Exam 4 LearningCurves
A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is found in the:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.
Factor analysis
Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
Reaction Formation
Twenty-five-year-old Jonah is wondering whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will likely tell him that the average rate of production is about _____ sperm per second.
1,000
Roughly speaking, just over _____ percent of 4- to 17-year-olds are diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
10
About _____ percent of adults report a midlife crisis.
25
During intercourse, approximately _____ million sperm are released.
250
During prenatal development, the brain cortex peaks at producing neurons at _____ weeks after gestation.
28
Alzheimer's disease strikes _____ percent of the world's population by age 75.
3
From ages _____ to _____, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes, which enables rational planning.
3; 6; frontal
Up to age 95, the incidence of mental disintegration doubles every _____ years.
5
Which choice BEST approximates the number of people in the world who suffer from a mental or behavioral disorder?
500 million
An individual leaves middle adulthood and enters late adulthood at age:
65
According to the textbook, approximately _____ percent of friendships formed in the seventh grade dissolve by the end of eighth grade.
75
Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in?
75 to 80
The life expectancy in the United States is _____.
79
Approximately _____ percent of Americans have experienced a phobia of a specific object or situation in the past year.
9
A developmental psychologist is interested in the visual abilities of newborn children. Baby Katherine is participating in a study of newborns' visual abilities. While her mother holds Katherine, a psychologist shows the baby a variety of images. Of these images, which will Katherine look at the longest?
A human face
Huck is 3 years old and seems to struggle with his mother over everything; what to wear, when to take a bath, how to brush his teeth. According to Freud, which stage of development is he currently in?
Anal
_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.
Bandura
Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?
Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.
This neo-Freudian proposed the collective unconscious.
Carl Jung
Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." What is this course MOST likely titled?
Developmental Psychology
____ described what is now called generalized anxiety disorder as free-floating anxiety.
Freud
Nadine hears a television talk show guest remark that "A baby's mother provides it with food, and that's the basis for attachment." Nadine immediately realizes that this statement is false, because she is familiar with:
Harlow's work with monkeys.
In psychology, the MOST influential theory of moral development in psychology is that of:
Kohlberg
Which statement BEST captures the relationship between development and maturation?
Maturation is one type of development.
Research participants are presented with this scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you push a larger stranger onto the tracks, where he will die as his body stops the trolley. Will you push him?" What are the likely results to this question?
Most will say no
The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar:
Piaget.
Preoperational is to preconventional as _____ is to _____.
Piaget; Kohlberg
_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development.
Rogers
_____ is the mental disorder that is MOST likely to lead to poverty.
Schizophrenia
How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risky behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?
The frontal lobe matures slowly, impeding adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences.
According to the textbook, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at LEAST to:
William James
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:
a positive self-concept.
Philippe Pinel suggested that mental illness was:
a sickness of the mind.
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:
accommodation
Connie is overwhelmed with fear whenever she must leave the house. She is especially afraid when she uses the subway or goes grocery shopping. Connie's case illustrates:
agoraphobia.
The term _____ describes a disorder seen in Malaysian culture; it is marked by sudden violent outbursts.
amok
The textbook suggests that people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have a more sensitive emotion-processing limbic system than other people do. Based on this information, the function of the _____ may be different among people with PTSD than among other people.
amygdala
Leon's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Leon's parents have a(n) _____ parenting style.
authoritative
Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Luca's parents have a(n) ______ parenting style.
authoritative
George, a gay man who is not open about his sexual orientation in his work environment due to fear of discrimination, is likely to:
be at greater risk for mental health problems due to social stigma.
Marquis is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marquis was placed in a foster home where he was abused. He was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Marquis will:
become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies.
After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases like "passive type" or "frightened of his own impulses." This study BEST illustrates the:
biasing power of diagnostic labels.
Dr. Phelps believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Phelps believes in a _____ model.
biopsychosocial
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:
concept of conservation.
Sherry has decided to visit her professor during office hours to talk about her grade on the last exam. Upon entering her professor's office, she notices piles of papers everywhere, open books laying on the floor, and candy wrappers on the desk. Regarding the professor's personality, Sherry can make a safe assumption on what personality factor from this experience?
conscientiousness
The Big Five personality factor _____ involves the following endpoints: organized versus disorganized and careful versus careless.
conscientiousness
Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.
conservation
The local hospital has publicized for years that new parents should have their babies sleep on their backs and not their stomachs in order to reduce incidences of crib death. How might following this good advice impact their baby's development?
crawling will be delayed
Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity versus _____.
despair
Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.
developmental
As compared to younger adults, older adults have a slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road. Nevertheless, older adults account for fewer than 10 percent of all automobile crashes because they:
drive less than younger adults.
Compared to a century ago, menarche now occurs _____ in life and adult independence begins _____ in life.
earlier; later
Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?
early adulthood
Clay is hiding under his blanket so that he is invisible. He believes that if he cannot see his parents they cannot see him. Clay is demonstrating:
egocentrism
Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.
emerging
Xander is a newspaper reporter who uses a high frequency of personal pronouns such as we, our, and us in his articles. Based on this, you might predict that Xander would score high on the Big Five trait:
extraversion
Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local day-care center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is MOST likely that Malcolm will:
feel better about himself and not drop out.
Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe?
frontal
Delilah is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Delilah MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder
generalized anxiety
Diane is constantly concerned about things at work, even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life, even when she is at work. Diane has free-floating worry that makes her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder.
generalized anxiety
Which theoretical perspective led to the new subfield of psychology known as positive psychology?
humanistic
Which choice correctly pairs a personality theory with a proponent?
humanistic—Maslow
According to Freud, the _____ contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.
id
Critics of the psychoanalytic perspective believe that the unconscious involves _____ and stereotypes that automatically and unconsciously influence how people process information about themselves and others.
implicit prejudice
Jerry was frequently ill as a child, which led him to miss out on many of the activities that his peers experienced. Adler would predict that Jerry would develop a(n) _____ complex.
inferiority
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter. She frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is MOST likely to display signs of:
insecure attachment.
Erik Erikson proposed that at the ______ versus _____ stage of life, people struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for adult romantic love.
intimacy; isolation
Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:
is not classified as an illness.
Janice has a job, a cat named Jake, and 33 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Janice is in the stage of development called intimacy versus _____.
isolation
With respect to adolescence, biology determines:
its beginning, but not its end.
A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. They are concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new drug. Their perspective is most in line with the _____ model.
medical
Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.
medical
Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.
middle
Currently, 61-year-old Jim is in a life stage called _____ adulthood.
middle
June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.
middle adulthood
Excessive self-love and self-absorption is called:
narcissism.
Garrick is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. Garrick is MOST likely low on the Big Five factor of:
neuroticism.
Dr. Conway states that his research investigates the patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Conway's research is MOST likely in the area of:
personality
The id is to the _____ principle as the ego is to _____.
pleasure; reality
Based on the textbook's discussion, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the frequency of exercise is _____ correlated with memory performance in middle age and late life.
positively
The Chinese proverb, the first step to better times is to imagine them, is a reflection of:
possible selves
Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.
preconventional
In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the MOST widely used _____ test.
projective
Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings. Freud's theory represents the _____ perspective.
psychoanalytic
The role of childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations is MOST clearly emphasized by the _____ theory of personality.
psychoanalytic
When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may:
react violently
According to social-cognitive psychologists, the BEST place to assess behavior is in:
realistic situations
Elena has been in therapy for two months. When she began therapy, her therapist asked her to describe herself as she would ideally like to be and as she actually is. He explained that when these two descriptions are nearly alike, the person is thought to have a positive:
self-concept
When asked "Who are you?" John answers that he is 4 years old, that he loves trucks and trains, and that his favorite color is blue. John is describing his:
self-concept
All of Ernest's basic physiological and safety needs have been met, and he feels a solid sense of belonging and of being loved. According to Maslow, this suggests that Ernest will next seek to satisfy his need for:
self-esteem
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate a _____ bias.
self-serving
In Piaget's theory, grasping the notion of object permanence marks the transition from the _____ stage to the _____ stage.
sensorimotor; preoperational
John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is MOST likely to be:
sexually active
There are many computerized game programs that are designed to improve cognitive functioning and reduce cognitive decline by exercising both memory and attention. Research has shown that those who engage in such games:
show improvement in the practiced skills.
These theories build from research on learning and thought processes.
social-cognitive
Dr. Babineaux asks a sample of 8-year-old children to complete measures of several personality traits. When the same children are 16 years old, she asks them to complete measures of the same traits. Dr. Babineaux then computes correlations between the two sets of measures. Her results are MOST relevant to the _____ issues.
stability and change
Baby June is now 8 months of age. Her mother has noticed that, lately, June has become extremely fearful of unfamiliar people. June is displaying _____ anxiety.
stranger
Beginning at around 8 months of age, infants may become fearful around unfamiliar people. This is called _____ anxiety.
stranger
When Mrs. Perez touched her newborn's lips, he produced an automatic response called the ______ reflex.
sucking
Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is MOST likely due to:
the lack of necessary maturation.
Arianna displays very dysfunctional behavior. She is unable to care for herself, cannot dress herself, and has limited understanding of her surroundings. Prior to the reform movement influenced by Philippe Pinel, Arianna's behavior would MOST likely have been considered:
the result of demon possession.
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck BEST illustrate:
the self-serving bias
Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents:
the stability side of the stability and change developmental issue.
Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of _____ disorder.
attention-deficit hyperactivity
Ten-year-old Marie is sad. She is crying. Her older brother Paul looks at her and then continues watching television. Paul may be showing signs of _____.
autism spectrum disorder
Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent:
crib death
The ability to rebound from adversity and go on to lead a better life is called _____.
resilience
The light sensitive inner portion of the eye is called the _____.
retina
The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:
the human capacity for evil
About one-_____ of American college students report an apparent mental health problem.
third
A(n) _____ describes a characteristic pattern of behavior, or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.
trait
As we age, we BEST remember events that occurred:
During our teenage years
In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective does NOT emphasize:
altruism.
Jean Piaget proposed a stage theory of _____ development.
cognitive
From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural network is sprouting MOST rapidly in the _____ lobes.
frontal
Freud's ideas of love and work correspond to Erikson's stages of intimacy and _____.
generativity
People high in the quality of _____ are open with their feelings and are transparent and self-disclosing.
genuineness
Jake is a 3-month-old baby who is no longer as interested in a puppet head as he once was. In this example, Jake is BEST seen as demonstrating:
habituation.
Todd tends to be calm, secure, imaginative, and independent. He likely scores _____ on the Big Five trait neuroticism and _____ on the Big Five trait openness.
low;high
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra MOST likely is suffering from _____ disorder.
panic
Joshua's history of romantic relationships influences his attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how he now responds to his current girlfriend. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism
Brenda's past experiences in college classes influence her attitude toward academic achievement, which then influence how she prepares for her current classes. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism.
Sigmund Freud suggested that adults with a passive and submissive personality, marked by a childlike dependence, demonstrate signs of:
an oral fixation
You have the MOST brain cells you will ever have at:
birth
Jane just turned 67 years old. She is in _____ adulthood.
late
People who are troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions are suffering from _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
This perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction of people's traits with their situations.
social-cognitive
One of the negative outcomes of giving a person a psychiatric diagnosis is that a person may then live up to others' expectations. This means that:
the label itself may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
This helps maintain our phobias after they arise.
reinforcement
Judy has leukemia and has been prescribed a series of medications to help treat the condition. However, she regularly forgets to take her medication. What could she do to help remember to take her medication on time?
write a note to herself
Samantha is 4 years old and seems jealous of her mother. Every time her parents go to hug each other she pushes her mother away from her father and says no. Samantha then hugs her father and sticks her tongue out at her mother. According to Freud, Samantha is demonstrating the:
Electra complex
Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?
They used the emotional part of the brain to refuse to push.
Stella has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Stella suffers not only from panic disorder, but also from _____.
agoraphobia
Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers not only from panic disorder, but also from:
agoraphobia.
_____ disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent worry or maladaptive behaviors that serve to reduce it.
anxiety
Researchers find that in high stress situations, it is common for the stress hormones to _____ memories of traumatic events
enhance
____ are molecular tags that attach to chromosomes and turn genes on or off.
epigenetic tags
Juan loves horseback riding. What would be an environmental factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
having friends that also ride horses
Bernadette is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?
her academic transcripts
John is 58 years old and is worried about Alzheimer's disease. He asks what he can do to prevent it. You give him this advice.
keep your mind active
When the brain's danger-detection system becomes too active, the risk for _____ disorder(s) does NOT increase.
major depressive
_____ disorder is characterized by a person having repetitive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions.
obsessive-compulsive
This Big Five personality factor involves the following endpoints: imaginative versus practical and independent versus conforming.
openness
Generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder express themselves biologically by:
overarousing areas of the brain responsible for impulse control and habitual behaviors.
According to social-cognitive psychologists, the BEST way to predict future behavior is through:
past behavior patterns in similar situations.
Eight-year-old Jack has severe temper tantrums at times and experiences irritability. He has been diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. One of the significant negative outcomes of labeling Jack is:
people may view Jack differently because of the label.
Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. He believed that it is fundamentally wrong to take human life. He was willing to serve time in jail, rather than take part in an armed conflict. Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's _____ level of moral reasoning.
postconventional
Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is MOST clearly showing signs of _____ disorder.
posttraumatic stress
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:
reciprocal determinism.
Shortly before she was to start high school, Aaliyah's family moved to another state. On the first day of school, Aaliyah's mother catches Aaliyah sucking her thumb, something that Aaliyah has not done in years. Which defense mechanism is Aaliyah using to avoid stress?
regression
The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.
social
If one has an intense fear of speaking in public, dining out, or going to parties, one may be suffering from _____ disorder.
social anxiety
Developmental psychologists have found that one's general level of emotionality, called _____, remains fairly constant from childhood into adulthood.
temperament
A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:
theory of mind
Dr. Wayne states that the task of the personality psychologist is to describe the consistent and persistent patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Wayne is MOST likely a _____ theorist of personality.
trait
The number of those aged 60 and older is expected to _____ by 2100.
triple
Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. Which choice exemplifies an internal personal factor associated with roller skating for Lin?
her own thoughts and feelings about roller skating
Juan loves horseback riding. Which choice exemplifies an internal personal factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
his thoughts and feelings about riding horses
Which description is matched with the correct parenting style?
responsive, demanding — authoritative
The neo-Freudians disagreed with Freud in two important ways: the _____, and the role of the conscious mind.
role of sex and aggression as primary motivators
Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems that can explain the dynamics of the human mind: the id, the ego, and the _____.
superego
Qwan often finds himself anxious in social situations. He avoids eye contact with others and regularly dismisses his fears of blushing uncontrollably as shyness. If Qwan were Japanese, he might be suffering from:
taijin-kyofusho.
Gabriel recently signed up for a website that reunites one with former classmates from elementary school. He is curious to see if many of his former classmates still look and act the same. Research on stability and change would predict:
that some things about his classmates will be the same while other aspects will be quite different.
