Exam #3 Digestive and Nutrition

In the documentary "Weight of America", what famous clinical study was the catalyst for the documentary? Nurses Health Study Whitehall Study Women's Health Initiative Bogalusa Heart Study

Bogalusa Heart Study

All amino acids must be present in order for protein synthesis to occur or they will be used for fuel instead. This phenomenon is called: Positive Nitrogen Balance Negative Nitrogen Balance Boyle's Law All or None Rule

all or none rule

Proteins are composed of ____, covalently linked together by ____. amino acids; dehydration synthesis fatty acids; hydrolysis monosaccharides; dehydration synthesis nucleic acids; glycolysis amino acids; hydrolysis

amino acids; dehydration synthesis

___ is an enzyme produced in the salivary glands which catalyzes starch into smaller saccharides. amylase bile pancreatin trypsin

amylase

Vitamins A, C, E and the mineral Selenium are a growing group of nutrients called ____. Their function is to bind to free radicals and protect against free radical induced cell damage. macronutrients superoxides anti-oxidants polyphenols

anti-oxidants

An acidic mixture of partially digested food that moves from the stomach into the intestine is called: lymph bile chyme secretin

chyme

The pits found in between the finger-like projections of the small intestine are called: Brunner's Glands Crypts of Liberkuhn gastric glands fundic glands

crypts of liberkuhn

Odontoblasts and Odontocytes can be found in this layer of the tooth: enamel dentin cementum pulp cavity

dentin

Small pockets that form in the wall of the colon beginning in the fifth decade of life is a condition called: diverticulosis diverticulitis colitis Crohn's Disease

diverticulosis

The chemical sludge which leaves the stomach for further digestion enters into the most proximal region of the small intestine called the: ileum duodenum jejeunum appendix

duodenum

The Brunner's Glands of the small intestine are found in the ____ and produce _____. ileum, antibodies jejeunum, enzymes cecum, Vitamin K duodenum, bicarbonate

duodenum; bicarbonate

True or False: Complete protein can only be found in animal sources (meat, fish, dairy).

false

Mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach is a positive feedback loop. Cells of the pylorus secrete ___ into the blood, which reinforces digestive stimuli until material is forced out of the stomach. pepsin gastrin trypsin amylase

gastrin

There is a ring of muscular tissue at the most distal end of the esophagus which prevents backwash of stomach acids into the esophagus. This muscle is called: the ileocecal valve gastroesophageal sphincter pyloric sphincter sphincter of Oddi

gastroesophageal sphincter

___ is a measure of the rate of glucose absorption after eating. serum glucose glucose tolerance glycemic index body mass index

glycemic index

This is the process by which glycogen is broken down by glycogen phosphorylase to yield glucose in the liver: glyconeogenesis glycogenolysis Cellular respiration The Krebs Cycle

glycogenolysis

In the large intestine, there is an abundance of this type of cell, which produces mucus to lubricate the mucosa: surfactant cell neck cell goblet cell enteroendocrine cell

goblet cell

The ascending colon turns medially here: hepatic flexure splenic flexure sigmoid flexure Albequerque

hepatic flexure

This neurotransmitter, produced by cells in the stomach stimulates acid production. acetylcholine serotonin histamine dopamine

histamine

There is a valve, which connects the most distal portion of the small intestine to the beginning segment of the large intestine. This is called the: jejeunocecal valve appendix pyloric sphincter ileocecal valve

ileocecal valve

___ are blade-like teeth (your two front teeth, for example) which bite through food. canines biscuspids incisors molars

incisors

Parietal cells of the stomach produce this hormone, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption in the intestine: gastrin gustin pepsin intrinsic factor

intrinsic factor

This mineral, often added to salt, is essential for thyroid function. Iodine Magnesium Calcium Potassium

iodine

The stomach, when empty, has wrinkles called ___ which disappear when the stomach expands and fills. rugae villi pili antrum

rugae

___ fats are found in animal sources and increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis and heart disease if overconsumed. saturated unsaturated Omega 3 Omega 6

saturated

Which one of these is NOT a salivary gland? sublingual gland parotid gland submandibular gland sebaceous gland

sebaceous gland

This is the visceral membrane covering the stomach. serosa Bowman's capsule adventitia fundus

serosa

The part of the digestive system which plays the primary role in absorption of nutrients is the: cecum and colon large intestine small intestine rectum

small intestine

Enteroendocrine cells of the stomach produce ___ which feeds back and shuts down production of acids and enzymes. gastrin somatostatin pepsin histamine

somatostatin

The pancreas injects pancreatic juice, a mix of enzymes, into the small intestine through the: the ileocecal valve gastroesophageal sphincter pyloric sphincter sphincter of Oddi

sphincter of oddi

The mucosa of the esophagus is composed of ____ epithelial cells. stratified squamous columnar cuboidal transitional

stratified squamous

This artery supplies the duodenum and most of the transverse colon with arterial blood: superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric celiac trunk colic

superior mesenteric

Which of the following muscle layers is NOT found in the stomach? circular transverse longitudinal oblique

transverse

True or False: Diets high in saturated fat and calories are associated with heart disease and obesity.

true

___ fats contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and therefore kinks in the fatty acid tails. This results in a liquid at room temperature. We find these mostly in plants. saturated unsaturated Omega 3 Omega 6

unsaturated

The small intestine is lined with tiny finger-like projections called ____. These projections are highly vascularized and increase the surface area of the intestine. villi pili alveoli nuclei

villi

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D Both a and d

vitamin A; vitamin D

Which of these is a micronutrient? protein Vitamin B12 carbohydrates fats

vitamin B12

___, is a powerful antioxidant which also stimulates the immune system and prevents scurvy. Go eat an orange. Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D

vitamin C

This vitamin, a steroid, is required for absorption of calcium in the small intestine. Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E

vitamin D

Vitamins such as C and the B complex vitamins are ____. antioxidants water soluble fat soluble macronutrients

water soluble

This clinical measure, a ratio of height and weight, is used for diagnosis of obesity: BMI BMR CBC ESR

BMI

When the muscular ring identified in question #9 does not close properly, resulting in a backflow of acids into the esophagus, this causes heartburn or ___. IBS Diverticulosis Ulcers GERD

GERD

This value, a conversion factor accounting for level of daily activity, is used to adjust the BMR to reflect your total daily caloric usage: Gas Law Harris-Benedict Formula Glycemic index BMI

Harris-Benedict formula

Abnormally longer and stronger contractions of the muscularis of the large intestine characterize this condition: GERD IBS ulcers diverticulitis

IBS

This type of antibody can be found in saliva: IgA IgG IgM IgD

IgA

In this surgical procedure to treat obesity, the stomach size is reduced by covering it with an envelope that compresses it medially, therefore reducing its capacity. LAP Band Sleeve Gastrectomy Gastric Bypass Gastric Bisection

LAP band

Which is the correct sequence of digestion? Mouth->Pharynx->Esophagus -> Stomach ->Large Intestine -> Small Intestine Mouth -> Pharynx -> Trachea ->Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine Mouth -> Larynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach => Small Intestine -> Large Intestine Mouth -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine

Mouth -> Pharynx -> Esophagus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine

Which of the following is a potential consequence of obesity? cardiovascular disease joint problems Type II Diabetes decreased life span all of these

all of the options

When you swallow a portion of food, this is called a/an embolism volume bolus vilus

bolus

This mineral is required for bone density, heart function and muscle contraction. magnesium potassium calcium sodium

calcium

The region of the stomach which lies just distal to the sphincter in the esophagus is the: fundus cardia body pylorus

cardia

Chyme flows from the most distal segment of the small intestine into the most proximal segment of the large intestine which is the: appendix descending colon cecum sigmoid colon

cecum

This artery supplies both the stomach and spleen with oxygenated blood: superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric celiac trunk duodenal

celiac trunk

The biochemical process in which glucose is broken down for energy is called: gluconeogenesis chelation cellular respiration dehydration synthesis

cellular respiration

In the ___ phase of digestion, acetylcholine is released from the Vagus Nerve, stimulating gastric muscle activity and secretions. cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase pyloric phase

cephalic phase

Within each finger-like projection of the small intestine mucosa is a blind-end lymphatic capillary called a/the: mesenteric trunk peyer's patch paneth cell lacteal

lacteal

The ___ is the largest organ in the abdominopelvic cavity, serves as the body's toxic waste dump, producer of bile and purification system. gall bladder liver pancreas stomach

liver

This enzyme is found in the saliva and directly destroys bacteria in the mouth: salivary amylase mucin ribonuclease lysozyme

lysozyme

The clinical term for chewing: mastodoning lacrimating eviscerating masticating

masticating

The small intestine has a double layer of epithelial membranes with a rich supply of blood vessels called the ____. serosa Bowman's capsule mesentery dysentery

mesentery

These proteins found in saliva are slippery and help lubricate the mouth as well as protein the teeth. surfactants albumins mucins immunoglobulins

mucins

The cells which produce mucus in the stomach are called: neck cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells

neck cells

When protein turnover outpaces protein synthesis in the body, this is called: Postitive Nitrogen Balance Negative Nitrogen Balance Oxygen Debt Proteinuria

negative nitrogen balance

This special group of fats is found in cold water fish, nuts and seeds: Monounsaturated Fats Saturated Fats Omega Fatty Acids Glycerols

omega fatty acids

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin are proteinases produced by the: salivary glands stomach pancreas gall bladder

pancreas

These cells are found at the base of each invagination of the small intestine, and act as resident macrophages: stem cells chief cells parietal cells paneth cells

paneth cells

This carbohydrate, found in apple skins, the rinds of many fruits and vegetables, is soluble fiber which fills you up faster, but also may lower cholesterol: cellulose carrageenan pectin starch

pectin

The inactive enzyme ___ is released by the chief cells of the stomach and is activated by hydrochloric acid. gastrin leptin pepsin pepsinogen

pepsinogen

The rhythmic movement of the muscles in the digestive system forces food through the digestive structures. This movement is called: diapedesis bolus evacuation peristalsis

peristalsis

Which of the following muscles contributes to the swallowing reflex? pharyngeal constrictor muscles lateral pterygoid platysma both a and b a only

pharyngeal constrictor muscles; lateral pterygoid

This mineral is an important cofactor for enzymatic reactions, especially in breaking down ATP to ADP. Iodine Magnesium Calcium Potassium

potassium

This circular muscle controls the flow of materials from the distal end of the stomach into the small intestine. the ileocecal valve gastroesophageal sphincter pyloric sphincter anal sphincter

pyloric sphincter