Exam 3 physics

lungs

source of air

pitch

tension in the vocal folds increases pitch, and allows for four vocal registers for the human voice. in instruments pitch is determined by the length of the pipe.

is a stopped cylindrical pipe.

the human vocal

fundamental frequency

The lowest resonant frequency of a vibrating object.

trachea

wind pipe

mute

. A device fitted to a musical instrument to alter the sound produced, changing its timbre and/or volume.

b) the length, tension and density of the vocal folds.

. The factor or factors that control the pitch of the human voice is (are) a) the position of the lips, tongue and soft palate. b) the length, tension and density of the vocal folds. c) the tension in the jaw, the length of the vocal tract and the arch of the pharynx. d) the standing waves in the vocal tract. e) the formants of the voice.

C) play flat (have a lower frequency) because the speed of sound is lower than in the warm room.

. When a woodwind is tuned in a warm room then played on a cold football field it will: A) play sharp (have a higher frequency) because the metal or wood shrinks. B) play flat (have a lower frequency) because the metal or wood shrinks. C) play flat (have a lower frequency) because the speed of sound is lower than in the warm room. D) play sharp (have a higher frequency) because the speed of sound is lower than in the warm room. E) play sharp or flat depending on the effect of the cold on the player's "chops."

a) The length and thickness of the vocal folds vary between children, women, and men.

. Why are the voices of women, men, and children different? a) The length and thickness of the vocal folds vary between children, women, and men. b) The size of the larynx varies between children, women, and men. c) The size of the lungs varies between children, women, and men. d) The length of the voice tract varies between children, women, and men.

consonant

A basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed and which can be combined with a vowel to form a syllable.- higher frequency and are usually softer .

pressure and displacement nodes and antinodes

A change in the acoustic impedance of an air column produces a reflection in pressure. At the open end there is a pressure node and at the stopped end there is an antinode• Sounds in pipes can produce standing waves in the air column, and these waves produce pressure nodes and displacement nodes(and anti-nodes).

B) the clarinet will sound lower (lower frequency). Open ended tube: f1 flute = v/2L f1 flute = v/2L = 1/2 Closed ended tube: f1 clarinet= v/4L f1 clarinet v/4L 1/4 But v and L are the same for both. f1 flute = 2 f1 clarinet

A clarinet is basically sealed at one end (you blow into a very narrow hole), but open at the other. A flute is open at both ends. If a clarinet and flute of equal length each play their fundamental: A) the flute will sound lower (lower frequency). B) the clarinet will sound lower (lower frequency). C) they will have identical pitch.

c) 367 Hz

A closed-end organ pipe is used to produce a mixture of sounds. The third and fifth harmonics (n = 3 and n= 5 respectively) in the mixture have frequencies of 1100 Hz and 1833 Hz respectively. What is the frequency of the first harmonic played by the organ pipe? a) 550 Hz b) 733 Hz c) 367 Hz d) 917 Hz e) 611 Hz

a) A pressure node and a displacement antinode.

A flute is an open pipe because at the embouchure hole and at the foot joint there are a) A pressure node and a displacement antinode. b) A pressure node and a displacement node. c) A pressure antinode and a displacement node. d) A pressure antinode and a displacement antinode. e) A longitudinal node and a transverse node.

e) 350 m/s

A flute is played with a first harmonic of 196 Hz (a pitch of G3). The length of the air column is 0.892 m (quite a long flute). Find the speed of the wave resonating in the flute. a) 175 m/s b) 699 m/s c) 87 m/s d) 220 m/s e) 350 m/s

c) 260 Hz

A flute open at both ends and an organ pipe closed at one end have the same length. The organ pipe has a fundamental note of frequency 130 Hz. What is the frequency of the flute's fundamental note? a) 65 Hz b) 130 Hz c) 260 Hz d) 520 Hz e) 650 Hz

C) The guitarist's vocal tract formants filter the guitar sound to produce phonemes.

A musician (e.g., Peter Frampton) use a device called a "talk box" to admit guitar sounds into his mouth where he forms words that seem to make is guitar speak. What is happening? A) His vocal folds are resonating with the guitar sounds. B) The guitar gets feedback from the artist's vocal tract that controls the guitar's frequency. C) The guitarist's vocal tract formants filter the guitar sound to produce phonemes. D) The guitar sound and the vocalist's voice are mixed electronically. E) The guitarist produces beats by singing off pitch with guitar.

A) a node at one end and an antinode at the other end.

A pan pipe can be regarded as an air tube open at one end and (almost) closed at the other. This means that when it is played, the pressure variation standing waves will be such that, at the ends there will be: A) a node at one end and an antinode at the other end. B) a node or an antinode depending on the note being played. C) antinodes at both ends. D) nodes at both ends.

harmonic series

A set of vibrations whose frequencies are all integer multiples of one fundamental frequency.

D) 4L, 4L/3, 4L/5 For a tube with one closed end λ n = 4L/ (2n-1) n=1, λ 1 = 4L/ (2-1) = 4L n=2, λ 2 = 4L/ (4-1) = 4L/3 n=3, λ 3 = 4L/ (6-1) = 4L/5

A sound wave resonates in a tube with one closed end. What are the wavelengths of the three lowest resonating frequencies generated in the tube? A) L, 2L, 3L B) L, 2L, 2L/3 C) L/2, L/3, L/5 D) 4L, 4L/3, 4L/5

vowel

A speech sound made by the vocal cords in an open vocal tract so that the tongue does not touch the lips, teeth, or the roof of the mouth. lower frequency typically louder.

C) 702 m/s For a tube with closed end, cylinder/conical: f n = n · v/4L implies v = f n · 4L/n n=1, v = (65 Hz) · 4 · (2.7 m) = 702 m/s

A trombone is most simply modeled as a closed-ended cylindrical + conical tube. If the trombone tubing is 2.7 m long and plays a fundamental frequency of 65 HZ, what is the speed of sound in the trombone? A) 12 m/s B) 24 m/s C) 702 m/s D) 351 m/s E) 343 m/s

a) in the amount of cylindrical and conical tubing in their construction.

A trumpet differs most significantly from a cornet a) in the amount of cylindrical and conical tubing in their construction. b) in their harmonic frequencies. c) in what material is used in their construction. d) in their range. e) all of the above

standing wave

A vibrational pattern created within a medium when the vibrational frequency of the source causes reflected waves from one end of the medium to constructively interfere with incident waves from the source; a resonant mode of an extended vibrating object.

B) a register of the vocal folds.

A vocal (glottal) fry is: A) a phoneme. B) a register of the vocal folds. C) a formant of the vocal tract. D) a part of the vocal anatomy.

B) Pulses of air pressure from the reed "valve."

An oboe is a stopped pipe because at the reed the pipe is essentially closed. What causes the excitations of the standing waves in the pipe? A) Flow instabilities of the air at the fipple. B) Pulses of air pressure from the reed "valve." C) A displacement antinode at the mouthpiece. D) A pressure node at the mouthpiece. E) The edge tone

c) decreases the effective length of the tube by shifting a pressure node toward the hole location.

An open hole in the side of a tube a) increases the effective length of the tube by shifting a pressure node toward the hole location. b) increases the effective length of the tube by shifting a displacement node toward the hole location. c) decreases the effective length of the tube by shifting a pressure node toward the hole location. d) decreases the effective length of the tube by shifting a displacement node toward the hole location. e) has no effect on the location of the pressure nodes

reed

Any object whose vibrations serve to control air flow into an instrument. causes pressure fluctuations- and the bernouli effect helps close the reed/vocal folds and creates turbulent flow for edge tones.

a) buzzing lips.

Brass instruments are characterized by sound initiated by a) buzzing lips. b) blowing across a hole. c) cane reeds. d) mallets. e) vocal folds.

d) the mouthpiece and bell strongly affect the harmonic recipe of brass instruments.

Brass instruments are effectively closed end tubes, however, a) all brass instruments have conical bores. b) all brass instruments have cylindrical bores. c) the shape of the bore of brass instruments does not affect their harmonic recipe. d) the mouthpiece and bell strongly affect the harmonic recipe of brass instruments. e) all brass instruments exhibit all harmonics of a pipe

voice articulation

Changes in the resonances of the vocal tract caused by movement of the tongue, pharynx, palate, jaw, or lips.

Bernouli effect

Fluids in an area moving faster than the the surrounding area possess less pressure; higher velocity means lower pressure faster-moving fluid, lower pressure. the faster the flow the lower the pressure. ex. a flag flutters because the wind speed fluctuates.- when the vocal folds vinrating quickly pressure decreases slams shut then more pressure pushes them open.

B) Clarinet (closed-ended, cylindrical pipe) f1 = 146 Hz Second peak = 438 Hz = 3 · 146 Hz = 3 f1 Third peak = 730 Hz = 5 · 146 Hz = 5 f1 Only odd harmonics implies closed-ended cylindrical

Description: Frequency spectrum with major peaks at 146 Hz, 438 Hz and 730 Hz. 25. Look at the vibration recipe (frequency spectrum) above. What wind instrument most likely produced this sound? A) Flute (open-ended pipe) B) Clarinet (closed-ended, cylindrical pipe) C) Saxophone (closed-ended, conical pipe) D) Trumpet (closed-ended, cylindrical + conical pipe)

formant

Distinctive frequency components of the acoustic signal produced by speech or singing; humans can distinguish between speech sounds by identifying each sound's specific peaks in the amplitude/frequency spectrum. ( broad resonances)

D) The bugler can easily play only the resonant frequencies of the pipe

For a bugle or hunting horn (has no valves or slides), which of the following is a true and accurate statement? A) The bugler can easily play any frequency he wishes. B) The bugler plays only the fundamental of the pipe. C) The bugler changes pitch by changing the length of the pipe. D) The bugler can easily play only the resonant frequencies of the pipe

c) 0.6 m

For a closed tube, the first mode frequency is 140 Hz. Assuming that the air temperature is 20o C, what is the length of the tube? a) 2.45 m b) 1.2 m c) 0.6 m d) 4.9 m e) 9.8 m

b) 0.13 m

For an open tube of length L = 20 cm (= 0.20 m), what is the wavelength of the third mode? a) 0.07 m b) 0.13 m c) 0.02 m d) 0.60 m e) 0.27 m

b) the bell causes a shift in the low frequency modes to higher values.

For brass instruments a) mutes soften the sound level but have no effect on the vibration recipe. b) the bell causes a shift in the low frequency modes to higher values. c) the bell end shape is only for good impedance matching. d) the fundamental harmonic of the pipe is most prominent in the vibration recipe. e) the bell is purely ornamental and serves no acoustical purpose

C) the bell causes a shift in the low frequency modes to higher values.

For brass instruments: A) the bell end shape is only for good impedance matching. B) the bell is purely ornamental and serves no acoustical purpose. C) the bell causes a shift in the low frequency modes to higher values. D) the fundamental harmonic of the pipe is most prominent in the vibration recipe.

changing the length of the pipe and by exciting different harmonics

How do woodwinds and brass change pitch?

b) can easily play only the harmonics of the pipe.

In a brass instrument of fixed length (called a "natural horn") one a) can easily play any frequency one wishes. b) can easily play only the harmonics of the pipe. c) can play only one frequency. d) must play only one frequency at a time. e) none of the above.

c) 0.4375 m

In a certain set of organ pipes, the speaking length for the note G3 (f = 196 Hz) is 0.875 m. How long a pipe do you expect for G4 (f = 392 Hz)? a) 0.875 m b) 1.75 m c) 0.4375 m d) 3.5 m

b) 250 Hz

In a closed tube at 30C (for which the velocity of sound is 350 m/s), what is the fundamental mode frequency for a stopped tube with an effective length of 0.35 m? a) 125 Hz b) 250 Hz c) 343 Hz d) 350 Hz e) 500 Hz

d) 343 Hz

In an oboe (which has a conical bore), what is the fundamental frequency for a 0.5 m long air column at 20 C? a) 86 Hz b) 172 Hz c) 257 Hz d) 343 Hz e) 686 Hz

D) Women have shorter vocal cords because they generally have higher voices. Short, high frequency Long, low frequency

In the diagram below, tuning fork C has a frequency of 512 Hz and tuning for A has a frequency of 341. Tuning fork C is short and tuning fork A is long. Using this information, who do you predict to have the longer vocal chords - men or women? A) Men have shorter vocal chords because they generally have lower voices. B) Men have longer vocal chords because they generally have higher voices. C) Women have longer vocal chords because they generally have higher voices. D) Women have shorter vocal cords because they generally have higher voices

vocal folds

Membranous tissue that project inward from the sides of the larynx to form a slit across the glottis in the throat, and whose edges vibrate in the airstream to produce the voice; also known as vocal cords.- hard reed like a harmonica

C) 560 Hz, 1120 Hz, 1680 Hz For a tube with open ends: f n = n · v/2L n=1, f 1 = 1 · (336 m/s)/ [2(0.3 m)] = 560 Hz n=2, f 2 = 2 · (336 m/s)/ [2(0.3 m)] = 1120 Hz n=3, f 3 = 3 · (336 m/s)/ [2(0.3 m)] = 1680 Hz

On a cold day, a child blows into a toy flute, creating resonating waves in the open-ended pipe. The speed of sound in the flute's tube is 336 m/s and the tube is 0.3 m long. Calculate the first three harmonics for the toy flute. A) 280 Hz, 560 Hz, 840 Hz B) 560 Hz, 1680 Hz, 2800 Hz C) 560 Hz, 1120 Hz, 1680 Hz D) 280 Hz, 840 Hz, 1440 Hz E) It will only play 1120 Hz.

A) abrupt change in the impedance of the pipe caused by the hole

Reflections happen at open holes in a woodwind because of the: A) abrupt change in the impedance of the pipe caused by the hole. B) temperature of the air changes suddenly at the hole. C) pressure antinode that forms at the hole. D) density of the air changes at the hole.

D) the higher the velocity of air, the lower its pressure

Several types of reeds, including the double reeds of the woodwinds, the lip reeds of brass instruments, and the vocal folds, rely on the Bernoulli principle to help them vibrate. The Bernoulli principle states that: A) jets of air above a critical velocity become turbulent. B) pressure pulses are reflected without inversion at the ends of open pipes. C) pressure pulses are reflected with inversion at the ends of open pipes. D) the higher the velocity of air, the lower its pressure. E) the lower the velocity of air, the lower its pressure.

c) to shift formants higher in frequency.

Sopranos open their mouths when they sing high notes, primarily, a) because they improve the impedance match. b) to articulate the vowel more clearly. c) to shift formants higher in frequency. d) because it hurts. e) none of the above.

vocal tract

The cavity where sound that is produced at the sound source (larynx) is filtered; includes the pharynx, mouth, and nasal cavities. organ of speech and the instrument of the voice- 17cm

C) length, tension and effective density of the vocal folds.

The factor(s) that control the pitch of the human voice is (are) the A) standing waves in the vocal tract. B) position of the lips, tongue and soft palate. C) length, tension and effective density of the vocal folds. D) tension in the jaw, the length of the vocal tract and the arch of the pharynx.

e) All of the above.

The frequency produced by blowing against the edge of the mouth hole of a flute is determined by: a) The width of the hole. b) The velocity of the air jet. c) The frequency of the standing waves in the pipe. d) The effective length of the air column. e) All of the above.

larynx

The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal folds.

C) 10.5 m For a tube with open ends: f n = n · v/2L L = n · v/2f n n = 1, L = (1 · 343 m/s)/(2 · 16.4 Hz) = (343/32.8) m = 10.5 m

The lowest note on an organ is 16.4 Hz. What is the shortest open organ pipe that will resonate at this frequency? Assume T = 20o C. A) 21 m B) 5.2 m C) 10.5 m D) 42.0 m

impedance

The ratio of acoustic pressure p to acoustic volume flow U; when this quantity changes abruptly, there are reflections of sound. a change in medium or boundary conditions • A change in the acoustic impedance of an air column produces a reflection.

phoneme

The smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word.

B) they produce different harmonic recipes.

The sound of a saxophone (conical) is different to the sound of a clarinet (cylindrical) playing the same note because: A) they produce different fundamental frequencies. B) they produce different harmonic recipes. C) they produce sound of different amplitudes. D) one produces transverse waves and the other longitudinal waves.

a) are classified as a hard reed.

The vocal folds a) are classified as a hard reed. b) are classified as a soft reed. c) vibrate only in resonance with the vocal tract. d) vibrate at only one frequency. e) are inharmonic.

B) has a broad resonance and is responsive to the standing waves in the pipe.

The wooden reed of a woodwind: A) has one sharp resonance and is responsive to the standing waves in the pipe. B) has a broad resonance and is responsive to the standing waves in the pipe. C) has a broad resonance and is not responsive to the standing waves in the pipe. D) has one sharp resonance and is not responsive to the standing waves in the pipe

B) 444 Hz For a tube with closed end: f n = (2n-1) · v/4L n=1, f 1 = (2-1) · (355 m/s)/ [4 · (0.2 m)] = [355/0.8] Hz = 444 Hz

Titan Tommy and the Test Tubes will perform at a night club this weekend. The lead instrumentalist plays a test tube (closed-end tube) with a 0.2 m air column. The speed of sound in the test tube is 355 m/sec. Find the frequency of the first harmonic played by this instrument. A) 888 Hz B) 444 Hz C) 429 Hz D) 858 Hz E) 1775 Hz

pharynx

Tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus; sometimes called the throat.

edge tone

Vibration produced by fluid-flow instability when a narrow stream of air is directed against a sharp edge. this is used to sound open-ended instruments .

a) are ridges of mucus membrane.

Vocal folds a) are ridges of mucus membrane. b) are long strings of tissue. c) oscillate independent of any muscle tension. d) do not determine to the pitch. e) none of the above.

c) Bernoulli Effect.

Vocal folds oscillate because of a) Ohm's Law. b) Helmholz resonances. c) Bernoulli Effect. d) vibrato. e) none of the above

c) Formants are broad resonance bands of the vocal tract.

Vowel sounds from the human voice can be characterized by their formants. a) Formants depend on muscle tension in the vocal folds. b) Formant values are determined by the vibration recipe of the vocal folds. c) Formants are broad resonance bands of the vocal tract. d) Formant values are independent of the shape of the vocal resonator cavity. e) If any two individuals say the same word, the values of their respective formants are identical.

D) Formants are broad resonances of the vocal tract

Vowel sounds from the human voice can be characterized by their formants. Which of the following is true? A) Formant values are independent of the shape of the vocal resonator cavity. B) Formant values are determined by the vibration recipe of the vocal folds. C) Formants depend on muscle tension in the vocal folds. D) Formants are broad resonances of the vocal tract.

C) 44 m/s f edge = 0.2 · v jet /b v jet = f edge · b/0.2 = (440 Hz) · (0.01 m)/0.2 = 22 m/s

What jet velocity must a flautist provide with a gap = 0.01 m to produce and edge tone of 440 Hz (A4)? A) 8800 m/s C) 22 m/s B) 88 m/s C) 44 m/s D) 4.4 m/s

b) 450 Hz

When a musician started playing the flute in a room with 20o C air, a certain length of tube gave a note of frequency 438 Hz. What would be the frequency of this length of tube when the air in the flute had warmed up to 35o C? Assume that the length of the tube and the air humidity do not change. a) 427 Hz b) 450 Hz c) 438 Hz

E) vibrations produced by fluid-flow instability when a narrow stream of air is directed against a sharp edge

Which of the following defines the term edge tone? A) vibrations whose frequencies are all integer multiples of one fundamental frequency B) a resonant mode of an extended vibrating object C) lowest resonant frequency of a vibrating object D) sounds produced through quasi-periodic vibration of the vocal folds E) vibrations produced by fluid-flow instability when a narrow stream of air is directed against a sharp edge

B) A basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed.

Which of the following is a definition for the term consonant? A) The smallest unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word. B) A basic speech sound in which the breath is at least partly obstructed. C) A speech sound made by the vocal cords in an open vocal tract so that the tongue does not touch the lips, teeth, or the roof of the mouth. D) Distinctive frequency component of the acoustic signal produced by speech or singing.

standing waves

are an example of the property of interference , and result from a combination of the waves traveling down the pipe and the wave reflected from the end and holes.

closed cylindrical and conical pipes with all harmonics but the fundamental. have pronounced bell and a mouthpiece. level of conical tubing varies for example: trumpet, coronet,and flugel horn show that the percentage of tubing varies. ( more cone on flugel, less on coronet, and least on trumpet).

brass

all harmonics

closed conical

odd harmonics

closed cylindrical

oboe

closed-ended pipe, conical bore

clarinet

closed-ended pipe, cylindrical bore

trumpet

closed-ended pipe,cylindrical & conical bore

lambda = two times the length divided by the vibration mode number

equation for the wavelength of an open pipe

lambda = four times the length of the pipe divided by two times the mode number minus 1

equation for wavelength of a closed-pipe

harmonic series for closed-ended tube

f2n-1 = (2n-1)(v/4L) ; only the odd harmonics, the frequencies will be lower in a stopped pipe meaning the pitch will lower if the pipe is stopped.

harmonic series for open-ended tube

fn = n(v/2L); all harmonics present

500 Hz ( fundamental), 1500 Hz, and 2500 Hz

formants produced at what frequencies?

1.fry -made when the vocal folds slam shut 2.modal- vocal chords open from bottom to top-most frequently used register in most speech and singing 3.falsetto 4. whistle

four vocal registers for the human voice- lowest to highest

pedal tone

fundamental in a harmonic series

modified form speech to produce matched resonance and harmonics of the vocal fold's frequencies.

how are formants modified when singing?

adjusting the shape of the resonant cavities

how are the harmonics of the vocal tract changed?

they are sounded by the edge tone of the fipple or embrochure ( this tone creates the sound of the instrument)

how are the transverse flute ( and other fipple woodwinds) and flue pipes played sounded ?

modifies the amplitude produced by sound from vocal folds.

how do the formants filter the frequencies of the vocal tract?

buzzing of the lips ( acts like a reed due to the Bernouli principle)- breath pressure, muscle tension ,and pressure feedback determine the frequency of the opening and closing of the lips ( oscillation of the lips).

how is a brass instrument sounded?

changing the length of the pipe with slides and valves and by exciting different harmonics.

how is the pitch changed on a brass instrument?

no the fundamental (pedal tone is missing) - starts with the second fundamental vibration mode. lowest natural resonance is inharmonic.

is the lowest resonant frequency of a brass instrument the fundamental in its harmonic series?

transverse flute

open-ended pipe; driven by fluid flow instabilities at their mouth ,standing waves in the open air columns of the flute determine the pitch ( the length of the tube). the position and size of the holes in the flute tube change the effective length of flute. standing waves in the pipe produced by reflections from the ends and holes feedback to control the precise frequency of the edge tone.

plosives,fricatives,liquids, nasals, glides,vowels, and dipthongs

phonemes include what groups ?

singer's formant

pronounced resonance at approx. (2500 Hz- 3000 Hz) introduced by modifying the lower part of the pharynx that permits a singer to produce a significant amount of acoustic energy at a very high frequency that has little competition from other instruments. Created as the third, fourth, and fifth formats move closer together to form a larger formant.

waves trapped in a confined space will sometimes interfere with each other to produce standing waves.

resonance

soft reeds

responsive to feedback , they have broad resonance- clarinet, oboe, piccolo, flute, English horn, , E-flat clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon and contrabassoon, sax

phonation

the process by which the vocal folds produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic vibration.

reed pipes

the reed produces a pulsation in the pressure admitted into the pipe ( air) the pressure standing waves feeds back to control the oscillations of the reed .

Hard reeds

unresponsive to feedback because they have sharp feedback. harmonica , vocal folds

1. finish of the inside of the bore 2. edges of the holes 3. edges of the joints ( the larger the bore the more intense the low frequencies are )

what affects the harmonic recipe in fine instruments?

1.the shape and size of the pipe and any bell may affect the harmonic recipe of the pipe which in turn will affect the timbre. 2. mutes filter the sound of the pipe- reduce the effective surface area of the instrument so they reduce the intensity.

what affects the timbre of the pipe?

due to the relative frequencies of the first two formants ( characteristics sounds of vowels which are in groups of overtones)

what causes or results in the intelligibility in speech?

shape and diameter of the pipe, only frequencies higher than the cut off frequency can participate in the 3-D modes. more modes= more intensity

what determines the cut off frequency for 3-D modes of oscillation in air?

the size ( length), tension ( external and internal) , and density of the vocal folds

what determines the pitch of the human voice?

the mouthpiece cup volume and diameter of the tapered back-bore. ( similar to a Helmholtz resonator).

what determines the resonant frequencies of the mouthpiece?

1. changes the effective length of the pipe 2. changes the timbre of the pipe because it acts like a mute.

what does the french horn player's hand do to the horn?

the "flare constant "m in "exponential horns" determines how fast the bell opens up; a large m means an abrupt widening,a smaller m means a gentle taper.

what is m?

Similar to a french horn- natural horn only plays natural resonances and can change length through mutes to change working pipe length.

what is the Bessel horn?

hard reeds, they are not responsive to the standing waves in the vocal tract.

what kind of reed are the vocal folds?

-soft , and anti-node

what kind of reeds to wind instruments have? and what kind of boundary condition is present at the reed?

sound originates from the modulation of air by the the vocal folds ( located in the larynx)

where does sound originate and how?