Exam 3 PBH: CHP 7-9

Which of the following statements about Modern Koch's postulates is the most accurate? a) Modern Koch's postulates have been established for the viral cause of HIV. b) Modern Koch's postulates require a demonstration that the presence of an organism is sufficient to produce the disease. c) Modern Koch's postulates are the same as Koch's postulates. d) All of these are correct.

a) Modern Koch's postulates have been established for the viral cause of HIV.

All of the following are true of the control of rabies, except: a) the vaccine for rabies has frequent and serious side effects and should only be used when rabies exposure has been definitely established. b) rabies has been controlled in domestic pets through widespread vaccination. c) rabies remains common in wildlife, such as raccoons, that live near human populations in many areas of the United States. d) despite the continued presence of rabies-infected animals in the United States, the number of cases of human rabies in the United States is very low compared to many countries of the world.

a) the vaccine for rabies has frequent and serious side effects and should only be used when rabies exposure has been definitely established.

A legal document granted by a governmental authority that provides permission to engage in an activity such as the practice of a health profession is an example of: a. Licensure b. Certification c. Accreditation

a. Licensure

Chemical X, which is used in the manufacturing of plastics, is found to double the frequency of asthma when inhaled for more than 2 hours a day at levels of more than 2 parts per million. This is an example of which of the following approaches to environmental problems? a. Risk assessment b. Public health assessment c. Ecological assessment d. Interaction analysis e. Systems analysis

a. Risk assessment

A chemical is absorbed through the digestive tract but not through the skin. This is an example of which of the following factors that affect the impact of an exposure? a. Route of exposure b. Timing of exposure c. Stage of life d. Presence of other diseases e. Special sensitivities

a. Route of exposure

Volcanoes represent which type of physical environment? a. Unaltered or natural environment b. Altered environment c. Built environment

a. Unaltered or natural environment

A payment mechanism in which clinicians charge insurance companies and/or patients for each patient visit or procedure is called: a. fee-for-service. b. capitation. c. diagnostic-related groups. d. a salary.

a. fee-for-service.

Which of the following ideal criteria for elimination of a disease is addressed by the following statement: Hepatitis B can survive for extended periods of time in contaminated needles? a) No animal reservoir. b) Short persistence in the environment. c) Absence of a long-term carrier state. d) The disease and the vaccine produce long-term immunity.

b) Short persistence in the environment

All of the following are true of influenza A, except: a) influenza A is a virus that has a rapid rate of mutation. b) vaccination requires use of an injection of an inactivated vaccine. c) mass production of a vaccine requires several months. d) the success of vaccination is highly dependent on the match of the vaccine with the current strain of influenza.

b) vaccination requires use of an injection of an inactivated vaccine.

Mercury contamination of the Great Lakes represents which type of physical environment? a. Unaltered or natural environment b. Altered environment c. Built environment

b. Altered environment

A nongovernmental process designed to ensure the competence of individual health professionals based upon completion of educational requirements and performance on an examination or other evaluation procedure is an example of which of the following? a. Licensure b. Certification c. Accreditation

b. Certification

Daily low-dose exposure may produce different impacts than short-term, high-dose exposure. This is an example of which of the following factors that affect the impact of an exposure? a. Route of exposure b. Timing of exposure c. Stage of life d. Presence of other diseases e. Special sensitivities

b. Timing of exposure

Under ____________, a clinician is paid a set amount per time period (often per month) for each patient for whom he or she is responsible for providing services. The clinician is paid even if the patient does not require any services during that time period. a. fee-for-service. b. capitation. c. diagnostic-related groups. d. a salary.

b. capitation.

Which of the following ideal criteria for elimination of a disease is addressed by the following statement: Hepatitis B may establish a chronic infection that can lead to transmission of the disease even in the absence of symptoms? a) No animal reservoir. b) Short persistence in the environment. c) Absence of a long-term carrier state. d) The disease and the vaccine produce long-term immunity.

c) Absence of a long-term carrier state.

______________ is a process applied to educational institutions and healthcare institutions to define and enforce required structures, processes, and outcomes. a. Licensure b. Certification c. Accreditation

c. Accreditation

Motor vehicle injuries occur as a result of which type of physical environment? a. Unaltered or natural environment b. Altered environment c. Built environment

c. Built environment

Chemical X is released from a plastics factory into the municipal water system, where it enters a small river and is ingested by fish and reduces their reproduction rate. Which of the following approaches to environmental problems does this represent? a. Risk assessment b. Public health assessment c. Ecological assessment d. Interaction analysis e. Systems analysis

c. Ecological assessment

All of the following are true of lead as an environmental hazard, except: a. exposure to lead may come from food, water, and air. b. paint in toys is a potential source of lead exposure. c. paint in homes is no longer a source of lead exposure because lead is no longer allowed in paint. d. the higher the blood lead levels, the more severe the biological effects of lead poisoning.

c. paint in homes is no longer a source of lead exposure because lead is no longer allowed in paint.

All of the following characterize the Flexner era in medical education, except: a. Group of answer choicesmedical schools developed a relatively standardized four-year curriculum. b. the medical school curriculum was divided into basic sciences during the first two years and clinical experiences during the third and fourth years. c. prevention and public health were important components of the curriculum. d. hospital rotations in specialty areas were the focus of the clinical experience

c. prevention and public health were important components of the curriculum.

Which of the following has been successfully used to control communicable diseases? a) Case finding and contact tracing b) Isolation c) Epidemiological treatment or treatment based upon exposure d) All of these are correct.

d) All of these are correct.

Which of the following is true of tuberculosis (TB)? a) Tuberculosis may remain contained in the body for decades without causing disease. b) Isolation has been used in the past as a major strategy for controlling the spread of TB. c) People with AIDS are at increased risk of developing active TB. d) All of these are correct.

d) All of these are correct.

Which of the following statements is true of HIV? a) It has a longer incubation period than influenza. b) It can be transmitted before it can be detected by commonly used antibody tests. c) Drug treatment can reduce the degree of communicability. d) All of these are correct.

d) All of these are correct.

Which of the following diseases is the least likely to be eradicated? a) Measles b) Smallpox c) Polio d) Influenza

d) Influenza

The impact of chemical X is greatly increased when there is exposure to chemical Y at the same time. This information is an example of which of the following approaches to environmental problems? a. Risk assessment b. Public health assessment c. Ecological assessment d. Interaction analysis e. Systems analysis

d. Interaction analysis

Which of the following is true of primary care in the United States? a. It is delivered almost entirely by physicians. b. Physicians who deliver primary care must have an MD degree. c. Physicians who deliver primary care in the United States must have graduated from an accredited medical school in the United States. d. There are approximately two specialty physicians for every primary care physician in the United States. e. None of these is correct.

d. There are approximately two specialty physicians for every primary care physician in the United States.

All of the following are true of public health professions, except: a. certification based upon core master's level competencies was begun in 2008. b. doctoral degrees including PhD and DrPH degrees are offered. c. certification of health educators and environmental health specialists/sanitarians are long-standing public health credentials. d. graduate public health degrees require previous graduate credentials such as medicine, nursing, or law.

d. graduate public health degrees require previous graduate credentials such as medicine, nursing, or law.

Which of the following is a method of transmission of HIV/AIDS? a) Intravenous drug use b) Blood transfusions c) Mother-to-child during childbirth d) Breastfeeding e) All of these are correct.

e) All of these are correct.

Which of the following is not true of the ideal of primary care in the United States? a. It aims to provide the first contact with patients. b. It aims to provide care for the great majority of diseases and conditions experienced by patients. c. It aims to provide continuity of care over an extended period of time. d. It aims to coordinate care between the inpatient (hospital) and outpatient (office) settings. e. It aims to replace specialty care.

e. It aims to replace specialty care.

Which of the following is true of nurses? a. Registered nurses (RNs) require a bachelor's degree in all states. b. The increasing number of candidates taking the examination to become certified as registered nurses each year in the United States will eliminate the shortage in a few years. c. The number of nurse practitioners is decreasing. d. Nurse practitioners are always required to function under the authority of physicians. e. None of these is correct.

e. None of these is correct.

A small amount of exposure may produce an allergic reaction in a small number of people. This is an example of which of the following factors affect the impact of an exposure? a. Route of exposure b. Timing of exposure c. Stage of life d. Presence of other diseases e. Special sensitivities

e. Special sensitivities