Exam #3 Hydrologic Cycle

Recharge

Groundwater recharge (or deep drainage or deep percolation) is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer

Headland

Headlands and bays. Headlands are formed when the sea attacks a section of coast with alternating bands of hard and soft rock. The bands of soft rock, such as sand and clay, erode more quickly than those of more resistant rock, such as chalk. This leaves a section of land jutting out into the sea called a headland.

Shear Stress

Side to side (angular deformation)

Gradient

Slope of Stream Channel Steeper gradients near headwaters, shallower near base level. Slope = rise/run =change rise distance/change run distance = feet/mile = or meters/km

Tributary

Smaller stream that empties into a larger one

Compressional Stress

Squeezing

GROUNDWATER!!!!!!!

Storage and Flow

Tension/Extension stress

Stretching

Plastic

Temporary-Permanent deformation stored elastic energy, spent reordering atoms warm

What are the three main types of geologic structures?

There are three basic types of stress that deform rocks: 1) Compression (pushing together) 2) Tension (pulling apart) 3) Shear (twisting or rotating

Transpiration

process by which moisture is carried through plants from roos to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere. BASICALLY the evaporation of water from plant leaves.

Time dependence

quick break vs. slow stretch types of strain

what controls the formation of waves

sun, heat, pressure, wind, WAVES

What are the main "reservoirs" in which water is kept on the planet?

Oceans 97.2& Non Ocean is 2.8% Glaciers 2.15% Groundwater .62% The rest of earth's water like freshwater lakes, saline lakes, inland seas, soil moisture, stream channels, and atmosphere each make up less than 0.01% of earth's water.

Can you calculate the gradient and discharge of a stream?

Rise over Run and Area times velocity baby!!

understand the transfer of energy in ocean and coastal processes

SUN is energy... waves transfer energy, not mass! think circles.

Structural Geology

The study of the physical forms and relations of rocks which result mainly from deformation by earth forces. ..Usually the result of the powerful tectonic forces that occur within the earth. These forces fold and break rocks, form deep faults, and build mountains. ..How the surface of earth deformed due to forces on rock (local, regional, global).

Brittle

permanent deformation energy is spent breaking bonds cold (near surface)

Aquitard

poor porosity and permeability

Drainage Basin

(Watershed) The tract of country that contributes water to a specific stream or body of water

Meandering Stream

(balanced energy) Slow moving water Low gradient Near base level Erodes laterally (meanders)

Braided Stream

(deficient energy) Multi-channel stream Large sediment load in stream LOTS of deposition, creating many channels

Downcutting Stream

(excess energy) Steep gradient Single channel Steep walls Erodes downward

How does the water table respond to withdrawal, recharge, and topography?

-Under natural conditions, ground water moves along flow paths from areas of recharge to areas of discharge at springs or along streams, lakes, and wetlands. -The top of the subsurface ground-water body, the water table, is a surface, generally below the land surface, that fluctuates seasonally and from year to year in response to changes in recharge from precipitation and surface-water bodies. -The water table is closer to the surface near lakes or streams and then deeper from the surface over planes, etc.

Evaporation

1) Definition & Examples. Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure. Evaporation is a fundamental part of the water cycle and is constantly occurring throughout nature 2) Evaporation is a very important part of the water cycle. Heat from the sun, or solar energy, powers the evaporation process. It soaks up moisture from soil in a garden, as well as the biggest oceans and lakes. The water level will decrease as it is exposed to the heat of the sun.

What are the three types of strain?

1) Elastic 2) Plastic 3) Brittle

What problems are associated with excessive groundwater withrdrawal?

1) Lowering the water table. (oh no, our wells can't reach it anymore!) 2) Cone of Depression. (Oh no, that farm's large, deep well's cone of depression is so much larger than our home well that's nearby that it lowered the water table and now our personal well is unusable!) 3) Salt water encroachment. (Oh no! Major cities on shorelines around the world are beginning to experience this catastrophe. When water is removed from the rocks, lithification begins! The ground is compacted and causes lithification.)

Can you draw the hydrologic cycle?

1) evaporation 2) transported by clouds 3) precipitation 4) groundwater (or evaporation again) 5) seeps into larger bodies of water or back into atmosphere through transpiration 6) remaining groundwater is runoff which emptied into larger bodies of water 7) evaporation

What are the ramifications of urbanization for groundwater resources?

1) impermeable cover (pavement) 2) Infilling wetlands and other recharge sources 3) Harmful Algal blooms (fertilizer runoff into lakes "red tide")

Marine Terrace

8. they used to be the wave cut bench and then either from uplift or decrease in sea level, they rose above sea level and are now a marine terrace near water!

Cone of Depression

A cone of depression occurs in an aquifer when groundwater is pumped from a well. In an unconfined aquifer (water table), this is an actual depression of the water levels. In confined aquifers (artesian), the cone of depression is a reduction in the pressure head surrounding the pumped well

Spit

A spit or sandspit is a deposition bar or beach landform off coasts or lake shores. ... This is complemented by longshore currents, which further transport sediment through the water alongside the beach. These currents are caused by the same waves that cause the drift.

Aquifer

Good porosity and permeability

Base level and Erosion of Streams

All streams will eventually become meandering Streams

STREAMS!!!

Body of flowing water confined to a channel

Runoff

Can be described as the part of the water cycle that flows over land as surface water instead of being absorbed into groundwater or evaporating. Runoff is that part of the precipitation, snow melt, or irrigation water that appears in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers, drains, or sewers

What are the three main types of stream? What are their characteristics and gradients?

Downcutting, Braided, Meandering.

What are the three functions of a stream?

Erosion (too much energy), Transportation (dissolved, suspended, bed load), Deposition (energy level drops)

How is different sized sediment deposited when a stream floods?

Large sediment is deposited on either side of a stream after a flood. Smaller material is carried downstream.

How is sediment transported when a stream floods?

Large sediment is deposited on either side of a stream after a flood. Smaller material is carried downstream.

Regions where these normal, reverse, and strike/slip faults are happening on earth:

Local Anticline/Synclines are happening in the chuckanuts like around Fragrance lake...

What happens when streams flood?

Most material is moved during floods. Discharge increases until water level exceeds banks. Water spreads laterally and fills floodplain. Slower moving sediment is deposited. Big stuff is dropped near the banks and smaller stuff (silt, mud) are carried further out. Flood plains have fertile souil -- agriculture. Lots of reasons to live in a floodplain!

What are the main components of the Hydrologic Cycle and how do they interrelate?

The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation. Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way to into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

Water Table

The level below which the ground is saturated with water. The melted slurpee bit. Lowers in drought.

Tombolo

True tombolos are formed by wave refraction and diffraction. As waves near an island, they are slowed by the shallow water surrounding it. These waves then bend around the island to the opposite side as they approach.

Discharge

Volume of water passing through the channel per unit of time. Width x Depth = Area of stream Distance traveled in 1 sec = Velocity Area x Velocity = Discharge

Wave-cut Bench

Wave-cut platforms form when destructive waves hit against the cliff face, causing undercutting between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of corrosion and hydraulic power, creating a wave-cut notch. This notch then enlarges into a cave.

Which of the following materials has moderate to high porosity but low permeability?

a) Fractured sandstone b) Uncompacted clays c) Well-sorted gravel d) Well-sorted sand

What rocks make good aquifers? Why?

both permeable and porous and include such rock types as sandstone, conglomerate, fractured limestone and unconsolidated sand and gravel. Fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar basalts also make good aquifers

how to control coastal erosion?

feed the beach more sand period. don't make any of those bullshit walls, they just cause more erosion!

Stress

force/area

Attitude

means orientation ..of beds, faults...

Elastic

no deformation energy absorbed

Plunging Anticline

older bed in the middle, younger bed on outside the closed end of the U on the eroded surface determines the plunge direction. so if the U on the map, the bottom of the U,

Plunging Syncline

older beds on the outside, younger beds on the inside whatever direction the U of the plunging syncline is pointing determines its plunge. if the open like U part like where the two lil arms.. as a U they point up... so if the open side of the U is facing south on the map, then its plunging south!!!

Dip

the angle from horizontal measured perpendicular to strike POINTS away from older layer (rock) and towards younger layer rock

HYDROLIC CYCLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!

the circulation of the Earth's supply of water

Strike

the compass direction of a horizontal line on a tilted (dipping) plane

Infiltration

the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil... (the rate is how well can the soil absorb rainfall or irrigation? the rate decreases as the soil becomes saturated)

mathematical relationship between wave length and wave depth?

wave depth is = to 1/2 wave length