Exam 4: Chapter 40, some 41

Cartilage is found _____. surrounding organs such as the kidneys in the heart at the ends of bones such as the femur covering the surface of your body connecting one bone to another

at the ends of bones such as the femur

Connective tissue

bind and support other tissues; composed of sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest

System that does food processing

Digestive system

Coordination of body activities like your metabolism

Endocrine system

Detection of stimuli and forming responses to them

Nervous system

What nerve cell is responsible for transmitting and receiving?

Neuron

How do endotherms regulate their temperature?

Use metabolic heat to regulate body temperature at a high constant level

What are basic sources of chemical energy for animals?

Food

Radiation

absorb sun warmth

What is the difference of BMR and SMR?

Due to endotherms maintaining a high metabolic rate at all times; eating raises it too; ectotherms use very little metabolic energy.

A system that is slow in response, but long lasting. It releases chemicals that circulate body and get to their target cell. And stay in the body for a while

Endocrine system

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response? After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels. A person who loses 3 pounds continues to diet to lose an additional 10 pounds. The arrival of platelets at a wound site stimulates the recruitment of more platelets to form a clot. The onset of contractions during childbirth stimulates the release of a hormone that stimulates further contractions.

After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise; insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback? As a blood clot begins to form, the process of its formation gets faster and faster. After you eat, glucagon stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels. After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels. The digestive enzyme pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid; pepsin itself can then convert pepsinogen into pepsin. Once labor begins, contractions increase in frequency and intensity.

After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels.

Convection

Air or water moving pass body.

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium? Creates an internal environment that is different from the external environment. Controls the exchange of nutrients between the internal and external environments. Regulates the excretion of waste. Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.

Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment.

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport. Bone Blood Adipose tissue Muscle tissue Cartilage

Blood

Given that adult penguins don't grow from year to year, how would you explain this finding? During the breeding season, penguins produce new biomass when they lay eggs and feed their chicks. For several months after hatching, penguin chicks use a large proportion of the energy available to them to grow. At certain times, penguins use up their fat stores, losing considerable weight. At certain times, penguins store considerable energy as fat, putting on weight in the process.

At certain times, penguins store considerable energy as fat, putting on weight in the process.

Internal distribution of materials such as blood.

Circulatory system

Muscle tissue

Composed of long cells called muscle fibers and contracts/expands in response to nerve cells

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types? Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. Connective tissue consists of contractile proteins. Connective tissue consists of cells capable of transmitting electrical impulses. There are three types of connective tissue. Connective tissue is found lining body surfaces.

Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix.

What kind of exchange do you call when heat gets exchanged when the artery and vein get close together?

Counter current exchange; it depends on how the blood vessels are arranged

What happens to the molecules in animal cells?

Energy containing molecules are broken down to make ATP; once energetic needs are met remaining molecules are used in biosynthesis

What are nerve cells made of?

Excitable cells that sends an action potential to respond to stimuli

Disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Excretory system

How do animals maintain their internal environment?

Feedback control; positive; negative

Negative feedback system

Feedback system that negates the initial change. Reverses a change in a controlled condition. e.g. regulation of (high) blood pressure.

example of a conformer

Fish; cold blooded animals; their body temperature fluctuates according to the environment

What nerve cell does not transmit information but for support?

Glial cells

Maintaining of internal variables within an acceptable range; may be different in different animals; different strategies used too

Homeostasis

Body defense; lymph, WBC, etc.

Immune and Lymphatic system

What other ways can endothermic animals maintain their high body temperature?

Insulation

Protection against mechanical injury; infection; drying out; thermoregulation; your first line of defense

Integumentary system ; hair, claws, skin glands

Positive feedback system

Intensifies the original change when the need exists; drives events to a conclusion; once completed it goes back to homeostatic; self limiting; e.g. contractions during childbirth

Fluid that fills the space between cells; internal environment; where exchange occurs

Interstitial fluid

Which of these describes loose connective tissue? It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material. It is composed of many fibers that connect bone to bone and muscle to bone. It is a rigid material that provides structural support. It transports nutrients and gases from one part of the body to another. It plays a role in padding, insulation, and energy storage.

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material.

What is different about the smooth muscle tissue from the cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue?

It is not striated.

What is metabolic rate and how can it be determined?

It is the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time; measured by the amount oxygen consumed or CO2 produced

What is insulation and what do animals use to insulate themselves

It reduces the flow of heat between animal and environment by reducing heat flow from convection and conduction. They use feathers, fur, blubber, skin, etc.

Blood flow to the skin decreases, lowering heat loss

Vasoconstriction; constricting the blood vessels to minimize heat loss.

Smooth muscle tissue can be found where?

Lining of organs.

What are some examples of connective tissues?

Loose connective, adipose, fibrous connective, cartilage, bone and blood

An example of a regulator

Mammals; endothermic; maintain high body temperature despite the change of the environment

What is standard metabolic rate (SMR)?

Metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest

Movement and locomotion

Muscular system

A system that is quick in response, but short lived. It is a type of electrical response

Nervous system

What physical laws constrain animal form?

Physics of exchanging materials with environment; needs to take up food and get rid of waste. A concept of exchange.

What are the three mechanisms of Homeostasis?

Receptor - sends signal to control center Control Center- sends signal to effector Effector- changes things to desired status

Which term describes a mechanism by which the internal conditions of an organism are kept at set values without regard to the external conditions? Thermoregulation. Regulatory homeostasis. Conformational homeostasis. Negative feedback.

Regulatory homeostasis.

Making babies

Reproduction system

Gas exchange: lungs, etc.

Respiratory system

Which muscle tissue is voluntary? Which are involuntary?

Skeletal (voluntary), Cardiac and smooth muscle tissues are voluntary

Body support, movement, protection of internal organs

Skeletal system

What are the three types of muscle tissues?

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Loose connective tissue

Skin; Connective tissue that lacks great amount of collagen or elastic fibers (hence, loose), e.g., adipose tissue and areolar (general connective) tissue.

Blood flow to skin increases, facilitating heat loss

Vasodilation

Adipose tissue

Stores lipids for energy, insulation and cushioning

What are some animal behaviors to regulate temperature?

Sweating, panting, bathing, basking in the sun, moving into the shade, maintaining a certain posture

What is bioenergetics?

The flow of energy through an animal

Where can cardiac muscle be found?

The heart, which pumps blood throughout the circulatory system

Does the penguin or the mouse expend a greater proportion of its energy budget on thermoregulation? Why? The penguin expends a greater proportion of its energy budget on thermoregulation because of its large size. The mouse expends a greater proportion of its energy budget on thermoregulation because of its small size. The penguin expends a greater proportion of its energy budget on thermoregulation because of its extremely cold Antarctic habitat. The mouse expends a greater proportion of its energy budget on thermoregulation because of its temperate habitat.

The mouse expends a greater proportion of its energy budget on thermoregulation because of its small size.

How much more energy does the penguin expend each year compared to the similarly sized python? The penguin expends 2 times as much energy as the python. The penguin expends 42.5 times as much energy as the python. The penguin expends 85 times as much energy as the python. The penguin expends 332,000 times as much energy as the python.

The penguin expends 42.5 times as much energy as the python.

Why does the pie chart for the python include growth but not thermoregulation? Energy used for thermoregulation could not be measured for the python. The python grows throughout its life, and it is an ectotherm. The python grows throughout its life, but it does not thermoregulate. Only four variables can be shown in a pie chart, and growth is more important than thermoregulation in a python's energy budget.

The python grows throughout its life, and it is an ectotherm.

Relationship between metabolic rate and body size

The smaller the animal the higher the metabolic weight. Larger animals have volume to keep the homeostasis.

What is a conformer?

allows internal conditions to vary with certain external changes; changes with the environment

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers. branched unstriated unbranched and cylindrical spindle shaped striated

branched

How do simple organisms exchange material?

by diffusion and entire plasma membrane is exposed to medium

If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect? epithelial connective nervous striated muscle

connective

Epithelial tissue

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities, provides a barrier, different epithelial tissues with different functions and shapes

A neuron consists of _____. a cell body only dendrites only axons only dendrites, a cell body, and axons striations

dendrites, a cell body, and axons

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____. endocrine system excretory system respiratory system integumentary system

endocrine system

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _____. neural tissue connective tissue smooth muscle cells epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

Choose the list that correctly ranks metabolic rates per gram of body mass, from lowest to highest. gazelle, lion, elephant human, rabbit, snake fish, dog, mouse human, cat, mouse, salamander hummingbird, dog, mouse

fish, dog, mouse

Fibrous connective tissue

in the ligaments, densely packed collagen fibers; connect bones and such

Which component of a homeostatic system sends instructions based on sensory information? Sensor. Effector. Set point. Integrator.

integrator

Evaporation

loss of water molecules and cools the surface of the body. Carries heat away. Through nasal passages and mouth

What are some examples of epithelial tissues?

stratified squamous, cuboidal, simple columnar, simple squamous, and pseodostratified columnar

All animals, whether large or small, have _____. a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm an external body surface that is dry most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac

most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

The four major categories of tissues are _____. nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle muscle, epithelial, bone, and cartilage bone, muscle, blood, and adipose blood, nervous, connective, and muscle simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and stratified squamous

nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle

Biosynthesis

production of a chemical compound by a living organism

What is the function of the nervous tissue?

sense stimuli and transmits signals throughout the body

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment? Sensor. Integrator. Effector. Set point.

sensor

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body? Shivering. Sweating. Panting. Dilating blood vessels.

shivering

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients? stratified cuboidal epithelium simple cuboidal cells simple columnar epithelium stratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules? stratified squamous epithelium stratified cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal cells stratified transitional epithelium

simple cuboidal cells

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is _____. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium simple columnar epithelium simple squamous epithelium stratified squamous epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion? stratified squamous epithelium simple cuboidal cells stratified cuboidal epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple columnar epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

_____ muscle is attached to bones. Smooth Involuntary Cardiac Branched Skeletal

skeletal

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____. cardiac muscle smooth muscle skeletal muscle striated muscle

smooth muscle

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries? smooth muscle skeletal muscle striated muscle voluntary muscle cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces? simple epithelium squamous epithelium stratified epithelium simple cuboidal cells columnar epithelium

stratified epithelium

What is thermoregulation

temperature regulation by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Which animal expends the most kilocalories per year on thermoregulation? the python the mouse the penguin

the penguin

Metabolic rate is _____. the amount of heat gained by an animal in a unit of time determined when the organism is vigorously exercising after consuming a fatty meal directly proportional to body size typically higher in an ectothermic animal than in an endothermic one the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

the total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time

Nervous tissue functions _____. as a physical barrier to the invasion of pathogens to physically move the body to sense stimuli to physically support the body in the absorption of nutrients

to sense stimuli

Why can't a giant amoeba survive on earth?

too much volume compared to surface area and not enough exchange to maintain the organism

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions. True False

true

Conduction

two touching surfaces. Heat runs to the cooler area

How do ectotherms thermoregulate?

use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature; temp fluctuates with the environment

What is a regulator?

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation. a.k.a stays the same when environment changes