Exam 3 review chp 16 and chp 17 A&P II
Interoceptors
Receptors located inside, along organs; monitor and maintain the homeostatic balance of your body as well as check for stretching, pressure and damage to internal organs.
Exteroceptors
Receptors that receive outside stimulus; Your special senses of sight, smell and hearing along with the general somatic senses associated with touch.
When a stimulus activates its specific sensory receptor.
Sense
Thermoreceptors
Sense Changes in temperature
Chemoreceptors
Sense Chemicals
To __________ is when a stimulus successfully stimulates an action potential in its specific neuron. How your brain interprets the message is how the stimulus is __________.
Sense; perceived
Nociceptors
Senses Pain
Osmoreceptors
Senses body fluid osmolarity)
Photoreceptors
Senses light
tonic receptors
are fast adapting type of sensory receptors: they stimuli and then shutdown very quickly
Phasic receptor
are the slowly adapting receptors; They usually will send a signal as long as they sense the stimuli
special senses
cells that are a part of a sensory organ
True or False: A single neuron and its receptor can sense multiple stimulus types.
false
What type of sense is touch considered?
general sense
Stimulus is perceived
how the brain interprets the sense
General sense description
include free nerve ending and encapsulated dendrites: found over the body
Transduction
is the process in which sensory receptors will create a graded potential associated neurons in response to their specific stimulus
referred pain of kidney
large region of referred pain. The most superior aspect of this region lies just superior to the umbilicus and wraps completely around the body.
referred pain of heart
more often then not sensed in the jaws, just superior and intermediate to the scapulae, the left chest region and down the medial aspect of the left arm.
special senses description
most require special cells; all located in the head; sometimes requires complex support structures
types of stimuli sensed by free nerve ending neurons include:
nociceptors thermoreceptors tickle inflammation
The tactile sensations include all of the following EXCEPT Pain Touch Pressure Itch Vibration
pain
Referred pain liver and gallbladder
referred pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity, at the inferior and superior aspects of the scapula, the right shoulder and just along the posterior portions of the false and floating ribs.
referred pain of small intestine
referred pain over the umbilicus and radiating out perhaps an inch or so
referred pain of stomach
referred pains just inferior to the xyphoid process and intermediate to the scapulae.
referred pain of the ureters
region in the inguinal region. The pattern appears to form a bowl shape, seemingly holding the most inferior aspect of the rectus abdominus (six-pack).
Sensory Neurons with encapsulated endings.
sense changes in pressure
Speed of pain perception- nociceptors
slow- unmyelinated and their axon diameter's are small fast- myelinated medium-diameter axon can go 100 milliseconds; can be sensed as fast as electrical impulse can be carried to the brain
Encapsulated ending
structure filled with liquid interlaced with dendrites
Free nerve ending
the dendrites do not require help in order to sense
Stimulus Sensed
when a stimulus activates its specific sensory receptor.
referred pain of the lung and diaphragm
will have referred pain covering the majority of the anterior cervical region. It wraps around the neck but only goes up approximately halfway and stops just above the scapulae.
name the 5 special sense
Olfaction (smell) Gustatory (Taste) Sight Auditory (hear) Equilibrium (Balance)
Mechanoreceptors
(Senses mechanical changes)
Select all that apply: Indicate the receptors that sense touch. Free Nerve Endings Root Hair Plexus Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch) Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile Disc) Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle) Lamellated Corpuscle
-Free Nerve Endings -Root Hair Plexus -Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch) -Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile Disc)
Receptors can either_______fast or slowly. If they do so quickly, they are called________receptors, if they do so slowly, they are called______receptors.
Adapt, tonic, phasic
Unconsciously perceived
Blood Pressure Blood composition Stretching of viscera Oxygen pH
general senses
Consciously and unconsciously
This receptor senses very light touch and low frequencies.
Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch)
An ______ axon with a _____ diameter
Myelinated, Large
The process of your brain interpreting all the stimuli at a given time
Perceive
Free nerve endings
Widespread, especially in epithelia and connective tissues; Pain, heat, cold
Any senses categorized as special senses have this in common: -All their sensory neurons have specialty cells used for sensing -They are the only receptor types located in the head. -They all use a type of chemical receptor to sense stimuli -They are all exteroceptors
-They are all exteroceptors
how many special senses are there
5
Hair receptors
Around hair follicle; Light touch, movement of hairs
The finger-like projections extending from the neuron's cell body that are most frequently the site of stimulation and formation of graded potentials are called ____________ .
Dendrites
Tactile corpuscles
Dermal papillae of fingertips, palms, eyelids, lips, tongue, nipples, and genitals; Light touch, texture
Lamellar corpuscles
Dermis, joint capsules, periosteum, breasts, genitals, and some viscera; Deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration
Bulbous corpuscles
Dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and joint capsules; Heavy continuous touch or pressure; joint movements
________receptors sense information coming from the outside. _______sense information originating from the inside while_____receptors sense information about body position.
Exteroceptors; Interoceptor; Proprioceptor
True or False: Receptors for Pressure and stretch are only exteroreceptors.
False
True or False: Tactile receptors are found only in the skin.
False
Unencapsulated Endings
Hair receptors; Tactile discs; Free nerve endings
Select all that apply: Indicate the receptors that sense vibration. Lamellated Corpuscle Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch) Root Hair Plexus Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile Disc) Free Nerve Endings Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle)
Lamellated Corpuscle Corpuscle of Touch (Meissner Touch)
End bulbs
Mucous membranes; Similar to tactile corpuscles
Muscle spindles
Skeletal muscles near tendon; Muscle stretch (proprioception)
Tactile discs
Stratum basale of epidermis; Light touch, pressure
Referred pain of bladder
Superficial to the sacral region of the spine, one in the lower portion of the umbilicus region of the abdominal cavity, one central in the inguinal region of the abdominal cavity
Encapsulated Nerve Endings
Tactile corpuscles; End bulbs; Bulbous corpuscles; Lamellar corpuscles; Muscle spindles; Tendon organs
Tendon organs
Tendons; Tension on tendons (proprioception)
__________ are the fast adapting type of sensory receptors. They sense stimuli and then shutdown very quickly. __________ are the slowly adapting receptors
Tonic receptors /Phasic receptors
tactile sensations is a combination of five different sensory modalities.
Touch Pressure Vibration Itch Tickle
Consciously perceived
Touch Pressure Stretch Heat Cold pain
The process in which a sensory structure is stimulated and creates a graded potential in a neuron is called:
Transduction
True or false: Grabbing and feeling an object might use all the receptor types in order for the brain to perceive what it is touching.
True
Indicate the receptors that sense pressure.
Type II cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Ruffini corpuscle); Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Tactile disc)
Proprioceptors
Where are you?" receptors, located in muscles, tendons and joints; Stretching or condensing these structures stimulates the receptors
