Exam 3

Celery

Apium graveolens, Apiaceae group a biennial root crop -edible parts are leaf petioles -also use "leaves" which are the partially expanded leaf blades for recipes -axillary buds is at the bottom of each stalk -high levels of nitrites -used as a preservative in nitrate free meat products like bacon, ham, hotdogs greeks and romans cultivated

Symbiosis

Involves 2 organisms that live together to the mutual benefit of both

Brussels sprouts

Part of Brassicaceae and then Brassica oleracea Produced when axillary buds form small lateral heads lateral shoots are smaller and more tender than the primary stem, so they can be eaten entirely.

Common Cabbage

Part of Brassicaceae and then Brassica oleracea includes red/green cabbage -tight head -smooth leaves -formed from lateral meristems of the primary shoot do not elongate and the "inner" leaves do not expand. -terminal bud remains buried deep inside the closely appressed leaves in hot weather, when cabbages are not picked at the proper time, they will bolt (produce a flowering shoot) --leaves become flaccid and bitter after bolting --plant assumed a ragged, weedy appearance also includes bok choy (B.chinesis) and Chinese cabbage--pak choy (B.campestris)

brocolli and cauliflower

Part of Brassicaceae and then Brassica oleracea they are recent selections from cabbage or kales derived from inflorescences of the cabbage plant and are treated at different varieties Brocolli: made up of a mass of fertile flower buds that can open to form an inflorescences of yellow blossoms if they are not harvested soon enough. cauliflower: formed by a proliferation of the stem tips, forming a mass of tissue called curds --curds of EARLY headed cauliflowers are produced by massive expansion of the shoot apices --curds of LATE flowering also contain undeveloped curds---seeds only produced during late flowering much of cauliflower in US is early, so we dont see cauliflower flowers

Characteristics of Fabaceae

Perfect flower (both stamen and carpel) -bilateral symmetry -usually have 5 fused petals -10 or more stamens -superior ovary -1 ovary and 1 carpel -ovary attached to one side of the fruit -Fruit type is a legume, usually dehiscent (splitting) along 2 sutures at maturity

common beans

Phaseolus vulgaris incl: kidney, navy, pinto, pea, mexican black, green, string beans most cultivated species in the world domesticated in Mexico/central america and Andean region of South america naturally vines, and where historically interplanted with another crop, such as corn, that provided support. eaten as shelled beans last few centuries, we have incr production of immature fresh seeds and pods for canning and refrigeration.

the presence of axillary buds above a crescent-shaped aborted leaf base scar on underground organs (i.e. eyes of a potatoes) indicate that the organ is a

stem rather than a root

stem (axis)

the main support of the plant

stem node

the part of a stem where one or more leaves are attached

beansprouts

The sprouts of newly germinated soybeans, especially of mung beans, used as a vegetable.the sprouts of newly germinated beans, especially of mung beans, used as a vegetable. will contain vitamin c

Dormacy

a period when an orgainisms growth or activity stops -legumes do not have dormacy, once they are planted they grow immediately

Monocotyledon

a plant that has a single cotyledon or seed-leaf, like grass

terminal meristem

aka apical meristem occur at ends of stems, branches, and roots, growth in length. also found on the buds located in the axis of leaves--knowledge of of the loc of axillary buds allows us to determine where a leaf begins.

pulse

an individual dried seed that comes from a legume

racemose

arrangement of flowers around the main axis. In racemose, the main axis continues to grow indefinitely and the flowers are borne laterally. oldest flower is at the bottom and youngest is at the top *racemes=an unbranched, elongated inflorescence having stalked individual flowers

lateral meristem

bands or patches of tissues located parallel to the sides of the plant parts in which they occur. during cell division, lateral meristem such as cambium cause growth in width or circumference

Nodules

bumps on the roots of certain plants that house nitrogen-fixing bacteria In the legume association, bacteria (rhizobium species) infect the roots of a legume species, causing the production of swollen areas called nodules Bacteria live within the nodules and absorb the nutrients from the host. In return, they fix, atmospheric N2 into a form usable for plants Bc legumes can fix nitrogen they are also known as good alkaloids

perennial habit

compared to binneal plants or cultivating plants, perennial habits are special in that the soil has to be taken good care of bc once the plant starts to grow, it will be in there for years. harvesting crops is delayed by 2 or more years to allow the plants to become well-established and store reserves in the root system. replanted every 15 to 25 years.

buds

contain apical meristems that can produce new stems and leaves

Brassicaceae (mustard family)

- 4 free petals for a cross - 6 stamens (usually 4 long, 2 short) - superior ovary - fruit a silique or silicle -annual or perenial herbs -perfect flowers includes cabbage and its relatives, canola oil and mustard--they share a pungent flavor due to compounds known as mustard oil glycosides brassica species, has produced an array of vegetables --most common is the B.oleracea

Faboideae (Soybeans)

-34% protein in terms of dried pulse compared to other legumes (most protein) -19% oil -less carbs per unit, than any other pulse except peanut. good source for humans and animals Trypsin inhibitor enzyme that helps breakdown protein, if you eat soybeans that has not been processed, then you get this trypsin inhibitor that stops protein breakdown and then you dont get any nutritional value--therefore, soybeans must be cooked

black eyed peas (cow peas/vineya angulada)

-domesticated 5000 years ago in africa -seeds and pods and leaves and early shoots can be eaten -brought from africa to america as part of slave trade

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

inflorescence

A group of flowers tightly clustered together. It is a shoot specialized for bearing flowers, and bearing no leaves other than bracts.

cambium

A layer of cells in a plant that produces new phloem and xylem cells.

Biennials

Angiosperms that complete their life cycle in two years

asparagus

Asparagus officinalis -dioecious perennial -native to scrub communities of southern europe, asia, and africa -contains folate--important in developing fetuses and helping to prevent mental decline. -what we eat is the young, unexpanded shoots cut where they emerge from the ground. --shoot production only occurs for a limited time in the spring -asparagus shoot mature, expand into ramified branch system -the true leaves, are reduced scales at the bases of the feathery branches, that produce flowers. *white asparagus--is sheltered from the sun to prevent chlorophylls synthesis

Chard

Beta vulgaris (Cicla group) swiss chard are stringy and more branched than those of subspecies that produce edible beets and sugar beets, so they are not usually eaten. eaten in pre-historic times in Mediterranean

artichokes

Cynara scolymus, members of Asteracease although part of asteracease, they are cultivated for their immature flowering heads -when eating we are consuming the carbohydrates stored in the tender portions of the fleshy brats surrounding the unopened flowers and the swollen receptable (aka heart) -the undeveloped flowes and the chaff from the inedible choke of the artichoke. -planted using suckers, or basal branches, to ensure uniformity and to hasten plant establishment. -have high carbohydrates contents --so they have a higher calorie that other stem and leaf crops--but their carbohydrate is inulin, not starch. --humans cant digest inulin, so the carbohydrates dont really count

lettuce

Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae) formed by suppression of lateral buds, and they bolt if not picked soon enough --flowering lettuce is bitter-tasting -in ancient times the milky juice that came out when cutting lettuce was used b/c they believe it has medicinal virtues similar to opium latex. this idea was dimissed. cultivated as early as 45000 bc and depicted in egyptian tombs modern lettuce came from L.seriolla, a biennial species of the mediterrean region lettuce has been subjected to divergent selection, in the 14th century there was about 50 varieties

Faboideae part 2

Legumes in this family have bilateral symmetry--vertical mirror images 5 petals, each get their own name --banner (exterior) --wings (2 wings) --keel (2 fused patels that enclose ovary and stamen) fruit is standard legume single ovary with several ovules that swell up

Bird's Foot Trefoil

Lotus corniculatus forage legume that is extremely adaptable to wide range of climate and soil conditions very persistant and useful in northern US where heavy soils are inhospitable to other legume forages.

6 amino acids provided by grasses

Majority of grasses include 6 out of the 8 proteins human needs: -tryptophan -methionine -valine -threonine -phenulalanine -leucine

6 amino acids provided by legume

Majority of legumes include 6 our of the 8 amino acids human needs: -valine -threonine -phenylalanine -leucine -isoleucine -lysine

Inflorescence of Fabaceae

Racemose

How is soy sauce produced?

Real soysauce contains proteins Soybeans are cooked up and softened. Then mixed with aspergealus fungus that helps break down proteins, which starts the fermentation process and then put into a salt solution brine. the salt brine stops the bacteria and asperagealu fungus, but helps lactobacillus which helps breakdown the rest of the material mixed with the ocara (fiber) and wheat may take up to 3 years

endives and chicory

Related genus Cichorium, part of asteraceae family belgian endives --come from perennial species Cichorium intybus --seeds are down in the spring and the plants are allowed to grow freely until the 1st frost. They are then dug and their leafy tops removed. the thick rootstocks are then planted in sand and forced to initiate new shoots in the absence of light -produces small, mild flavored torpedo-shaped heads chicory: -derive from C.endives -mixed with coffee or used as a coffee substitue -annual species

Faboideae Part 1

Subfamily of legumes that provides most of our vegetable protein contained in plants' pods and seeds. - Herbs, shrubs, climbers, and trees. - Pinnate of trifoliate leaves - Butterfly-shaped (papilionaceous) and zygomorphic flowers - Roots have nitrogen-fixing bacteria

How is soybean processed?

Tofu --dried beans are soaked until soft, then crushed, then crushed beans are boiled--then all of the solids are removed and not used for making tofu (aka ocara)--the remaining liquid called soymilk is used to make tofu. the soymilk is treated with calcium and magnesium salt, which binds to the proteins and cause proteins to precipitate out. The solids are then strained out and you get the soy protein called bean curds. Then bean curds are placed in a cloth and pressed to remove all the water.

Vegetative Characteristics fo Fabaceae

Trees, shrubs, herbs: root with root nodules stem: erect or climber leaves: compound or simple

clovers

Trifolium --2nd important in forage legumes --in US mostly grown is red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (T.repens) --perennial Red clover is mostly grown of all crovers, but white clover most impt in temperate regions --often planted with forage grasses and used or cut for hay. sweet clovers (Melilotus officinalis and M.alba)--most impt grown in US --popularity is their superior ability to improve soils --produce nodulated roots that aerate the soil well during growth. Once senescence begins, the roots rapidly decay, releasing precious nutrients at considerable depths

Broad bean (vicia faba)

domesticated in Mediterranean & crop of cool regions --today they are the least cultivated pulses--china leading producer high in protein mature beans--tough/leathery skin on outside part of a cluster of a disease, called favism--genetic disease that is a deficiency in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme ---ppl who have this deficiency and eat this will cause hemolytic anemia bc the beans have 2 oxidative agents that cause RBC to pop

Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus/butter bean)

domesticated--new world species--underwent 2 domestication -grown as perrenial species/climbing vine -produces cyanide, allows to be protected from hermavoure

cotyledon

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

Asteraceae group

includes lettuce, chicory, and endive--one of the largest angionsperm families containing more than 23,000 species characteristics: -many small flowers

Fabacae

legume family that is made up of 5 subfamilies -faboidier (most impt in producing agricultural crops) -cecil pinoyetier -mimo soydia

forages

legume forages supplement grasses and feed grains for domesticated herbivores --best ways to improve soil is to plant 1egume-grass combination and then allow prudent pasturage. i.e. alfafa and clovers

Nitrogen fixers

legumes are nitrogen fixers, they bind to N2 in the atmosphere and make it biologically available. root nodules on the legumes have specialized bacteria that can break the triple bonds of N2 and turn it into ammonium, which then becomes biologically available. this helps plants grow a little more protein. When the plan dies, that nitrogen goes into the soil

Lespedezas

lespedeza spp another major group of pasture and hay legumes grown in the US native to eastern Asia make good pasture forage and plants can be harvested for hay at the end of summer

alfafa

medicago sativa (kaka lucerne) --is the foremost of the forage legumes --grown everywhere except antartica -3rd most impt crop in term of area under cultivation and exceeded only by corn and soybeans --tetraploid (was primitative diploid) --orig domesticated in Iran and other parts of the near east --perrenial grown from. seed --used as pasture crop or harvested for hay --warm regions---up to 6-9 cuttings can be made yearly --dried regions--makes excellent fodder --alfafa usually grown with forage grasses

Axillary buds develop from

meristematic cells left by the apical meristem found above the crescent -shapes scars -can produce flowers or flowering shoots--and this is done while the leaf is still attached to the stem

Brassica oleracea

native to North Atlantic coast of Europe and cultivated in Greece around 650 BCE the most commonly consumed vegetables in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) in the US, come from the same species Brassica oleracea --they are produced by diff modifications of the leaves or stems --grown annually, but ancestor were biennial or perennial initial plants cultivated were loose-leaf, rank herbs that looked like forage kales--they adapted to coastal habitats and developed a waxy layer of protection from the salt spray. Still present in modern cole crops which helps with resistance to drought and cold. vegetables are grouped together as the cole crops --cabbage --collard greens --brussel sprouts --kale --kohlrabi --broccoli --cauliflower

carob serotin celiqua

part of cecil pinoyea -native to mediterrean -primarily used for its pulp -aka st john bread -seeds, uniform weight -dioecious, have sept female and male flowers/inflorescense -sweet mesocarp surrounding the seed can be eaten, but so can the seed to make a coffee like beverage. produced by grafting, so you get the right balance for male/female trees

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

part of cecil pinoyea species adapted to dry conditions -has not undergone domestication -plants are grown from seeds, since its not domesticate -used primarily for their tart-sticky mesocarp -seeds can also be used after removal of seed coat -mature tamarind, has a hard shell (outer), then the mesocarp which is sticky surround the seeds, is what we eat.

legumes

plants of the bean and pea family, with seeds that are rich in protein compared with other plant-derived foods

stem and leaf crops from biennials

plants that require 2 years life cycle to grow. -food reserves transferred to the roof in the fall of 1st year of growth before the plants become dormant for the winter -next spring, the stored nutrients allow the plants to sprout and produce new leave that will then take over food production when farmer wants mature but tender leaves or immature shoots for leafy crops----plants are harvested when relatively young, precluding the formation of a storage root when farmers want a root crop--they way as long as possible so that the highest amount of nutrients will be translocated to the roots. Swollen roots are then dug out at end of 1st year leafy vegetables from these species tend to be low in calories and have little protein -consumed primarily as salads

Apiaceae group

primarily known as a culinary herb and biennial crop, like carrots and parnisps also includes celery and fennel

stems

provide scaffolding for the above ground plants and house the conduction system

meristems

regions composed of plant cells that remain immature and are able to divide continuously

how miso is made?

rising, washing, crushing soybean that is cooked. salt and koji are added----> koji is previous treated soybeans with aspergilus fungus then they are rolled into ball and allowed to ferment, where proteins and carbohydrates are broken down----then its weighted where you get a paste of protein, carbohydrates, and salt.

spinach

spinachia oleracea, member of Amaranthaceae native to western asia and domesticated after the fall of roman empire high amounts of iron, but also has compounds that dont allow good consumption of those irons. -folic acid, a vitamin needed for synthesis of nucleic acid, was derived from spinach. -2nd to liver in the amount of folic acid it contains

complementary proteins

two or more dietary proteins whose amino acid assortments complement each other in such a way that the essential amino acids missing from one are supplied by the other example grasses are missing isolecuine and lysine and legumes are missing tryptophan and methione. If we mix the two then they make up for what the other is missing.

grasses and legumes

used for forage and animal feed -legume forages supplement grasses and feed grains for animals-creates the best mix of foods for grazing animals -legume forages also improve soil -alfafa (medicago sativa)= planted as an entire fields -domesticated crop in mediterrenean -modern are tetraploid -perenial grown from seed--used as pasture crop or harvested for hay --vigourous grower true clovers (trifolium) -red and white clover most grown -native to old world -perenials that are grown -mixed in with grasses -3 parted leafs

Peanuts

· 3rd rank in plant/harvesting behind soybeans · Bear pea type flowers along their aerial stems · Self-pollination occurs within the flowers after fertilization · The pedicels or flower stalks, curve downwards, pushing the developing fruit into the soil and maturing underground. · The withered style, those cells proliferate, forming a peg o A cap of cells on the tip of the peg protects the ovary against abrasion · Expanding ovary pushed into the soil a few more centimeter and causes the downward groth to stop. · The ovary turns sideways and matures underground · Good source of protein · Grow on poor soils · Thrive in tropical regions

pigeon peas

· Cajanus cajan · Can grow on pool soil · Good crop for farmers using marginal agricultural land · Unlike pea plants, they are perennial shrubs, not annual herbs

chickpeas

· Cicer arietinum · Part of the ancient complex of barley, wheat, lentils, and peas · Germinate in fall and fruit in late spring · Do not grow in cool climates · Amino acids and digestibility is among the highest of pulses · Can produce liquid infant milk to replace soymilk

lentils

· Lens culinaris · First pulse to be mentioned in the bible · Flattened ovoid shape of the seed that is similar to that of the human eye lens · Each pod produces 1 to 3 seeds—which is a smaller amount than most other pulses · Rank 5th among major legumes in protein content and most digestible of the commonly eaten pulses · Have a relatively high drought resistance · Grown in semiarid regions

peas

· Pisum sativum · Part of the oldest complex of cultivated food that include lentils, barley and wheats · Smooth seeds coats are characterisitcs of domesticated peas appearing around 5850-5600 bc · Columbus brought peas in 2nd vogaye · Rank 5th behind soybeans, commons beans, peanues,and chickpeas · Chinese snow peas and sugar snap peas are variaties eaten when the pods are still immature and tender · Annual herbs