Exam 3 study sheet

________ is the most biologically active form of vitamin A in the body.

A. Beta-carotene B. Alpha-tocopherol C. Retinol D. Lutein Answer: C

Which of the following foods is a rich source of beta-carotene?

A. Carrots B. Pear C. Bacon D. Chicken Answer: A

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Certain carotenoids are precursors for preformed vitamin A. B. In children, vitamin A deficiency is called rickets. C. Retinol is found only in plant foods. D. Vitamin A is necessary for calcium and phosphorus absorption. Answer: A

Joaquin would like to purchase a salad at the grocery store that contains high-quality protein. According to the following salad product label ingredient lists, which product should he choose?

A. Cooked rotini pasta, spinach, tomatoes, soybean oil, vinegar, salt, red peppers, and olives B. Romaine lettuce, iceberg lettuce, carrots, and red cabbage C. Cucumbers, strawberries, grapes, red bell peppers, chopped basil, pumpkin seeds, olive oil, lime juice, and salt D. Cooked chicken breast, mayonnaise, hard-boiled eggs, celery, sugar, sea salt, lemon juice, and pepper Answer: D

________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual functions.

A. Denaturation B. Filtration C. Hydrogenation D. Protonation Answer: A

According to the Nutrition Facts panel on a can of beans, one serving of the legumes supplies 6 g of protein. The DV for protein is 50 g. Estimate the %DV for protein in a serving of the beans.

A. 12% B. 300% C. Cannot be determined by using the information provided in the question D. 8.3% Answer: A

According to the Nutrition Facts panel on a can of tuna, one serving of the fish supplies 16 g of protein. The DV for protein is 50 g. Estimate the %DV for protein in a serving of the tuna.

A. 32% B. 800% C. 3.125% D. Cannot be determined by using the information provided in the question Answer: A

Which of the following foods is a high-protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal proteins?

A. 8 ounces of soy milk B. ½ cup of watermelon chunks C. 6 whole-wheat crackers D. 1 ounce of baby carrots Answer: A

Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by radicals.

A. B-12 B. D C. E D. K Answer: C

Which of the following vitamins can be made by the human body?

A. B-12 B. Thiamin C. C D. D Answer: D

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Diabetes is a major sign of protein undernutrition. B. A person with an increased appetite has a higher risk of protein undernutrition. C. Teenagers often do not consume enough protein to meet their needs. D. People with chronic inflammation often have higher protein needs. Answer: D

Which of the following vitamins have antioxidant activity?

A. E B. K C. D D. B-6 Answer: A

Which of the following foods are reliable dietary sources of vitamin D?

A. Fresh fruits B. Refined breads and cereals C. Processed luncheon meats D. Fortified dairy products Answer: D

Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamin supplements more likely to cause toxicity than taking excess amounts of water-soluble vitamin supplements?

A. In general, it is more difficult for the body to eliminate fat-soluble vitamins than water-soluble vitamins. B. In general, the body is likely to store more water-soluble vitamins than fat-soluble vitamins. C. The body has higher requirements for water-soluble vitamins. D. The body has higher requirements for fat-soluble vitamins. Answer: A

Dallas, a healthy, active teenager, was diagnosed with PKU when he was only a few days old. In addition to foods that are manufactured to be low in phenylalanine, which of the following foods can he eat to meet his protein needs safely?

A. Lean hamburger B. Baked potatoes C. Fat-free milk D. Fried fish Answer: B

When combined, which of the following groups of foods forms a complementary protein dish?

A. Peaches, bananas, and apricots B. Cranberries, apples, and marshmallows C. Iceberg lettuce, carrots, and tomatoes D. Kidney beans, rice, and sesame seeds Answer: D

Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?

A. Processed poultry products B. Citrus fruit C. Green leafy vegetables D. Butter Answer: C

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Proteins are a major component of starch molecules. B. Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream. C. All hormones are proteins. D. Protein is the primary energy source for the human body. Answer: B

When combined, which of the following groups of foods forms a complementary protein dish?

A. Sesame, sunflower, and pumpkin seeds B. Peaches, bananas, and apricots C. Peanuts, rice, and cashews D. Iceberg lettuce, carrots, and tomatoes Answer: C

Which of the following organs is the main site for detoxifying alcohol?

A. Spleen B. Liver C. Kidneys D. Stomach Answer: B

Which of the following foods is a poor source of essential amino acids?

A. Sunflower seeds B. Red cabbage C. Fat-free milk D. Cashew nuts Answer: B

Which of the following statements is true?

A. The body excretes fat-soluble vitamins more easily than water-soluble vitamins. B. The body stores vitamins in the liver, spleen, and bones. C. Vitamins supply about 2 kcal per gram. D. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the human body. Answer: D

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Transamination is the process of removing the nitrogen group from an amino acid and transferring it to another substance. B. A protein molecule loses its natural folded and coiled shape as well as its usual functions when it undergoes hydrogenation. C. Application of heat, alcohol, or acid can kill proteins. D. The human digestive tract cannot digest the peptide bonds that hold amino acids together. Answer: A

________ is added to refined cereal grains during the grain enrichment process.

A. Vitamin D B. Niacin C. Vitamin B-6 D. Pantothenic acid Answer: B

________ are fat-soluble vitamins.

A. Vitamins K, E, and D B. Vitamins B-12, B-6, and E C. Niacin, riboflavin, and thiamin D. Pantothenic acid, vitamin A, and choline Answer: A

________ is a carcinogen.

A. White bread B. Alcohol C. Whole milk D. Cholesterol Answer: B

Which of the following menu items contains complementary protein?

A. Whole-wheat crackers spread with soy nut butter B. Kidney and green beans in vinegar and oil C. Whole-wheat bread with strawberry jam D. Banana, apple, and grapefruit slices in a mixed fruit salad Answer: A

When Leah parties with her friends, she usually drinks 6 beers during a 2-hour party. At this level of alcohol consumption, she is ________.

A. a restrained drinker B. a moderate drinker C. an abstainer D. a binge drinker Answer: D

A researcher has isolated an organic, water-soluble chemical from roses. After performing in vivo tests, the scientist determines that the chemical supplies no energy for cells, but protects cell membranes from being damaged by certain environmental factors. Based on this information, the researcher may have discovered a(an) ________.

A. amino acid B. autoanalyzing agent C. precursor D. antioxidant Answer: D

The deamination process forms ________.

A. ammonia B. glycogen C. urine D. trans fat Answer: A

Eddie drinks 6 beers a week. At this level of alcohol consumption, he is ________.

A. an abuser B. a moderate drinker C. a binge drinker D. an abstainer Answer: B

Edna is 70 years of age. She is very healthy, and the only medication she takes is a prescription drug that reduces her stomach's acid production. Her diet includes a variety of foods from all food groups. Based on this information, Edna is at risk of developing ________.

A. beriberi B. vitamin B-12 deficiency C. neural tube defects D. cystic fibrosis Answer: B

The human body can absorb some ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

A. beta-carotene B. vitamin C C. biotin D. riboflavin Answer: C

Every amino acid has ________ in its chemical structure.

A. chloride B. iron C. potassium D. nitrogen Answer: D

Diets that contain high amounts of red or processed meats are associated with an increased risk of developing ________.

A. colorectal cancer B. protein undernutrition C. malabsorption in children D. phenylketonuria (PKU) Answer: A

Gina is pregnant. Although Gina's physician prescribed a prenatal vitamin for her to take daily, Gina thought she could have a very healthy baby by taking extra vitamins, so she took several other dietary supplements, including those that contained vitamin A. As a result, her total intake of vitamin A was over 5000 mcg RAE/day. Based on this information, Gina is at risk of ________.

A. developing gestational diabetes mellitus B. giving birth to a baby with cystic fibrosis C. developing vitamin C-resistant scurvy D. giving birth to a baby with birth defects Answer: D

A medical researcher has isolated a chemical from cigarette smoke. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical damages unsaturated fatty acids in the cells' plasma membranes. He is able to prevent this damage by adding vitamin E to the mixture of the chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has ________.

A. discovered a vitamin-based cure for lung cancer B. identified vitamin E as a prooxidant C. conducted an in vitro experiment under poorly controlled conditions D. determined that the chemical in cigarette smoke is an oxidizing agent Answer: D

While at a party, Dimitrius became drunk after consuming 6 cans of beer and 2 shots of whiskey. To sober up, he should ________.

A. drink a glass of orange juice that contains a raw egg and tabasco sauce B. run a mile and then take a cold shower C. stop drinking and give his liver time to metabolize the alcohol D. drink 3 cups of strong coffee Answer: C

An ________ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from radicals.

A. enzyme B. ion C. antioxidant D. oncogene Answer: C

An amino acid does not contain a(an) ________.

A. fatty acid B. acid group C. carbon skeleton D. nitrogen-containing group Answer: A

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________.

A. glycosidic linkage B. fatty acid chain C. partially-hydrogenated protein D. peptide bond Answer: D

In general, B vitamins function as ________.

A. hormones B. neurotransmitters C. parts of coenzymes D. structural components of body cells Answer: C

Green leafy vegetables and orange juice are rich sources of ________.

A. iron B. vitamin B-12 C. folate D. thiamin Answer: C

Vitamin C ________.

A. is needed to form strong collagen B. dissolves in the fatty portions of foods C. can cure night blindness D. acts as a coenzyme in certain reactions that release energy from glucose Answer: A

In the body, vitamin A helps ________.

A. maintain epithelial cells B. insulin enter cells C. reduce collagen synthesis D. the small intestine absorb calcium and phosphorus Answer: A

In the stomach, ________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein.

A. mucus and cholecystokinin B. hydrochloric acid and pepsin C. pancreatic amylase and intrinsic factor D. gastric lipase and intrinsic factor Answer: B

Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is almost completely covered in heavy veils when in public places. Her usual diet includes legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain bread and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of ________.

A. osteomalacia B. scurvy C. beriberi D. pellagra Answer: A

Three-year-old Jamie is a healthy, active child. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.

A. pediatric B. positive C. inverse D. activated Answer: B

The ________ is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans.

A. pituitary gland B. liver C. pancreas D. small intestine Answer: B

Roberta is 25 years of age, healthy, and pregnant. Based on this information, her body is in ________ nitrogen balance.

A. positive B. activated C. inverse D. negative Answer: A

Victoria is 92 years of age. Recently, she experienced a viral infection that has made her weak and lose interest in eating. Based on this information, Victoria is in ________.

A. positive nitrogen equilibrium B. facilitated re-energizing mode C. negative nitrogen balance D. anaphylactic shock Answer: C

Sam wants to lower his risk of colorectal cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may increase his risk of this chronic disease.

A. processed meat B. citrus fruit C. Brussels sprouts D. onions Answer: A

The ________ is main site of deamination in the body.

A. thyroid B. liver C. gallbladder D. spleen Answer: B

Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate ________ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects.

A. vitamin A B. folate C. selenium D. iron Answer: B

The human body may absorb some of the ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. riboflavin D. thiamin Answer: B

In the United States, newborns receive an injection of ________ to prevent ________.

A. vitamin K; bleeding B. niacin; pellagra C. vitamin C; collagen breakdown D. thiamin; beriberi Answer: A

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, vitamin C is a "nutrient of public health concern."

False

All proteins have potassium in their chemical structures.

False

Niacin is a water-soluble vitamin.

True

To estimate a healthy college student's RDA for protein, multiply his or her weight in kg by 0.8 grams.

True

vitamin K

assists with blood clotting

will denature protein

cooking a piece of meat whipping an egg vigorously with an electric beater adding acid to a protein containing food

vitamin E

donates electrons to neutralize free radicals

vitamin B-6

important for hemoglobin synthesis

vitamin A

important for vision

vitamin D

increases calcium and phosphorus deposition in bones

will not denature protein

refrigerating a glass of milk exposing a piece of cheese to air (oxygen) soaking lentils in water