Exam 4 Review questions

Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called

Kerincterus

Which of the following liver cells are phagocytic?

Kupffer

Jaundice is a common manifestation of

Liver disease

John is a college student living in a dormitory. He comes to the clinic complaining of a headache and confusion. John is found to have a fever of 102° F. This information is most consistent with

Megingitis

Which symptom suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?

Nausea, vomiting

The portion of the stomach that controls gastric emptying is the

Pylorus

Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include (select all that apply)

Rectal pain or fullness Constipation or diarrhea Black, tarry or pencil shaped stool Change in bowel habits

The pathology involved in acute brain injury related to mechanical injury such as a fall includes which of the following?

Release of glutamate leading to neuron hyper excitability Oxidative stress and cellular swelling Diffuse axonal injury

The capillaries of the liver are more commonly known as hepatic:

Sinusoids or hepatic capillaries

Which sphincter, when it relaxes, allows bile to flow into the duodenum?

Sphincter of Oddi

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is aimed at

Stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function

The pain associated with acute pancreatitis is generally described as ________ in nature.

Steady and Boring

Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports

Sudden severe headache

The blood supply of the large intestine is derived from which vessel(s)?

Superior and Inferior Mesenteric

The blood supply of the large intestine is derived from which vessel(s)?

Superior and inferior mesenteric

Leaky gut syndrome results from increased intestinal permeability due to immune activation and proinflammatory cytokine production related to pathogenic bacterial overgrowth.

True

Migraine aura is associated with cortical spreading depression.

True

The pancreas produces which substance to prevent the premature activation of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas?

Trypsin inhibitor

Which information indicates the nurse understands digestion? During the cephalic and gastric phases of digestion, gallbladder contraction is mediated by branches of the:

Vagus nerve

Absorption of nutrients from the intestine occurs initially through the:

Villi

An acute hepatitis infection will show which laboratory results (select all that apply)

positive hepatitis B surface antigen positive anti-HB core IgM Negative anti-HB surface IgG

Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the etiology of

subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Cortical spreading depression is thought to trigger the trigeminal vascular system that leads to vasodilation, inflammation, and sensitization of pain receptors in the etiology of migraine headaches.

true

Epidural bleeding is

characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury.

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.

A patient who is at risk for peptic ulcer disease is one who

has been taking ibuprofen daily for 6 months.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

is characterized by abnormal gastrointestinal motility leading to diarrhea, constipation, or alternating patterns of both.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Is characterized by periods of remission interspersed with periods of exacerbation

The _____ reflex initiates propulsion in the entire colon, usually during or immediately after eating.

Gastrocolic

A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with hematemesis and profound anemia. The expected diagnosis is

Gastroesophageal varices

Treatment options for migraines would include which of the following? (select all that apply)

*Selective serotonin receptor agonists (triptans) for acute/abortive treatment of moderate to severe migraines *NSAIDs to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis for mild to moderate migraine pain *Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists for chronic migraines *Implementation of a ketogenic diet to reduce the frequency of migraines

Clinical manifestations of gut dysbiosis would include which of the following? (select all that apply)

?

The GI tract performs which of the following processes

Absorption of digested food Chemical breakdown of food particles Mechanical breakdown of food particles Secretion of mucus

The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains

Acinar

A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.

Acute

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of

Acute pancreatitis

More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with

Alcoholism

A patient reports the sensation of tingling around the lips during an episode of severe anxiety. The underlying physiologic process of this clinical manifestation can be attributed to which of the following?

Alkalosis related to hyperventilation promoting the binding of calcium to albumin and reduction of the fraction of ionized calcium in the blood.

Clinical manifestations immediately after concussive injury could include which of the following?

Alteration of mental status Dizziness Nausea and vomiting Retrograde amnesia

Acute right lower quadrant pain (McBurney's point) associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of

Appendicitis

Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

Basal skull fracture

The pancreas produces which substance to prevent the premature activation of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas?

Bicarbonate

Clinical manifestations of gut dysbiosis could include which of the following?

Bloating, abdominal pain, and cramping Constipation or diarrhea Fatigue, brain fog, and lowered mood Skin conditions like psoriasis Joint pain

The most important preventative measure for hemorrhagic stroke is

Blood pressure control

What finding would rule out a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea?

Bloody stools

Secondary injury after head trauma refers to

Brain injury due to the body's response to tissue damage

Which of the following signs and symptoms can be related to complications of cirrhosis?

Bruising, bleeding, splenomegaly, edema/ ascites, encephalopathy

The vermiform appendix is attached to the:

Cecum

An early indicator of colon cancer is

Change in bowel habits

Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include (select all that apply)

Change in bowel habits Black tarry or pencil like stool Rectal pain Constipation or diarrhea ??

Acute right upper quadrant tenderness and guarding with a positive Murphy's sign is indicative of

Cholecystitis

Most gallstones are composed of

Cholesterol

The primary bile salts are synthesized from _______ by hepatocytes lining the bile canaliculi.

Cholesterol

In the liver, free bilirubin moves from the plasma in the sinusoids into the hepatocytes, where it is converted into:

Conjugated Bilirubin

Encephalitis is usually

Due to a viral infection in Brain cells

Signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis most likely include which of the following? (select all that apply)

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels 2 more

The action of bile is to

Emulsify fats

The function of the acinar cells of the pancreas is to secrete:

Enzymes

A patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 10 is classified as having a mild degree of coma.

False

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

Focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles

A patient with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease would likely be tested for

Helicobacter Pylori

A patient with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease would likely be tested for

Helicobacter pylori

Patients who may be at risk for development of cholesterol gallstones include

High spinal cord injuries Patients receiving totally parenteral nutrition Patients with rapid weight loss Pregnant woman

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

Hypoventilation

Which immunoglobulin is found in normal saliva?

IgA

Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with

Increased blood ammonia levels

Which of the following situations can contribute to development of peptic ulcer disease? (select all that apply)

Infection with Helicobacter Pylori Frequent use of ibuprofen (NSAIDS) Smoking

Which of the following situations can contribute to development of peptic ulcer disease? (select all that apply)

Infection with Helicobacter pylori Frequent use of ibuprofen Smoking

The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is

Intracranial hemorrhage

What clinical finding would suggest an esophageal cause of a client's report of dysphagia?

Not airway Cough when swallowing

Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with

Not- Malabsorption of nutrients

Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with

Not- inflammation and scarring of the submucosal layer of the bowel.

Individuals diagnosed with celiac disease may suffer from which of the following disorders or conditions?

Osteopenia, Failure to thrive, Anemia,

Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of

Pancreatitis

Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid?

Parietal

Chief cells secrete ____, while parietal cells secrete ____.

Pepsinogen, Hydrogen chloride

Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of

Peptic ulcer disease

Food is moved down the esophagus via what process?

Peristalsis

Esophageal varices represent a complication of ________ hypertension.

Portal

Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to

Portal hypertension

An acute hepatitis infection will show which laboratory results (select all that apply)

Positive Hepatits B surface antigen Positve anti-HB core IgM Negative anti-HB suface IgG

Barrett esophagus is a

Preneoplastic lesion

Mucus production to form the mucosal barrier in the stomach is stimulated by the release of:

Prostaglandins

Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine?

Pyloric

You need Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for myasthenia Gravis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease.

These are all diseases where you need to keep acetylcholine at the synapse

A patient with peptic ulcer disease may have anemia because of either blood loss or insufficient intrinsic factor.

True

Atrophy of the intestinal villi in celiac disease can lead to anemia and osteopenia.

True

Celiac disease involves an autoimmune reaction.

True

Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains such as wheat, barley, and rye.

True