Exam #4
What is the process of amending the US Constitution?
-2/3rd by both house and senate and then 3/4th of states -States call for convention
What laws regulate lobbying activities?
-Foreign agents registration act 1938 -Honest leadership and open government act 2007
Where in the Constitution is the Equal Protection Clause created?
14th amendment
What court case banned the practice of Separate but Equal?
Brown V. Board of Education (1954)
What court case denied slaves legal standing in the United States?
Dred Scott V. Stanford (1865)
What are the four types of interest groups?
Economic, Environmental, Equality, and Public Interest
What is McCulloch v. Maryland?
Established that the Constitution grants implied powers to Congress, and that state action may not obstruct valid constitutional power of the federal government
What are the three classifications of powers in Federalism?
Expressed Powers: Implied Powers: Inherent Powers:
How can the Freedom of Assembly be restrained?
Freedom of assembly can be restrained through the requiring of permits.
What court case dealt with Interstate Commerce?
Gibbons v. Ogden
What court case legally sanctioned internment camps?
Korematsu V. United States (1944)
What court case dealt with public aid to parochial schools?
Meek V. Pettinger (1775)
What court case dealt with police interrogations?
Miranda v. Arizona
What court case created the practice of Separate but Equal?
Plessy V. Ferguson (1896)
What is the role of the 18th amendment?
Prohibition
What legal protections come from the 4th Amendment?
Protects from unreasonable searches and seizures
What protections come from the 3rd Amendment?
Quartering of soldiers
What court case dealt with abortion as a privacy issue?
Roe V. Wade (1973)
What court case banned the practice of busing?
Swann v. Charlotte
What is ordinary scrutiny?
The assumption that the actions of elected bodies and officials are legal under the Constitution.
What is strict scrutiny?
The label given to the most stringent approach taken by courts when reviewing potentially unconstitutional government actions.
What protections come from the 2nd Amendment?
The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed
What legal protections come from the 5th Amendment?
The right to a grand jury and protects against self-incrimination and forbids double jeopardy
What are the two types of lobbying?
direct and indirect
What clause creates separation of Church & State?
establishment clause
What legal protections come from the 6th-8th Amendments?
everyone accused of a crime is treated in a just way by the courts: the rules are fair; the fair rules have to be applied in a fair way; the fair rules apply to everybody.
What is mobilization?
free rider: The free rider problem refers to the difficulty of obtaining members of a particular interest group when the benefits are already reaped without membership
What are the three classifications of mandates?
funded, unfunded, reducing grants
What is intermediate scrutiny?
government must prove that the classification substantially advances an important government interest. Used in gender based discrimination cases.
What is the role of the 16th amendment?
income tax
What is the comity clause?
prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner.
How can the Freedom of the Press be restrained?
prior restraint
What is the role of the 21st amendment?
repealing the 18th Amendment and bringing an end to the era of national prohibition of alcohol in America
What is the "Full Faith and Credit" clause of the Constitution?
requires states to give full faith and credit to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of the other states.
What is De Jure segregation?
segregation by law
What is De Facto segregation?
segregation that exists by practice and custom
What protections come from the 1st Amendment?
speech, religion, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government