Exam 4 Review questions
Brain injury secondary to high serum bilirubin is called
Kerincterus
Which of the following liver cells are phagocytic?
Kupffer
Jaundice is a common manifestation of
Liver disease
John is a college student living in a dormitory. He comes to the clinic complaining of a headache and confusion. John is found to have a fever of 102° F. This information is most consistent with
Megingitis
Which symptom suggests the presence of a hiatal hernia?
Nausea, vomiting
The portion of the stomach that controls gastric emptying is the
Pylorus
Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include (select all that apply)
Rectal pain or fullness Constipation or diarrhea Black, tarry or pencil shaped stool Change in bowel habits
The pathology involved in acute brain injury related to mechanical injury such as a fall includes which of the following?
Release of glutamate leading to neuron hyper excitability Oxidative stress and cellular swelling Diffuse axonal injury
The capillaries of the liver are more commonly known as hepatic:
Sinusoids or hepatic capillaries
Which sphincter, when it relaxes, allows bile to flow into the duodenum?
Sphincter of Oddi
In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is aimed at
Stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function
The pain associated with acute pancreatitis is generally described as ________ in nature.
Steady and Boring
Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports
Sudden severe headache
The blood supply of the large intestine is derived from which vessel(s)?
Superior and Inferior Mesenteric
The blood supply of the large intestine is derived from which vessel(s)?
Superior and inferior mesenteric
Leaky gut syndrome results from increased intestinal permeability due to immune activation and proinflammatory cytokine production related to pathogenic bacterial overgrowth.
True
Migraine aura is associated with cortical spreading depression.
True
The pancreas produces which substance to prevent the premature activation of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas?
Trypsin inhibitor
Which information indicates the nurse understands digestion? During the cephalic and gastric phases of digestion, gallbladder contraction is mediated by branches of the:
Vagus nerve
Absorption of nutrients from the intestine occurs initially through the:
Villi
An acute hepatitis infection will show which laboratory results (select all that apply)
positive hepatitis B surface antigen positive anti-HB core IgM Negative anti-HB surface IgG
Cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the etiology of
subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Cortical spreading depression is thought to trigger the trigeminal vascular system that leads to vasodilation, inflammation, and sensitization of pain receptors in the etiology of migraine headaches.
true
Epidural bleeding is
characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury.
Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which
focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.
A patient who is at risk for peptic ulcer disease is one who
has been taking ibuprofen daily for 6 months.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
is characterized by abnormal gastrointestinal motility leading to diarrhea, constipation, or alternating patterns of both.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Is characterized by periods of remission interspersed with periods of exacerbation
The _____ reflex initiates propulsion in the entire colon, usually during or immediately after eating.
Gastrocolic
A patient with a history of alcoholism presents with hematemesis and profound anemia. The expected diagnosis is
Gastroesophageal varices
Treatment options for migraines would include which of the following? (select all that apply)
*Selective serotonin receptor agonists (triptans) for acute/abortive treatment of moderate to severe migraines *NSAIDs to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis for mild to moderate migraine pain *Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists for chronic migraines *Implementation of a ketogenic diet to reduce the frequency of migraines
Clinical manifestations of gut dysbiosis would include which of the following? (select all that apply)
?
The GI tract performs which of the following processes
Absorption of digested food Chemical breakdown of food particles Mechanical breakdown of food particles Secretion of mucus
The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains
Acinar
A viral hepatitis screen with positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) should be interpreted as ________ hepatitis B.
Acute
Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of
Acute pancreatitis
More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with
Alcoholism
A patient reports the sensation of tingling around the lips during an episode of severe anxiety. The underlying physiologic process of this clinical manifestation can be attributed to which of the following?
Alkalosis related to hyperventilation promoting the binding of calcium to albumin and reduction of the fraction of ionized calcium in the blood.
Clinical manifestations immediately after concussive injury could include which of the following?
Alteration of mental status Dizziness Nausea and vomiting Retrograde amnesia
Acute right lower quadrant pain (McBurney's point) associated with rebound tenderness and systemic signs of inflammation are indicative of
Appendicitis
Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with
Basal skull fracture
The pancreas produces which substance to prevent the premature activation of proteolytic enzymes in the pancreas?
Bicarbonate
Clinical manifestations of gut dysbiosis could include which of the following?
Bloating, abdominal pain, and cramping Constipation or diarrhea Fatigue, brain fog, and lowered mood Skin conditions like psoriasis Joint pain
The most important preventative measure for hemorrhagic stroke is
Blood pressure control
What finding would rule out a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in a patient with chronic diarrhea?
Bloody stools
Secondary injury after head trauma refers to
Brain injury due to the body's response to tissue damage
Which of the following signs and symptoms can be related to complications of cirrhosis?
Bruising, bleeding, splenomegaly, edema/ ascites, encephalopathy
The vermiform appendix is attached to the:
Cecum
An early indicator of colon cancer is
Change in bowel habits
Signs and symptoms of colon cancer include (select all that apply)
Change in bowel habits Black tarry or pencil like stool Rectal pain Constipation or diarrhea ??
Acute right upper quadrant tenderness and guarding with a positive Murphy's sign is indicative of
Cholecystitis
Most gallstones are composed of
Cholesterol
The primary bile salts are synthesized from _______ by hepatocytes lining the bile canaliculi.
Cholesterol
In the liver, free bilirubin moves from the plasma in the sinusoids into the hepatocytes, where it is converted into:
Conjugated Bilirubin
Encephalitis is usually
Due to a viral infection in Brain cells
Signs and symptoms of acute pancreatitis most likely include which of the following? (select all that apply)
Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels 2 more
The action of bile is to
Emulsify fats
The function of the acinar cells of the pancreas is to secrete:
Enzymes
A patient with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 10 is classified as having a mild degree of coma.
False
Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which
Focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles
A patient with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease would likely be tested for
Helicobacter Pylori
A patient with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease would likely be tested for
Helicobacter pylori
Patients who may be at risk for development of cholesterol gallstones include
High spinal cord injuries Patients receiving totally parenteral nutrition Patients with rapid weight loss Pregnant woman
An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be
Hypoventilation
Which immunoglobulin is found in normal saliva?
IgA
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with
Increased blood ammonia levels
Which of the following situations can contribute to development of peptic ulcer disease? (select all that apply)
Infection with Helicobacter Pylori Frequent use of ibuprofen (NSAIDS) Smoking
Which of the following situations can contribute to development of peptic ulcer disease? (select all that apply)
Infection with Helicobacter pylori Frequent use of ibuprofen Smoking
The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is
Intracranial hemorrhage
What clinical finding would suggest an esophageal cause of a client's report of dysphagia?
Not airway Cough when swallowing
Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with
Not- Malabsorption of nutrients
Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with
Not- inflammation and scarring of the submucosal layer of the bowel.
Individuals diagnosed with celiac disease may suffer from which of the following disorders or conditions?
Osteopenia, Failure to thrive, Anemia,
Elevated serum lipase and amylase levels are indicative of
Pancreatitis
Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid?
Parietal
Chief cells secrete ____, while parietal cells secrete ____.
Pepsinogen, Hydrogen chloride
Epigastric pain that is relieved by food is suggestive of
Peptic ulcer disease
Food is moved down the esophagus via what process?
Peristalsis
Esophageal varices represent a complication of ________ hypertension.
Portal
Pathophysiologically, esophageal varices can be attributed to
Portal hypertension
An acute hepatitis infection will show which laboratory results (select all that apply)
Positive Hepatits B surface antigen Positve anti-HB core IgM Negative anti-HB suface IgG
Barrett esophagus is a
Preneoplastic lesion
Mucus production to form the mucosal barrier in the stomach is stimulated by the release of:
Prostaglandins
Which sphincter prevents reflux of digested material from the colon into the small intestine?
Pyloric
You need Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for myasthenia Gravis, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's disease.
These are all diseases where you need to keep acetylcholine at the synapse
A patient with peptic ulcer disease may have anemia because of either blood loss or insufficient intrinsic factor.
True
Atrophy of the intestinal villi in celiac disease can lead to anemia and osteopenia.
True
Celiac disease involves an autoimmune reaction.
True
Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains such as wheat, barley, and rye.
True
