Exam 4 anatomy

Olfactory sensations are produced when a. Pressure is applied to olfactory cells b. Odor molecules enter specialized olfactory cells by active transport c. All voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels are closed by a chemical stimulus d. Molecules responsible for odor are transported to the primary olfactory cortex e. A molecule binds to receptor proteins on the surface of an olfactory neuron dendrite

A molecule binds to receptor proteins on the surface of an olfactory neuron dendrite

1. Which of the following is FALSE? a. Pressure waves in the perilymph are produced by the in/out movements of the oval window b. A sound with a high frequency of 16,000hz would cause vibration of the organ of corti near the far end of the cochlear duct. c. The tympanic membrane and auditory ossicles amplify sound wave vibrations d. Higher intensity sounds are perceived as louder because they cause larger amplitude vibrations of the organ or corti and stimulate more hair cells. e. All of the above are false.

A sound with a high frequency of 16,000hz would cause vibration of the organ of corti near the far end of the cochlear duct.

1. Which of the following statements about tonic receptors and phasic receptors is TRUE? a. Both tonic and phasic recptors are active only when a change occurs in the stimulus being monitored, b. A phasic receptor remains active as long as the stimulus is present while a tonic receptor is active only when a change occurs in the stimulus being monitored. c. A tonic receptor remains active as long as the stimulus is present while a phasic receptor is active only when a change occurs in the stimulus being monitored. d. Both tonic and phasic receptors remain active as long as the stimulus is present. e. All of the above are true

A tonic receptor remains active as long as the stimulus is present while a phasic receptor is active only when a change occurs in the stimulus being monitored.

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of constant stimulus is a. Refraction b. Sensory coding c. Adaptation d. Line labeling e. Transduction

Adaptation

Which of the following is TRUE? a. Sympathetic activation has more widespread effects on the body than does parasympathetic activation b. Long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons are considered typical of the parasympathetic division of the ANS c. The epinephrine circulating in the blood is response to a crisis situation and is secreted by the adrenal medulla d. The hypothalamus is the higher brain center that is the primary control center for the autonomic nervous system e. All of the above are true

All of the above are true

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it a. Allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity b. Allows ANS neurons to increase their activity on demand but not decrease their activity c. Allows ANS neurons to decrease neurotransmitter release at the synapse between the preganglionic axon and ganglion cell without reducing the activity in effectors d. Allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity providing a range of control options e. Allows ANS neurons to be absolutely silent under normal conditions.

Allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity providing a range of control options

Area A is an area of the skin that is 100 cm in diameter and has tactile receptors with circular receptive fields with a diameter of 7.0 cm. Area B is a different area of skin, 100 cm diameter, that has tactile receptors with circular receptive fields 2.5 cm in diameter. Which area of skin can provide more precise tactile sensory information? a. Area A will provide more precise sensory information than Area B. b. Area B will provide more precise sensory information than Area A. c. Area A and Area B will provide the same level of sensory information because the precision of tactile sensations is not related to size of receptive fields d. Area A and Area B will provide the same level of sensory information because the two areas are the same size e. None of the above are correct.

Area B will provide more precise sensory information than Area A.

Sensory receptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are: a. Baroreceptors b. Thermoreceptors c. Nociceptors d. Proprioceptors Chemoreceptors

Baroreceptors

Which of the following is true? a. Beta 1 blocking drugs will decrease heart rate and force of heart contraction. b. Drugs that block the re-uptake of norepinephrine as synapse between postganglionic axons abd effectors would reduce sympathetic activation of effectors c. Constriction of the bronchioles of the lung could be increased in response to either a sympathetic agonist or a parasympathetic antagonist d. Alpha adrenergic receptors are activated by norepinephrine but not by epinephrine e. All of the above are true.

Beta 1 blocking drugs will decrease heart rate and force of heart contraction.

The external ear a. Secretes endolymph into the cochlear duct b. Connects the middle ear with the throat c. Collects and directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane d. Contains the sensory receptors that transducer sound waves into bioelectrical signals All of the above

Collects and directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane

A sudden flash of bright light would cause: a. Contraction of the papillary constrictor muscles by activation of parasympathetic fibers b. Contraction of the papillary dilator muscles by activation of sympathetic fibers c. Contraction of the papillary dilator muscles by activation of parasympathetic fibers d. Contraction of the papillary constrictor muscles by activation of sympathetic fibers e. All of the above

Contraction of the papillary constrictor muscles by activation of parasympathetic fibers

Sounds have different tones due to different frequencies of the sound waves. The auditory sense is able to provide information to the CNS about different sound wave frequencies because a. Different regions of the basilar membrane vibrate with different frequencies b. Different regions of the tectorial membrane vibrate with different frequencies c. Sound waves cause the hairs (cilia) of all the hair cells in the Organ of Corti to vibrate, and the rate of hair cell vibration differs, corresponding to different sound wave frequencies d. Sound waves cause pressure waves in the perilymph which cause the round window to vibrate and the hair cells on the round window maculae area detects the different sound wave frequencies e. Different regions of the tympanic membrane between the outer and middle ear vibrate with different frequencies

Different regions of the basilar membrane vibrate with different frequencies

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the a. Sweat glands b. Heart c. Digestive tract d. Arrector pili muscles e. Pupils

Digestive tract

Drugs that mimic the effects of epinephrine might be used to a. Decrease sweat production b. Increase gastric motility c. Dilate bronchioles d. Decrease blood pressure Decrease heart rate

Dilate bronchioles

1. Which of the following statements about hair cells is false? a. Hair cells within the organ of corti respond when pushed against the tectorial membrane b. Hair cells in the Uricle and saccule are activated by rotational movements. c. Hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous mass called the cupula within the semicircular ducts d. Hair cells are mechanoreceptors e. Hair cells depolarize as mechanically-gated potassioum channels open and potassium enters the cell.

Hair cells in the Uricle and saccule are activated by rotational movements.

Damage to the fovea of the eye would interfere with the ability to a. Focus light rays from an image onto the retina b. Regulate the amount of light striking the retina c. Have clear vision and see color in bright light d. See in dim light e. Get enough oxygen and nutrients to cells of the retina

Have clear vision and see color in bright light

Receptors in the utricle provide information about a. Rotational movements b. Head position and linear acceleration c. Hearing d. Blood pressure e. Hot and cold temperature

Head position and linear acceleration

Under which condition would the release of neurotransmitter by photoreceptors be greatest? a. Focusing intently on a distant object b. Focusing intently on a close object c. Immediately after going outside in bright sunlight d. Under normal room light e. In a pitch-black room after 30 minutes

In a pitch-black room after 30 minutes

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found at all of the following locations EXCEPT a. Sympathetic ganglia b. Parasympathetic ganglia c. All parasympathetic effectors d. In the CNS e. Neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle

In the CNS

Which of the following would NOT be associated with the sympathetic response? a. Increased blood flow to the brain b. Dilation of the pupils c. Glycogen breakdown to glucose d. Increased digestion e. Increased respiratory rate

Increased digestion

Which of the following would be an example of cortisol-level conscious processes influencing autonomic function? a. Increased heart rate when you see a person that you dislike b. A violent coughing attack in response to an irritant c. Dilation of airways when blood levels of carbon dioxide are higher than normal d. increased heart rate when you walk up a hill e. dilation of the pupils of the eye when you enter a dark room.

Increased heart rate when you see a person that you dislike

The processing center for auditory reflexes is located in the a. Inferior colliculus b. Superior cervical chain ganglion c. Collateral ganglia d. Saccule area of the vestibule e. Temporal lobe

Inferior colliculus

Epinephrine is normally released a. Into the bloodstream by the adrenal medulla b. Into the blood stream by the adrenal cortex c. By preganglionic fibers of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic dividions d. By parasympathetic ganglionic fibers Into the bloodstream b the hypothalamus

Into the bloodstream by the adrenal medulla

Ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are located in all of the following EXCEPT the a. Adrenal medulla b. Sympathetic chain ganglia c. Superior mesenteric ganglia d. Intramural ganglia e. Celiac ganglion

Intramural ganglia

When ingested in large enough amounts, muscarine is poisonous because a. It produces excessive activity in effectors of the sympathetic division of the ANS but has little effect on effectors of the parasympathetic division b. It produces excessive activity in effectors of the sympathetic division of the ANS and greatly decreased activity in effectors of the parasympathetic division. c. It produces excessive activity in effectors of the parasympathetic division of the ANS but has little effect on effectors of the sympathetic division. d. It produces greatly decreased activity in effectors of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions o the ANS e. It produces excessive activity in the effectors of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

It produces excessive activity in effectors of the parasympathetic division of the ANS but has little effect on effectors of the sympathetic division.

Which of the following is TRUE? a. Aspirin and ibuprophen are examples of non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs that block central nervous system pain pathways b. Anesthetics are drugs that block pain without affecting perception of other sensations c. Analgesics are drugs that block both pain and the perception of other sensations d. Morphine and demetrol (opiate drugs) work by blocking central nervous system pain pathways e. All of the above are true

Morphine and demetrol (opiate drugs) work by blocking central nervous system pain pathways

Which of the following actions is NOT associated with the correct receptor type? a. Alpha-1 receptors are responsible for constricting blood vessels of the skin b. Beta-1 receptors increase heart rate c. Alpha -2 receptors inhibit the activity of the GI tract d. Nicotinic muscarinic receptors are responsible for increasing heart rate e. Beta-2 receptors increase airway diameter

Nicotinic muscarinic receptors are responsible for increasing heart rate

Which of the following about discrimination is false? a. Low frequency sounds are detected far from the oval window b. None of the above are false, all are true c. Louder sounds stimulate more hair cells d. High frequency sounds are detected close to the oval window e. Softer sounds stimulate less hair cells

None of the above are false, all are true

The visual centers of the cerebral cortex are located in the ________lobes. a. Parietal b. Frontal c. Prefrontal d. Occipital e. Temporal

Occipital

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special neurons can replace its damaged neural receptors? a. Equilibrium b. Olfaction c. Auditor d. A,b,c e. B and C only

Olfaction

The division of the autonomic nervous system that maintains homeostasis during resting conditions is the _________ division

PARASYMPATHETIC

What would happen to you if the information from proprioceptors in your legs were blocked from reaching the CNS? a. Proprioceptors relay information about stretch and distortion in visceral organs to the CNS especially to the autonomic nervous system, so if the information were blocked, the information about changes in stretch of blood vessels in the legs would be lost and there would be no automatic adjustment to blood pressure changes. b. Proprioceptors relay information about limb position and movement to the CNS especially to the cerebellum, so if the information were blocked, your movement would be uncoordinated and you would probably not be able to walk. c. Proprioceptors relay information about pain to the CNS, especially to the reticular formation so if the information were blocked, your sensitivity to pain would be greatly diminished and you could hurt yourself without knowing it. d. Proprioceptors relay information about fine touch to the CNS, especially to the somatosensory cortex, so if the information were blocked, your conscious awareness of touch from the legs would be greatly diminished. e. All of the above would occur

Proprioceptors relay information about limb position and movement to the CNS especially to the cerebellum, so if the information were blocked, your movement would be uncoordinated and you would probably not be able to walk.

1. What three types of receptors respond to stretching, compression, twisting or other distortions of the cell membrane? a. Chemoreceptors, nociceptors, baroreceptors b. Nociceptors, gustatory? Receptors, proprioceptors c. Tactile recptors, thermoreceptors, olfactory receptors d. Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, tactile receptors, e. Baroreceptors, hair cells, photoreceptors

Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, tactile receptors

Damage to the stapedius muscle would interfere with the ability to a. Hear loud sounds b. Hear high frequency sounds c. Hear quiet sounds d. Protect the inner ear from damaging prolonged sounds Hear low frequency sounds

Protect the inner ear from damaging prolonged sounds

Which of the following is TRUE? a. Receptive fields in the macular area of the retina are larger than receptive fields in the peripheral retina and therefore activity of vision is less in the macula than in the peripheral retina b. Receptive fields in the macular area of the retina are smaller than receptive fields in the peripheral retina and therefore activity of vision is higher in the macula than in the peripheral retina c. Receptive fields in the macular area of the retina are larger than the receptive fields in the peripheral retina and therefore activity of vision is higher in the macula than the peripheral retina d. Receptive fields in the macular area of the retina are smaller than receptive fields in the peripheral retina but acuity of vision in the macula is the same as visual activity in the peripheral retina. e. Receptive fields in the macular area of the retina are smaller than receptive fields in the peripheral retina and therefore, activity of vision is less in the macula than in the peripheral retina.

Receptive fields in the macular area of the retina are smaller than receptive fields in the peripheral retina and therefore activity of vision is higher in the macula than in the peripheral retina

Which of the following is FALSE? a. A sensation of touch occurs when tactile receptors are stimulated b. Sensory input about poorly localized burning aching pain is carried by small diameter unmyelinated nerve fibers. c. Sensory coding in neurons will signal an increase in stimulus intensity as an increase in the amplitude of the action potentials propagated in the neuron. d. A pain sensation occurs when nociceptors are stimulated e. Sensory input about pricking pain that triggers muscle reflexes and conscious awareness is carried by large diameter heavily myelinated nerve fibers

Sensory coding in neurons will signal an increase in stimulus intensity as an increase in the amplitude of the action potentials propagated in the neuron.

Which of the following does NOT happen when a cone or rod is stimulated by light a. The plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized b. Sodium ion channels open causing depolarization c. Phosphodiesterase breaks down cGMP d. The retina changes shape after the opain? Absorbs the light e. Less neurotransmitter is released

Sodium ion channels open causing depolarization

Movement of the cupula in the ampulla of the semicircular canals a. Is responsible for tinnitus b. Stimulates hair cells alerting us to pain sensations c. Stimulates hair cells alerting us to the presence of sound waves d. Stimulates hair cells alerting us to rotational movements e. Stimulates hair cells alerting us to a change in body position with respect to gravity

Stimulates hair cells alerting us to rotational movements

When a sound wave carries vibration to the basilar membrane which causes cilia of the inner ear hair cells to be pressed against the tectorial membrane a. There is a change in the transmembrane potential of the hair cells b. Nausea occurs c. The hair cells are permanently damaged d. The force is converted into mechanical energy e. The cells for gap junctions with the cilia of the tectorial membrane

The force is converted into mechanical energy

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. Drugs that block prostaglandin synthesis prevent pain signals from being initiated in sensory neurons b. The crossing of an axon from one side of the body to the other within an ascending pathway is called decussation c. The thalamus is the final relay point for ascending somatosensory information that will be projected to the primary sensory cortex d. The area monitored by a single receptor cell is called its receptive field e. The information from a tactile receptor on the left side of the body is transmitted to the right primary motor cortex in the pre-central gyrus for conscious awareness

The information from a tactile receptor on the left side of the body is transmitted to the right primary motor cortex in the pre-central gyrus for conscious awareness

Which of the following statements about hearing is FALSE? a. The round window separates perilymph of the inner ear from air cavity of the middle ear b. The primary auditory cortex is tenotopically? Organized c. The organ of corti hair cells are located on the basilar membrane d. The tensor? Tympanic muscle contracts to assist with hearing low volume sounds The primary auditory cortex is located on the superior surface of the temporal lobe

The tensor Tympanic muscle contracts to assist with hearing low volume sounds

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the ______ division. a. Craniosacral b. Thoracosacral c. Craniolumbar d. Lumbosacral e. Thoracolumbar

Thoracolumbar

Almost 75% of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the a. Facial nerve b. Splanchic nerves c. Vagus nerve d. Collateral nerve e. Glossopharyngeal nerve

Vagus nerve

Dual innervations refers to situations in which a. The heart and lungs both receive autonomic stimulation from the same nerve b. Visceral organs receive commands from both short reflexes and long reflexes c. Sympathetic and parasympathetic activation have similar effects on an effector d. Visceral organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers All of the above

Visceral organs receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

When all three cone populations are stimulated we see a. Red b. White c. Black d. Green e. Blue

White

A sensory receptor characterized as a free nerve ending using the neurotransmitter, Substance P, would most likely be a a. Mechanoreceptor b. Thermoreceptor c. Nociceptor d. Photoreceptor e. chemoreceptor

a. Nociceptor

Which of the following is not one of the primary taste sensations? a. Salty b. Sweet c. Sour d. Peppery e. Umami

peppery

A pigment molecule synthesized from vitamin A is a. cGMP b. opsin c. retinal d. transducin e. atropine

retinal