifelong or acquired -disorder of sexual interest/desire or arousal

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

persistently absent or deficient sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies, or desire for sexual activity -may be unresponsive when a partner initiates sex, causing marked distress and interpersonal difficulties -disorder of sexual interest/desire or arousal

Type A behavior pattern

personality pattern characterized by time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness -risk factor for CHD -hostility is large predictor of CHD, the others less predictability

sexual rituals in sadism and masochism

physical restriction, the administration of pain, hypermasculinity practices, and humiliation

allostatic load

physiological condition resulting from chronic arousal of the fight-or-flight response to stress

Androgens

play a role in the maintenance of sexual desire and mood and also may enhance the function of vaginal tissue

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED)

presentations of an eating disorder that cause clinically significant distress or impairment but do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for any of the eating disorders otherwise identified -partial syndrome eating disorders would fit into this category -includes atypical anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration, night eating disorder

sexual dysfunctions

problems in experiencing sexual arousal or carrying through with sexual acts to the point of sexual arousal -set of disorder in which people have difficulty responding sexually or experiencing sexual pleasure

substance-induced sexual dysfunction

problems in sexual functioning caused by substance use

Alzheimer's disease

progressive neurological disease that is the most common cause of dementia -meet criteria for major & mild NCD -clear evidence of decline and learning

Excitement/Arousal phase (sexual response cycle)

psychological experience of sexual arousal; vasocongestion/engorgement (increased blood flow to penis in males and pelvic area in females) and myotonia (muscular tension)

anorexia nervosa

pursuit of thinness that leads people to starve themselves

Ketamine

rapid acting central nervous system depressant producing hallucinogenic effects ranging from rapture to paranoia to boredom used by veterinarians as an animal anesthetic; very powerful, medium size dose could knock out a horse in seconds -date rape drug

early ejaculation

recurrent ejaculation within 1 minute of initiation of partnered sexual activity when not desired -disorder of orgasm or sexual pain -most common form of orgasmic disorder in males

erectile disorder

recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection or a marked decrease in erectile rigidity -aka impotence -disorder of sexual interest/desire or arousal

palilalia

repeating words or sounds over and over

stop-start technique

sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the . main or his partner stimulates his penis until he is about to ejaculate; then man then relaxes and concentrates on the sensations in his body until his level of arousal declines; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability & to control his arousal level at that point

squeeze technique

sex therapy technique used for premature ejaculation; the man's partner stimulates him to an erection, and then when he signals that ejaculation is imminent, the partner applies a firm but gentle squeeze to his penis, either at the glans or at the base, for 3 or 4 seconds; the goal of this technique is for the man to learn to identify the point of ejaculatory inevitability and to control his arousal level at that point

pedophilic disorder

sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children

Desire phase of the sexual response cycle

sexual urges in response to sexual fantasies or environmental cues

Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD)

six or more symptoms of inattention, less than six of hyperactivity-impulsivity

central sleep apnea

sleep disorder characterized by complete cessation of respiratory activity for brief periods of time (20 seconds or more); sufferers do not have frequent awakenings and do not tend to feel tired during the day; occurs when the brain does not send the signal to breathe to the respiratory system

circadian sleep-wake disorder

sleep disorder characterized by insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or due to disruptions in circadian rhythms

narcolepsy

sleep disorder characterized by irresistible attacks of sleep plus (1) cataplexy or (2) recurrent intrusions of elements of REM sleep into the transition between sleep and wakefulness -when awaken may experience sleep paralysis

obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of upper-airway obstruction during sleep

Disorders of Arousal

sleep disorders that involve recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep that seem to mix elements of wakefulness and NREM sleep

inhalants

solvents, such as gasoline, glue, or paint thinners, that one inhales to produce a high that can cause permanent CNS damage as well as liver & kidney disease

self-stimulatory behaviors

stereotyped as well as repetitive body movements or movements of objects -incessant hand flapping, banging head against wall *children may perform this for _____ but not clear if true purpose* common in ASD

Amphetamines

stimulant drugs that can produce symptoms of euphoria, self-confidence, alertness, agitation, paranoia, perceptual illusions, and depression -prescribed for the treatment of attention problems (ritalin, adderall), narcolepsy, and chronic fatigue - found in antihistamines (Sudafed) & diet drugs -release the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine and block reuptake

cannabis

substance that causes feelings of well-being, perceptual distortions, and paranoid thinking

Phencyclidine (PCP)

substance that produces euphoria, slowed reaction times, and involuntary movements at low doses; disorganized thinking, feelings of unreality, and hostility at intermediate doses; and amnesia, analgesia, respiratory problems, and changes in body temperature at high doses -aka angel dust, PeaCePill, Hog, and Trang -not classified as hallucinogen but has similar effects

opioids

substances that produce euphoria followed by a tranquil state; in severe intoxication, can lead to unconsciousness, coma, and seizures; can cause withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress, severe nausea, sweating, diarrhea, and fever -morphine -heroin -codeine -methadone

hallucinogens

substances, including LSD and MDMA (ecstasy), that produce perceptual illusions and distortions even in small doses

stroke

sudden damage to an area of the brain due to the blockage of blood flow or to hemorrhaging (bleeding) 25% of ____ patients develop cognitive deficits severe enough to qualify for NCD greater risk for development for those 80+

Tics

sudden, rapid, recurrent, stereotyped motor movements or vocalizations Ex of motor ____: jerking of the head, arm, or leg; eye blinking; facial grimacing, and neck stretching Ex of vocal ___: throat clearing, sniffing, grunting

Delirium tremens

symptoms that result during severe alcohol withdrawal, including hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and disorientation

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

syndrome marked by deficits in controlling attention, inhibiting impulses, and organizing behavior to accomplish long-term goals

immune system

system that protects the body from disease-causing microorganisms and affects susceptibility to diseases -divided into innate and specific immune . system

Sex Therapy

teaches skills and helps partners develop a regular pattern of engaging in satisfying sexual encounters -teaching and encouraging clients to masturbate -communicate their newly discovered desires to partners -use of CBT to address client's cognitions while engaging in new sexual skills -psychodynamic therapy allows therapist to explore origins of woman's attitude toward masturbation in early relationships -behavioral techniques directly teach the client new sexual skills and provide material for discussion in new therapy sessions

synesthesia

the overflow from one sensory modality to another people say they hear colors and see sounds common intoxication symptom of LSD

Support-expressive psychodynamic therapy for bulimia nervosa

the therapist encourages the client to talk about problems related to the ED especiall interpersonal problems but in a highly nondirective manner

sexual desire

the urge to engage in any type of sexual activity even imaginal, such as fantasy

frotteuristic disorder

touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person -often co-occurs with voyeurism and exhibitionism

sensate focus therapy

treatment for sexual dysfunction in which partners alternate between giving and receiving stimulation in a relaxed, openly communicative atmosphere in order to reduce performance anxiety and concern over achieving orgasm by learning each partner's sexual fulfillment needs 1st phase- gently touching eachother not around genitals 2nd phase- directly stimulating breasts and genitals, but without intercourse

aversion therapy

treatment that involves the pairing of unpleasant stimuli with deviant or maladaptive sources of pleasure in order to induce an aversive reaction to the formerly pleasurable stimulus

Relapse prevention programs

treatments that seek to offset continued alcohol use by identifying high-risk situations for those attempting to stop or cut down on drinking and teaching them either to avoid those situations or to use assertiveness skills when in them, while viewing setbacks as temporary