Exam 3

What does Locke mean by property? Our legitimately held possessions. Each person has a property in herself or himself. Both of the above. By property, Locke just means the land one owns. Nothing else.

Both of the above.

T or F: According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, we would have no reason to work hard, to build things, to learn things, to achieve things because we have no security for anything we possess. Even our lives are in constant danger.

True

T or F: According to Hobbes, the state of nature is such a terrible place that we have no right to revolt against an unjust government.

True

T or F: According to Locke, if the government reduces us to slavery, we have the right to dissolve the government and return to the state of nature.

True

T or F: According to Locke, if the government takes away and destroys our property, we have the right to dissolve the government and return the state of nature.

True

T or F: According to Locke, when we mix our labor with unowned land, we increase the value of the land.

True

T or F: According to The Declaration of Independence, when the government becomes destructive of the ends for which we agreed, we have no obligation to recognize their authority.

True

T or F: According to libertarianism, we have no obligation to provide anything for those dying in poverty if we have done nothing to put them in that poverty.

True

T or F: In the state of nature according to Locke, each person has legislative power, judicial power, and executive power of the law

True

T or F: Just like in the Prisoner's Dilemma, there are situations in which rational self-interested people all do worse by independently pursuing self-interest

True

T or F: Just like in the Prisoner's Dilemma, there are situations in which we can each promote our own best interest by making a contract.

True

T or F: Laws that require that we help one another makes us into slaves, according to Hospers.

True

T or F: Mill believes that liberty is one of the elements of well-being. That means without freedom, we are not really happy in the large sense Mill has in mind in On Liberty.

True

Mill thought polygamy should be illegal.

False

Locke's law of nature is

Normative

What's the difference between a positive right and a negative right?

A positive right requires that we do something for others whereas a negative right requires only that we not do things to others.

Which of the following is true? According to Hobbes, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government. According to Locke, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government. According to Hobbes and Locke, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government.

According to Hobbes and Locke, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government.

Which of the following is true? According to Hobbes, the state of war of all against all. According to Locke, the state of nature is a state of war of all against all. Both of the above. None of the above

According to Hobbes, the state of war of all against all.

Which of the following is true? According to Hobbes, the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it. According to Locke, the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it. Both of the above None of the above.

According to Locke, the state of nature has a law of nature to govern it.

According to Mill, unless a view is defended fully, frequently, and fearlessly, It will be held as a dead dogma, not as a living truth. It will be held in the manner of a prejudice with little comprehension or feeling of its rational grounds. The meaning of the doctrine itself will be in danger of being lost, or enfeebled, and deprived of its vital effect on the character and conduct All of the above

All of the above

How much property are we allowed to acquire in the state of nature? We can't take more than we need before it spoils. We must leave enough and as good for others. Both of the above None of the above

Both of the above

Which of the following is true? Because money doesn't spoil, we can make as much as we want without violating the rights of others. Because wealth is created, no matter how much a person makes, there is always enough and as good left for others. Both of the above None of the above.

Both of the above

According to Locke, whatever we mix with our labor becomes our property, even if there is none left for anyone else.

False

T or F: According to Mill, we are not genuinely free until we are provided with the things we need to pursue our aims, such as food, shelter, and clothing

False.

Which of the following is true? Mill's view is an empirical view so that experiments of living are necessary is we are to progress. Mill's view is a rationalist view, so we know by reason alone that freedom makes us happy. Mill's view relies on natural rights, so it is self-evident that we have a right to do as we choose. None of the above

Mill's view is an empirical view so that experiments of living are necessary is we are to progress

On a libertarian view, rights are Negative rights only Positive rights only Both positive and negative rights None of the above

Negative rights only

According to Hospers, the right to property is: The right to take property from others The right to be given property by others The obligation to give our excess property to others if doing so prevents something very bad. None of the above

None of the above

The object of On Liberty is to assert one very simple principle, according Mill. What is that principle?

The Principle of Utility (No)

What is Mill's view of what he calls "experiments of living?" They should be allowed only if they provide the greatest good for the greatest number. They should be allowed (if people want to try them) so that we can progress. Experience has shown that new ways of living produce more harm than good.

They should be allowed (if people want to try them) so that we can progress

What does Mill mean by "utility" in On Liberty?

Utility in its largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.

Which of the following is true regarding Mill's view on the liberty of action? We are free to do only those actions that promote the greatest good for the greatest number. We are free to do anything at all we want to do. We are free to do anything we choose as long as it does not harm others. None of the above.

We are free to do anything we choose as long as it does not harm others.

According to the principle defended in On Liberty,

We are never allowed to interfere with an individual's liberty on paternalistic grounds

Does Mill think we should be able to do things that hurt ourselves if they hurt only ourselves?

Yes, because allowing people to choose for themselves is an indispensable element in utility in the largest sense grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.

How can we consent to an agreement? We can agree verbally, by saying something We can agree by signing something We can agree tacitly, either by doing something or by not doing something All of the above

all of the above

When Locke says the state of nature is a state of perfect equality, by "equality" he means

he means we have equal authority

When Hobbes says that human power is essentially equal in the state of nature, he means "power"

in a descriptive sense, meaning physical force

When Locke says the state of nature is a state of perfect equality, his notion of equality is

normative

According to Locke, we own ourselves we own our labor. we own each other All of the above

we own labor

T or F: According to Hobbes, if the government reduces us to slavery, we have the right to dissolve the government and return to the state of nature.

False

T or F: According to Hobbes, if the government takes away and destroys our property, we have the right to dissolve the government and return the state of nature.

False

T or F: According to Hospers, since I have a right to life, that means I have a right to the bare minimum I need to sustain my life. That means Hospers believes I am entitled to be provided with food and health care.

False

T or F: According to Hospers, the function of government is to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of its citizens.

False

T or F: According to Hospers, the right to property means that I am entitled to the property I need to sustain my life.

False

T or F: According to Libertarianism, because we have a right to property, slavery can sometimes be justified.

False

T or F: According to Locke, whatever we mix with our labor becomes ours, even if we take more than we can use.

False

T or F: According to Locke, whatever we mix with our labor in a state of nature becomes our property, even if it already belongs to someone else

False

T or F: According to Mill, we are not genuinely free until we are provided with the things we need to pursue our aims, such as food, shelter, and clothing.

False

T or F: Hobbes' Social Contract and not Locke's was the main influence on the framers of the Declaration of Independence

False

T or F: Hospers believes that the right to liberty means that I'm entitled to be free from speech that offends me.

False

T or F: If a controversial view is false and the majority believes that the contrary view is false, no good can come from allowing the false view to be promoted, especially if people find it offensive.

False

T or F: If a controversial view is true but the majority believes that the contrary view is false, the controversial view should not be allowed because it will promote unhappiness to the greatest number, according to Mill.

False

T or F: Libertarians believe in the right to liberty and the right to property, but they reject the right to life.

False

T or F: Mill argues that the reason we are free is that we are born with inalienable rights, one of them being the right to liberty.

False

If a state of nature is a state of perfect liberty and equality, according to Locke, why would we be willing leave the state of nature and give up some of our liberties and enter civil society where some have rights that others don't have?

For the preservation of our propterty

T or F: According to Hobbes, human nature is self-interested.

True

T or F: According to Hobbes, in the state of nature, human power is essentially equal.

True

When we agree to leave the state of nature, We agree to give up some of our freedoms by agreeing to justly made laws. We give up the right to punish those who violate the law of nature by giving that right to the government. Both of the above None of the above

Both of the above

Which of the follow is true? Socrates believes the social contract theory Hobbes believes the social contract theory Both of the above None of the above

Both of the above

Which of the following is true? According to Hobbes, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government. According to Locke, the state of nature is a state in which there is no central government. Both of the above None of the above

Both of the above

According to Libertarianism Every person owns his or her own life Every person has the right to be helped by others Every person has the right to be assisted in making one's free choice All of the above

Every person owns his or her own life

What does Mill mean by freedom/liberty? He means freedom in the negative sense of being unconstrained. He means freedom is the positive sense of being provided with something. Both of the above None of the above

He means freedom in the negative sense of being unconstrained.

Which of the following is an inconvenience of the state of nature? No running water No indoor plumbing No written laws All of the above

No written laws

Mill argues that in every possible case, utility is maximized by allowing a view to be promoted rather than by suppressing that view. How many possible cases are there? 7 13 17 There are an infinite number of cases. None of the above

None of the above

Which kinds of laws are justified, according to the libertarian? Laws that promote the greatest good for the greatest number of citizens Laws that protect people from themselves such as drug laws and laws requiring seat belts. Law that require that we help others such as welfare laws and laws that fund the arts. All of the above None of the above

None of the above

The object of On Liberty is to assert one very simple principle, according Mill. What is that principle? The Principle of Utility The Categorical Imperative The Liberty Principle None of the above

None of the above (Harm Principle)

What does Mill mean by "utility" in On Liberty? Utility in its lowest sense, consisting only in the total quantity of pleasure for all affected. Utility in its largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being. He means that we are born with inalienable natural rights.

Utility in its largest sense, grounded on the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.

According to the principle defended in On Liberty, We are never allowed to interfere in a person's liberty. We are permitted to interfere with a person's liberty on paternalistic grounds. We are never allowed to interfere with an individual's liberty on paternalistic grounds. None of the above

We are never allowed to interfere with an individual's liberty on paternalistic grounds.

How do we leave the state of nature, according to Locke? We leave the state of nature when our parents apply for a Social Security number. We leave the state of nature by being born in existing state. We leave the state of nature only by our own consent. None of the above

We leave the state of nature only by our own consent.