APHG 9.3-9.4

His map contained 11 agricultural zones

5 are found among developing countries: pastoral nomadism shifting cultivation intensive subsistence, wet rice dominant intensive subsistence, wet rice not dominant plantation 6 are found among developed countries: mixed crop & livestock dairy grain livestock ranching Mediterranean commercial gardening

_____________________ is the leader in organic farming. Other leading countries include:

Australia; Argentina, US and China

Overfishing

China for 1/3 of world's yield of fish. others are Chile, Indonesia, and Peru. overfishing, capturing fish faster than they can reproduce.

Paddy

Malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field

Where in the U.S. is loss of farmland to urbanization especially severe?

Maryland-Washington and Baltimore-

Where is the U.S. Corn Belt and what crop is making rapid inroads among farms there?

Ohio to Dakotas. corn

Historically, increases in world food production were due to ________________________________.

agriculture

The five most pesticide-ridden fruits, with percentages, are:

apple (99%), peaches (98%), nectarines (97%), strawberries, and grapes

milkshed

area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied

truck farming

commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for Middle English word truck, meaning "barter" or "exchange of commodities"

What is potash?

fertilizer from burning debris when site is cleared

What challenges do dairy farmers currently face?

labor intensive, and winter feed

Found in __________________ climates

tropical

Two causes of loss of farmland include:

urban growth and soil quality

Common crops

wheat, barley, millet, oats, corn, sorghum, and soybeans

Identify the three regions of large-scale grain production in North America.

winter wheat belt through Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma, where planting is in autumn and harvesting in early summer spring wheat belt through Dakotas, Montana, and southern Saskatchewan in Canada, where planting is in the spring and harvesting in late summer Palouse region of Washington State

In what ways is agriculture in LCDs "gendered work"?

women practice subsistence agriculture, with cooking, cleaning, and carrying water. men grow crops for export or jobs in distant cities

Sold to?

comsumers

What regions of the world do and don't require labeling of GMOs?

do-European countries, China and India don't-US?

water-based food is acquired in 2 ways

fishing and aquaculture, or aquafarming, cultivation of seafood under controlled condition

Sawah

flooded field for growing rice

What is specialty farming? Located?

form of truck farming, New England.

Key cash crops in California

fruit and vegetable. citris fruit, tree nut, and deciduois fruits

In the 21 st Century, food production is ____________ and undernourishment is ________________; yet, critics are concerned that the world's agricultural practices are not _______________________.

higher, lower, safe

Most crops are grown for

human consumption rather than animal feed

Ironically, excessive water in semi-arid lands can be problematic—how/why?

it threatens other agricultural areas, especially drier lands that recieve water from human built irragtion systenms

plantation

large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of 1 or 2 crops for sale, usually to a more developed country

Located in what regions? Climate factors? (COMMERCIAL GARDENING & FRUIT FARMING)

long growing season and humid climate. northeast US

Identify reasons pastoral nomadism is declining in practice.

modern tech.

prime agricultural land

most productive farmland

Why do some regions specialize in milk products such as cheese and butter rather than fluid milk?

products keep fresh longer than milk does

wet rice

rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

What percent of the world's population today survive by hunting and gathering?

.005%

What percentage of the world's land area is devoted to shifting cultivation? What percentage of the world's people work it? What do these figures illustrate about shifting cultivation?

.2%; 5%; that it is declining

Fish production

18 fishing regions, 7 each in Atlantic and Pacific, 3 in Indian, and 1 Mediterranean. waterways, lakes and rivers. half-century, 36-158 million metric tons.

Farmers comprise ________% of the U.S. workforce, but _______% of U.S. laborers work in food production & services related to agribusiness.

2%; 20%

Geographer _________________________________ (1936) created an agricultural map of the world that is still widely used today.

Derwent Wittlesey

Describe territoriality among pastoral nomads.

Every group controls a piece of territory and will invade another group's territory only in an emergency or if war is declared

What are "Round-up ready" seeds?

GMO seeds genetically modified to survive when herbicides and insecticides are sprayed on fields to kill weeds and bugs

What country is the world's largest per capita producer of dairy products?

India

What countries are the top 4 importers of food?

Japan, UK, China and Russia

Half of the world's undernourished people live in (regions) ____________________ and ________________ with the largest numbers in (countries) ______________ and ______________. Countries with highest percentage of undernourished people are in (regions) ___________________ and ______________________. Only 2% of the world's undernourished people are in ___________. Worldwide, between 2000 and 2015, the number of undernourished people has _______________.

South Asia and East Asia; India and China; sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia; developing countries; declined

Located in what regions? Climate factors? (MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE)

Southern Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. moisture and moderate winter temperatures. summers hot and dry.

Found in _____________________ regions, especially in ________________________________, though often owned by ________________________________________.

Tropics and subtropics; Latin America, Africa and Asia; Europeans or North Americans

How has the distribution of wheat production changed in the last 50 years?

US and Canada 1/4 of world's wheat export

Located in what regions? (MIXED CROP & LIVESTOCK)

US?

What animals are chosen and why?

camels suited for arid climates and can go long without water. goats are tough and agile. sheep are slow, need more water, and select what kids of food they eat.

Desertification is not only occurring in Africa, but also in what other parts of the world?

central Australia, Asia, North America, and South America

Growth in ranching has occurred where recently? Examples?

china, Brazil, Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay

While there is a correlation between the agricultural map and a world map of ________________ regions, differences in ______________________________ and __________________________ also explain agricultural differences in areas of similar climate. (Viewing climate as the sole factor in what a region cultivates would be an example of _______________________________, which most geographers reject.)

climate, drylands and tropics, environmental determinism

agribusiness

commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporation

mixed crop and livestock farming

commercial farming characterzied by interagration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans

In developed countries, demand for food has remained __________________ due to _______________________; however, there has been rapid demand increases for _______________ and _________________ food.

constant, low pop. growth, organic food and non-GMO food

Fish consumption

consumption increased 27 million metric tons in 1960 to 132 million metric tons in 2012. 1% of all calories consumed by humans. 85% fish consumed by humans. remainder converted to fish meal and fed to poultry and hogs.

cash crops

cotton, flax, hemp, and tobacco

Typical crops

cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber, and tobacco. also cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconuts and palm oil

What is the principal difference between grains common in "commercial grain farming" regions and grains grown in "mixed crop and livestock" regions?

crops on a grain farm are grown primarily by consumption by humans rater by livestock

What is swidden and how long are they used?

def. patch of and cleared for planting through slashing and burning first year or a few

Green Revolution, which began during the 1970s and 1980s, involves what two main practices?

def. rapid diffusion of new agriculture technology, especially new high yield seeds and fertilizers introduction of new higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers

Located where and why? (livestock ranching)

developed countries like Australia

undernourishment

dietary energy consumption that is continuousely below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity

Some lead export crops in Latin American and Asia are crops that can be converted into _________. Identify and take notes on each of the three leading drugs.

drugs cocaine - from coca leaf. grown in Columbia, Peru and Bolivia. consumers North America. heroin - raw opium gum.Afghanistan most source then Myanmar and Laos. traffic from Afghanistan through Iran, Turkey and Balkans. 2nd rought central Asia to Russia marijuana - cannabis sativa cultivated widely. majority from US grown in Mexico.

Found in __________ climates because:

dry climates because planting crops is impossible

What human actions contribute to desertification (also called semiarid land degradation)?

excessive crop planting, animal grazing and tree cutting

Identify the three U.S. government policies aimed at improving farmers' lives:

farmers avoid producing crops that are in excess supply govnt pays farmers when certain commodity prices are low govnt buys surplus production and sells or donates it to foreign govnt

Identify the two hallmark characteristics of the technique of shifting cultivation.

farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris; shifting cultivation is called slash-and-burn agriculture farmers grow crops on a cleard field for only a few years, until soil nutrients are depleted, and then leave it fallow (nothing planted) for many years so the soil can recover

multi-cropping

fields are used several times a year and never left fallow

ranching

form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over extensive area

pastoral nomadism

form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals

intensive subsistence agriculture

form of subsistence agriculture charcteristics os Asias major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effeot to produce the max feassible yield from a parcel of land

shifting cultivation

form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from 1 field to another; each field is used for cops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period

Types of crops

fruits and vegetables. apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, and tomatoes

horticulture:

growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers

Identify multiple reasons that show why wheat is an important crop.

grown to considerable extent for international trade, and world's leading export crop

double cropping

harvesting twice a year from the same field

How has ranching changed in the U.S. in recent years?

leading producer of chicken and beef

genetically modified organism (GMO)

living organism that possesses novel combination of genetic material obtained through use of modern biotechnology

Located where and why? (dairy)

near markets

Boserup argued that subsistence farmers could increase the supply of food through intensification of production in two ways:

new farming methods adopted. land left fallow for shorter periods

To prevent soil erosion, some Midwest U.S. famers are practicing conservation tillage. Identify and define the two types of conservation tillage:

no tillage - farming practice that leaves all of soil undisturbed and entire residue of previous year's harvest left untouched on fields ridge tillage - system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation

Where practiced

northeastern China and India

Key cash crops along the Mediterranean

olives and grapes

crop rotation

practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil

The greatest challenge to the world's food supply has been food _______________.

prices

Identify changes in food prices between 2006 & 2015 as well as causes for these changes:

prices more than doubled. causes-weather, high demand, smaller growth in productivity, use of crops as biofuels instead of food

Under President Eisenhower's leadership the U.S. Congress passed the Public Law 480, also known as the "Food for Peace Program." The two main provisions (note: these are directed at foreign countries & aid agencies) are:

provided for sale of grain at low interest rates and gave grants to need groups of people

How do pastoral nomads obtain grain?

raise crops or obtain them by trading animal products

Describe the practice of transhumance.

seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

What are some characteristics of organic farming?

sensitive to complexities of biological and economic interdependencies between crops and livestock

What animals are ranched commonly around the world other than cattle?

sheep

Describe the characteristics of the "miracle wheat seed" and the "miracle rice seed."

shorter and stiffer than traditional breeds. less sensitive to variation in day length, responded better to fertilizers and matured faster

Where commonly practiced?

southeastern China, East India, Southeast Asia

Identify food production issues in Africa.

struggle to keep food production with growing population.

Identify and describe California's two main sources of water. How has several years of drought affected the percent of California's water sources?

surface water and groundwater. was 70% now 40%.