Exam 4

In a nerve cell, where is action potential propagated along the axon?

At the node of Ranvier

When do the oogonia undergo mitosis?

Before birth

Which of the following is required for repairing the phosphodiester backbone of DNA during molecular cloning?

DNA ligase

What are the female gonads called?

Ovaries

Which term applies to egg development within the female with nourishment derived from a yolk?

Ovoviparity

Reproductive cells are called _____

gametes

Connective tissue typically have ___

large amount of extracellular matrix

What is a major function of the respiratory system?

Deliver O2 to the blood and remove CO2 from the body

Which part of the neuron has plasma membrane proteins that convert stimuli to electrical potential that travels TOWARDS the neurons cell body?

Dendrite (acts as receptor for the cell)

Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and trigger action potentials are called ____

Excitatory

When the brain compares actual temp of the body, which is being used?

Integrator

Although the male ejaculate contains hundreds of millions of sperm, _____

Most do not reach the oocyte

If blood volume were to fall, any associated drop in blood pressure would be detected by baroreceptors. What is the role of baroreceptors in the feedback loop?

Receptors

Homeostasis with temperature

The thermometer is the receptor. The air conditioning unit is the effector

What is the role of Ca2+ in a chemical synapse?

To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca2+ inside the presynaptic neuron increases

Animals that are ___ give live birth

Viviparous and ovoviviparous

The type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood vessels is ____

smooth muscle

*** The operation of the sodium potassium pump moves ____

3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 Na+ into the cell

The sodium potassium pump actively transports ___ sodium ions from inside to outside the cell and ___ potassium ions from outside to inside the cell

3:2

Which of the following is true of binding of the neurotransmitter, released from the presynaptic neuron of a chemical synapse, to the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron? A) It results in ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane to open or close B) It directly transfers the nerve impulses from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane C) It deforms the postsynaptic membrane, which results in the formation of a nerve impulse D) none of the above

A) It results in ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane to open or close

Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?

An egg develops without being fertilized

Which part of the neuron has plasma membrane proteins that will initiate an action potential a long distance away from the cell body and toward its target, if the signal reaches a strong enough level called the threshold?

Axon

Which part of the neuron sends output to "effector"?

Axon

How can a specific neurotransmitter, such as norepinephrine, excite one type of cell in the body causing increased metabolic activity, but inhibit another cell elsewhere in the body at the same time?

By binding to receptors that cause different effect in cell

For the presynaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic area, ____ ions have to be present

Calcium

What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body?

Chemical level

Which part of the neuron receives chemical input, either serving as or associated with a "receptor?"

Dendrite

What is true about ectotherms?

Ectotherms use more energy for reproduction than for heat production

A variety of electrophoresis techniques are currently employed in biotechnology. These techniques separate substances utilizing their ____

Electric charge

What is controlled by serotonin?

Feelings of well-being

Diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob of a presynaptic neuron generates which immediate response?

Fusion of synaptic vesicles with the neuron's plasma membrane and release of neurotransmitter

Which technique is used to separate protein fragments based on size?

Gel electrophoresis

Binding of a neurotransmitter to the post synaptic membrane opens which type of channel?

Ligand gated

The midpiece of a mature sperm contains ____

Mitochondria

What type of cell process occurs in asexual reproduction?

Mitosis

Which organ system produces movement and generates heat?

Muscular system

ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of ___

Na+ out of cells

When you exercise, your muscle cells use oxygen to convert the energy stored in glucose into the energy stored in ATP, which they then use to drive muscle contractions. When you exercise, your muscles need more oxygen. Therefore, to maintain an adequate oxygen level in all of the tissues in your body, you increase respiration rate and depth. This allows you to take in more oxygen. Your heart rate increases, which allows it to deliver more oxygenated blood to your muscles and other organs that will need more oxygen. Is this a negative or positive feedback loop?

Negative - The decrease in blood oxygen when you exercise stimulates your body to raise your blood oxygen level to its normal set point.

The charge of a nerve cell membrane that is not propagating a nerve impulse is _____; when it is depolarized to propagate an action potential, its charge is _____.

Negative inside and positive outside; positive inside and negative outside

How many eggs are produced as a result of one meiotic series of cell divisions?

One

Which technique amplifies DNA?

Polymerase chain reaction

Ion channels are ___ in the plasma membrane that allow ___ to pass through

Proteins; ions

Which part of the neuron converts electrical potential to chemical stimuli for other neurons or target effector?

Synaptic knob (at the ends of the axon)

Nerve impulses cannot reverse and travel up the axon toward the cell body due to _____

The refractory period

The resting potential of a neuron is maintained by ____

The sodium-potassium pumps

Where does fertilization of the egg by the sperm typically occur?

Uterine tube

What controls whether an embryo will develop testes or ovaries?

Y chromosome

Which is an example of negative feedback? a) lowering of blood glucose after a meal b) Blood clotting after an injury c) lactation during nursing d) uterine contractions during labor

a) Lowering of blood glucose after a meal

Which part of the neuron conducts electrical impulses?

cell body (soma)

The place of the upper vagina and the uterus connecting is called the ____

cervix

**** Restriction enzymes ____

cut at specific sites

Which of the following is a mechanism animals use to exchange heat with the environment? a) conduction b) convection c) radiation d) evaporation e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Which of the following is an example of an adaptation to increase surface area? a) the flattening of repeating units of the fish gill called lamellae b) the presence of narrow membrane projections called villi in the digestive tract c) the elaborate folding of portions of the digestive tract d) the extensive branching of the small, thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries e) all of the above

e) all of the above

The release of ACH from the terminal of a motor neuron is most directly linked to the ____

entry of calcium into the axon terminal

Most of the exchange surface of multicellular animals are lined with ____

epithelial tissue

Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via ____

exocytosis

Natural selection involves energetic tradeoffs between ___

growth and reproduction

Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to ____

hyperpolarize the membrane

The insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology is ___

identical to human insulin produced in the pancreas

GMOs are created by ____

introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means

Insulin produced by molecular cloning:

is a recombinant protein

The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the ____

min depolarization to open voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels

The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the ___

neuron

Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells _____

of tissues to cure inheritable disease

The female gonads are the ____

ovaries

Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal?

parthenogenesis

**** During repolarization of a neuron ____

potassium ions move out of the cell (repolarization is when you get more negative)

A major function of the testes is to ____

produce spermatozoa

The enzyme that uses RNA as a template to produce a DNA copy is called ____

reverse transcriptase

Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the ____

testes

During an action potential, repolarization occurs ____

when potassium diffuses out of the cell