Exam 4
In a nerve cell, where is action potential propagated along the axon?
At the node of Ranvier
When do the oogonia undergo mitosis?
Before birth
Which of the following is required for repairing the phosphodiester backbone of DNA during molecular cloning?
DNA ligase
What are the female gonads called?
Ovaries
Which term applies to egg development within the female with nourishment derived from a yolk?
Ovoviparity
Reproductive cells are called _____
gametes
Connective tissue typically have ___
large amount of extracellular matrix
What is a major function of the respiratory system?
Deliver O2 to the blood and remove CO2 from the body
Which part of the neuron has plasma membrane proteins that convert stimuli to electrical potential that travels TOWARDS the neurons cell body?
Dendrite (acts as receptor for the cell)
Neurotransmitters that open Na+ channels and trigger action potentials are called ____
Excitatory
When the brain compares actual temp of the body, which is being used?
Integrator
Although the male ejaculate contains hundreds of millions of sperm, _____
Most do not reach the oocyte
If blood volume were to fall, any associated drop in blood pressure would be detected by baroreceptors. What is the role of baroreceptors in the feedback loop?
Receptors
Homeostasis with temperature
The thermometer is the receptor. The air conditioning unit is the effector
What is the role of Ca2+ in a chemical synapse?
To trigger neurotransmitter release when the concentration of Ca2+ inside the presynaptic neuron increases
Animals that are ___ give live birth
Viviparous and ovoviviparous
The type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood vessels is ____
smooth muscle
*** The operation of the sodium potassium pump moves ____
3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 Na+ into the cell
The sodium potassium pump actively transports ___ sodium ions from inside to outside the cell and ___ potassium ions from outside to inside the cell
3:2
Which of the following is true of binding of the neurotransmitter, released from the presynaptic neuron of a chemical synapse, to the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron? A) It results in ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane to open or close B) It directly transfers the nerve impulses from the presynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic membrane C) It deforms the postsynaptic membrane, which results in the formation of a nerve impulse D) none of the above
A) It results in ion channels of the postsynaptic membrane to open or close
Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?
An egg develops without being fertilized
Which part of the neuron has plasma membrane proteins that will initiate an action potential a long distance away from the cell body and toward its target, if the signal reaches a strong enough level called the threshold?
Axon
Which part of the neuron sends output to "effector"?
Axon
How can a specific neurotransmitter, such as norepinephrine, excite one type of cell in the body causing increased metabolic activity, but inhibit another cell elsewhere in the body at the same time?
By binding to receptors that cause different effect in cell
For the presynaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic area, ____ ions have to be present
Calcium
What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body?
Chemical level
Which part of the neuron receives chemical input, either serving as or associated with a "receptor?"
Dendrite
What is true about ectotherms?
Ectotherms use more energy for reproduction than for heat production
A variety of electrophoresis techniques are currently employed in biotechnology. These techniques separate substances utilizing their ____
Electric charge
What is controlled by serotonin?
Feelings of well-being
Diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob of a presynaptic neuron generates which immediate response?
Fusion of synaptic vesicles with the neuron's plasma membrane and release of neurotransmitter
Which technique is used to separate protein fragments based on size?
Gel electrophoresis
Binding of a neurotransmitter to the post synaptic membrane opens which type of channel?
Ligand gated
The midpiece of a mature sperm contains ____
Mitochondria
What type of cell process occurs in asexual reproduction?
Mitosis
Which organ system produces movement and generates heat?
Muscular system
ATP hydrolysis directly powers the movement of ___
Na+ out of cells
When you exercise, your muscle cells use oxygen to convert the energy stored in glucose into the energy stored in ATP, which they then use to drive muscle contractions. When you exercise, your muscles need more oxygen. Therefore, to maintain an adequate oxygen level in all of the tissues in your body, you increase respiration rate and depth. This allows you to take in more oxygen. Your heart rate increases, which allows it to deliver more oxygenated blood to your muscles and other organs that will need more oxygen. Is this a negative or positive feedback loop?
Negative - The decrease in blood oxygen when you exercise stimulates your body to raise your blood oxygen level to its normal set point.
The charge of a nerve cell membrane that is not propagating a nerve impulse is _____; when it is depolarized to propagate an action potential, its charge is _____.
Negative inside and positive outside; positive inside and negative outside
How many eggs are produced as a result of one meiotic series of cell divisions?
One
Which technique amplifies DNA?
Polymerase chain reaction
Ion channels are ___ in the plasma membrane that allow ___ to pass through
Proteins; ions
Which part of the neuron converts electrical potential to chemical stimuli for other neurons or target effector?
Synaptic knob (at the ends of the axon)
Nerve impulses cannot reverse and travel up the axon toward the cell body due to _____
The refractory period
The resting potential of a neuron is maintained by ____
The sodium-potassium pumps
Where does fertilization of the egg by the sperm typically occur?
Uterine tube
What controls whether an embryo will develop testes or ovaries?
Y chromosome
Which is an example of negative feedback? a) lowering of blood glucose after a meal b) Blood clotting after an injury c) lactation during nursing d) uterine contractions during labor
a) Lowering of blood glucose after a meal
Which part of the neuron conducts electrical impulses?
cell body (soma)
The place of the upper vagina and the uterus connecting is called the ____
cervix
**** Restriction enzymes ____
cut at specific sites
Which of the following is a mechanism animals use to exchange heat with the environment? a) conduction b) convection c) radiation d) evaporation e) all of the above
e) all of the above
Which of the following is an example of an adaptation to increase surface area? a) the flattening of repeating units of the fish gill called lamellae b) the presence of narrow membrane projections called villi in the digestive tract c) the elaborate folding of portions of the digestive tract d) the extensive branching of the small, thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries e) all of the above
e) all of the above
The release of ACH from the terminal of a motor neuron is most directly linked to the ____
entry of calcium into the axon terminal
Most of the exchange surface of multicellular animals are lined with ____
epithelial tissue
Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals via ____
exocytosis
Natural selection involves energetic tradeoffs between ___
growth and reproduction
Neurotransmitters categorized as inhibitory are expected to ____
hyperpolarize the membrane
The insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology is ___
identical to human insulin produced in the pancreas
GMOs are created by ____
introducing recombinant DNA into an organism by any means
Insulin produced by molecular cloning:
is a recombinant protein
The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the ____
min depolarization to open voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels
The structural and functional unit of nervous tissue is the ___
neuron
Gene therapy can be used to introduce foreign DNA into cells _____
of tissues to cure inheritable disease
The female gonads are the ____
ovaries
Which form of reproduction can result from damage to the original animal?
parthenogenesis
**** During repolarization of a neuron ____
potassium ions move out of the cell (repolarization is when you get more negative)
A major function of the testes is to ____
produce spermatozoa
The enzyme that uses RNA as a template to produce a DNA copy is called ____
reverse transcriptase
Testosterone is synthesized primarily by the ____
testes
During an action potential, repolarization occurs ____
when potassium diffuses out of the cell