exam cjc

Which of the following questions by an interviewer is likely to be part of a cognitive interview?

"You stated that you were at a pub last night. How did you get there and back home?" Correct. In some ways the cognitive interview is a questionless interview. Cognitive interviews strive to ask as few questions as possible that may elicit a brief response. Instead, the goal is to probe the witness to give you long narrative responses.

Officer Mackenzie is facing a jury on charges that he used excessive force to control a situation. The jury concludes that, in a similar situation, a reasonable officer would have used chemical agents to exert control. Mackenzie is found guilty. Which of the following did Officer Mackenzie most likely use?

A firearm Correct. Firearms are of a higher level of force than chemical agents.

Which statement is true of both consensual encounters and investigative detentions?

A search warrant is not mandatory for either situation. Correct. Police contacts with citizens that do not involve an interrogation or arrest are considered consensual encounters.

What is a Miranda warning?

A warning required to be given by the police before an interrogation to inform a subject of his or her constitutional rights, especially their right to counsel and rights involving self-incrimination. Correct. Miranda warnings are to be given by police prior to custodial interrogation of a suspect.

Caroline, a witness in an ongoing case, is called to attend a lineup at the police station. The administrator of the lineup does not know the suspect's identity. Caroline is shown an array of six photos, including one of the suspect, one after the other. She has to recognize the suspect from the list. Which of the following will Caroline employ to identify the suspect?

Absolute judgment Correct. A sequential lineup involves photographs that are presented to the witness one at a time. During the sequential lineup, Caroline must make a decision about each photograph before moving on to the next, prompting her to use absolute judgment.

Which of the following is a self-incriminating statement made by a suspect that falls short of an acknowledgment of guilt?

Admission Correct. An admission is a self-incriminating statement made by a suspect that falls short of an acknowledgment of guilt.

Which statement distinguishes admission from confession?

An admission is a self-incriminating statement; a confession is a direct acknowledgment. Correct. An admission is a self-incriminating statement made by the suspect that falls short of an acknowledgment of guilt. A confession is direct acknowledgment by the suspect of his or her guilt in the commission of a specific crime or as being an integral part of a specific crime.

What requires only a microphone plugged into the computer to analyze the subject's responses?

Computer Voice Stress Analyzer (CVSA) Correct. Unlike the computer polygraph, the CVSA does not require wires attached to the subject. It uses only a microphone plugged into the computer to analyze the subject's responses. As the subject speaks, the computer displays each voice pattern, numbers it, then saves each chart to file.

Amido black protein is generally used by which unit?

Latent Print Correct. In instances in which a latent print has limited quality and quantity of detail, the Latent Print Unit personnel utilize Amido black protein.

Officer Brady is charged with abuse of authority and use of excessive force in a civil suit. In court, what will be used to determine whether his actions were lawful?

Brady's conduct compared to that of a reasonable officer's under similar circumstances Correct. His conduct will be compared with that of a "reasonable officer" confronted by similar circumstances.

Juanita is a trained artist who has expertise in drawing sketches of suspected criminals based on descriptions. After she finishes her drawings, investigators at the police department use them to create wanted posters and check leads during investigations. What are Juanita's drawings?

Composites Correct. Juanita creates facial composites. A composite is a freehand drawing of a suspected criminal.

Which statement is true of CODIS?

CODIS enables crime labs to share and compare DNA profiles electronically. Correct. CODIS stores DNA profiles from across the country in a series of local, state, and national databases, all linked via computers. This enables crime labs at every level to share and compare DNA profiles electronically.

Axel is at the station. Investigators have interrogated him relentlessly for hours. He is tired and wants to get back home to his family. He has to work in the morning. However, investigators insist they are not done with him and begin to physically assault him. Axel then gives in and confesses to a crime that he did not commit. What type of confession is this?

Coerced confession Correct. A coerced confession is a confession that is obtained through threats or force.

What is the use, or threat of use, of illegal physical methods to induce a suspect to make an admission or confession?

Coercion Correct. Coercion is the use, or threat of use, of illegal physical methods to induce a suspect to make an admission or confession.

Which of the following are used for eliciting information from victims and witnesses, as opposed to obtaining confessions from suspects?

Cognitive interviews Correct. As a general rule, the cognitive interview technique is used for eliciting information from victims and witnesses, as opposed to obtaining confessions from suspects. The primary focus of the cognitive interview is to make witnesses and victims of a situation aware of all the events that transpired.

Which of the following is true of exemplars?

Collected exemplars are those that were not written for the purpose of examination. Correct. A collected handwriting exemplar is a sample of the suspect's handwriting that was not written for the purpose of examination and is not evidence in the crime under investigation.

Evidence seized from a homicide included a knife that was determined to be the murder weapon. Both the knife and the crime scene were free of fingerprints. After reviewing the case, it came to light that the victim's body had been dismembered with what appeared to be expert precision. Investigators concluded that such cuts are similar to the technique used for chopping beef. As a result, a local butcher was questioned and eventually identified as the murderer. Which of the following techniques helped find the killer?

Criminal investigative analysis Correct. This involves identifying psychological and social characteristics surrounding the crime as well as the manner in which it was committed. Here, the way the body was cut is a characteristic of the crime and the criminal.

What involves identifying psychological and social characteristics surrounding the crime as well as the manner in which it was committed?

Criminal investigative analysis Correct. This is a form of personality profiling accomplished by identifying the psychological and social characteristics surrounding the crime as well as the manner in which it was committed.

What is the process of questioning a suspect when his or her liberty has been restricted to a degree that is associated with arrest?

Custodial interrogation Correct. Custodial interrogation involves questioning a suspect when his or her liberty has been restricted to a degree that is associated with arrest.

Which technique of good interviewers relates to the idea that the investigator must keep emotional reactions under control at all times?

Do not dispute the subject's answers. Correct. The emotional reactions of the investigator must be kept under control at all times. After the subject gives his or her interpretation of what happened, the investigator can later go back and document any discrepancies.

Which of the following examples can be considered police misconduct during an investigation?

Depriving the suspect of sleep Correct. Behaviors of misconduct include coercion or duress, physical constraint, unreasonable delay in arraignment, and refusing legal counsel during interrogation. Duress is the imposition of restrictions on physical behavior, such as prolonged interrogation and deprivation of water, food, or sleep. Any confession obtained under these circumstances may be deemed inadmissible by the courts.

Jacob, an investigator, was made to conduct mock interviews for five months to improve his interviewing skills. During this time, he learned a recommended practice to be followed while conducting interviews. What did he most likely learn?

Do not dispute the subject's responses. Correct. The emotional reactions of the investigator must be kept under control at all times. After the subject gives his or her interpretation of what happened, the investigator can later go back and document any discrepancies.

When climbing through a window to abduct a sleeping child, Adam placed his hand on a dusty table and then grabbed the curtains to climb into the room. What type of fingerprints did the police find the next day when the crime was discovered?

Dust fingerprints Correct. A visible fingerprint, also called a dust print, has been adulterated with foreign matter.

Angelo is a suspect in a burglary case. One of the investigators interrogating him demonstrates appreciation for the intelligence and hard work required to carry out this burglary of a highly secured museum. Feeling that the he had impressed the investigators, Angelo divulged minute details of the burglary, which eventually resulted in his confession. This scenario exemplifies which interrogation style?

Egotistical Correct. In the egotistical style of interrogation, the investigator plays on the suspect's sense of pride and precision in the commission of the crime. This approach encourages the suspect to brag about his or her involvement in the crime and to provide additional details to impress the investigator.

Craig is investigating a fraud case whose evidence includes several handwritten checks. In an attempt to identify who wrote the checks, he obtains multiple samples of the suspect's handwriting to compare with the handwriting on the checks. What has Craig obtained?

Exemplars Correct. Cases that involve questioned documents require a comparison between the suspect document and a sample from the suspect. This often requires numerous samples from the suspect, as it is assumed that no two samples of a suspect's handwriting are identical.

Beth is investigating a burglary crime scene at a small house in the suburbs. She sees a cigarette butt in an ashtray, believes it to be the suspect's, and seizes it for DNA analysis. She then collects saliva samples from all members of the household for DNA testing. What is the most likely reason for collecting DNA from all members of the household?

For future elimination sample testing Correct. Elimination samples can be used to determine whether the evidence comes from the suspect or from someone else. In this case of a residential burglary in which the suspect may have smoked a cigarette at the scene of a crime, Beth should identify appropriate people, such as household members, for future elimination sample testing.

Officer Carter arrives at the scene of a burglary. She sees a set of screwdrivers and metal pins scattered near the front door, through which she thinks the criminal entered the house. She collects the screwdrivers, pins, and the door lock as evidence. Which department will analyze this evidence?

Forensic Ballistics Unit Correct. The Forensic Ballistics Unit receives and examines evidence related to firearms, firearm components, ammunition, ammunition components, tools, and tool marks. Evidence submitted in tool mark cases may include screwdrivers, scissors, knives, pliers, wrenches, crowbars, hammers, saws, wire, sections of sheet metal, chains, safety deposit boxes, human bone or cartilage, plates, locks, doorknobs, bolts, and screens.

During an incident, Officer Polonsky is reasonably led to believe that he is dealing with an armed and dangerous criminal. However, he does not have a warrant. He wants to search the suspect and carry out a Terry stop. What course of action should Officer Polonsky take?

Go ahead and check, but make sure the detention does not last for more than an hour and a half. Correct. An investigative detention should be brief (90 minutes maximum).

An investigator used tips from an informant to establish the probable cause needed to obtain a search warrant for a suspected drug house. The investigator served the warrant and searched the house and found a large number of illicit drugs. The owner, Carl, was arrested for drug trafficking. Shortly after, Carl tried to cite the exclusionary rule for his defense, claiming that the creditability of the informant did not establish the needed probable cause to obtain a warrant. However, the courts denied his claim. Which exemption to the exclusionary rule denied Carl the opportunity?

Good-faith exception Correct. The good-faith exception states that any evidence seized through a search warrant is immune from suppression, even if the judge signing the warrant was wrong and there was not probable cause to believe that contraband or other evidence would be discovered under the warrant.

Jack and Eli are two officers conducting a search with a warrant. They are investigating a house where a recent shoot-out occurred and anticipate finding a large cache of arms and ammunition. They are receiving some hostility from the home's occupants, who are known gang members. Which course of action should the officers take?

Handcuff the occupants to ensure that there are no serious repercussions during the search. Correct. In 2005, the Supreme Court held in Muehler v. Mena that officers executing a search warrant of a residence while seeking weapons and evidence of gang-related activity in the aftermath of a drive-by shooting acted reasonably when detaining the occupants of the residence in handcuffs during the course of the search—especially considering there were only two officers present at the time.

Officer Baker is patrolling a highway, on the lookout for a hit-and-run driver. A vehicle hit a young child walking home from school and fled the scene. Baker then spots a car matching the description near where the incident occurred. He sees a man washing what appears to be blood from the front bumper of the car. Baker approaches the man and proceeds to search him and the car. The man refuses to cooperate and demands to see a search warrant. What course of action should Officer Baker take?

He should continue to conduct an emergency search due to the present conditions and circumstances. Correct. In the case of emergency or exigent circumstances, a search may also be conducted without a warrant provided that probable cause exists. A requirement for an emergency search includes threat of removal or destruction of evidence. In this scenario, the man appears to be destroying evidence of a crime, so Baker may conduct a warrantless search.

Officers interrogate John about the murder of a 15-year-old boy after they find evidence that indicates John as a suspect. The investigator observing his nonverbal behavior takes note of John's tendency to close his eyes as he is being asked key questions, as well as his change in posture. Which posture is most likely to indicate that John is lying?

His legs are crossed Correct. A tendency of a male suspect to cross his legs while being questioned is a possible characteristic of lying.

Vanessa is reviewing a collection of interchangeable templates of facial features in order to develop an idea of a suspect's general description. What is she reviewing?

Identi-Kit Correct. Although hand-drawn sketches are considered the best method for constructing a facial composite, Smith & Wesson's Identi-Kit and Identi-Kit 2000 are commonly used when a sketch artist is not available.

Rachel, a suspect in a murder case, is being interrogated. She repeatedly denies her involvement in the crime. After some time, the investigator explains to Rachel that her lack of cooperation isn't going to hurt anyone other than herself. He is confident that she will receive a guilty verdict if she goes to trial. This realization eventually leads to her confession. Which of the following styles of interrogation did the investigator adopt in this scenario?

Indifferent style Correct. In an indifferent style of interrogation, the investigator acts as though he or she does not really care if the suspect cooperates or not, but thinks that he or she must go through the motions of making the opportunity available to the suspect.

Which of the following is an exception to the exclusionary rule?

Inevitable discovery doctrine Correct. The inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule was developed in the 1984 Nix v. Williams case. Evidence that has been seized illegally or evidence stemming from illegally seized evidence is admissible if the police can prove that they would have inevitably discovered it anyway by lawful means.

What is the systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession?

Interrogation Correct. An interrogation is the systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession.

Tim is an investigator attempting to obtain information from a suspect about the method of operation in a burglary case. He gathers information to build a logical structure of the crime and to provide information for the prosecutors. Tim is likely to be in which process?

Interrogation Correct. The goals of the interrogation process are to learn the truth of the crime and how it happened, to obtain an admission of guilt from the suspect, to obtain all facts to determine the method of operation and the circumstances of the crime, to gather information that enables investigators to arrive at logical conclusions, and to provide information for use by prosecutors in possible court action.

During what stage of police intervention is the interaction between an officer and an individual considered to be less than an arrest, but more than a consensual encounter?

Investigative detention Correct. Generally, during an investigative detention, a person thinks that he or she cannot just walk away.

Which of the following is an advantage of profiling during investigations?

It highlights clues at the crime scene that are overlooked during first examination. Correct. The profiling technique can be advantageous in bringing attention to certain clues at the crime scene that may not be apparent upon first examination.

Kyle is the prime suspect in a bomb blast case. He is charged with the crime and brought before a judge for trial. The investigator arrested Kyle after conducting a show-up. Kyle later contested the legitimacy of the show-up method. However, the investigator was confident that the show-up would be valid. What would make it valid?

It was conducted right after the blast. Correct. A show-up conducted shortly after the commission of the offense and in reasonable proximity to the crime scene may be tolerated by courts.

Which of the following is considered an interrogation and not an interview?

John is taken down to the station and placed in a small room. He believes he is about to be questioned by an investigator who just entered the room. However, the investigator blatantly accuses John of the crime in question. John gets emotional after seeing the strong stance the investigator has taken regarding his participation in the crime. After some time John cracks and confesses. Correct. During an interrogation the investigator asks questions that are accusatory in nature. An interrogation is the systematic questioning of an individual suspected in a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession.

Officers investigating a murder case managed to obtain video footage of the suspect with the murder weapon stalking the victim minutes before the murder, about 50 yards away from the site of the murder. They arranged for an interrogation after the suspect denied his involvement in the murder. Which style of interrogation is recommended in this situation where the evidence is so overwhelming?

Logical style Correct. In a case in which the evidence seems to be overwhelming, a logical style of interrogation is recommended.

Officer Jenkins is interrogating a suspect in a robbery case. He tells the suspect that the police have found his fingerprints linking him to the crime, although this is not true. What interrogation method is Jenkins using?

Maximization Correct. This method involves exaggerating the available evidence, telling the suspect that the interrogator knows he or she is guilty or stressing the consequences of the crime.

Which types of questions should investigators use the most during interviews?

Open-ended questions Correct. A preferable technique in the interview process is to ask open-ended questions, which force the interviewee to relate in his or her own words what was observed.

Which principle forms the basis for handwriting experts in analyzing written content?

People have their own unique styles of writing. Correct. People often adopt unique styles of their own that are characteristic of only that person. Such characteristics are identifiable to handwriting experts.

Eric gets a surprise visit from the police who state that they are responding to a domestic disturbance call. As the officers speak to both Eric and his wife in the living room they spot some drugs on the kitchen table. Eric and his wife are arrested, but he threatens the officers with a lawsuit claiming they had no right to confiscate evidence because they did not have a search warrant. What protects the officers in this situation?

Plain-view doctrine Correct. Harris v. United States ruled that "objects falling in the plain view of an officer who has a right to be in the position to have that view are subject to seizure and may be used as evidence."

Phil calls the police to report the death of his wife at their residence, which he thinks was a suicide. An investigator is sent to the scene, and the investigator sees large amounts of marijuana on one of the tables. He seizes the marijuana and starts to interrogate Phil on this issue. Which of the following options is the investigator engaging himself in, while interrogating Phil?

Plain-view search Correct. Police officers have the opportunity to begin investigations or confiscate evidence without a warrant based on what they find in plain view and open to public inspection. In this scenario, the investigator was present lawfully in Phil's residence because Phil called the police.

The police are investigating a case in which a victim was beaten to death. The adhesive tape used to subdue to victim is sent to the laboratory to be examined for any prints. In this case, what type of fingerprints are being examined?

Plastic Correct. A plastic fingerprint results when a finger presses against plastic material and leaves a negative impression of friction ridges. Plastic prints are usually found on recently painted surfaces; in wax, grease, tar and putty; in gum on stamps or envelopes; and on adhesive tape.

While burglarizing his neighbor's house, Jonathan searches the attic for valuables. He climbs onto a chair to reach the attic. The chair had recently been polished and the surface was slightly greasy. Which type of prints did Jonathan most likely leave on the chair?

Plastic fingerprint Correct. A plastic fingerprint results when a finger presses against plastic material and leaves a negative impression of friction ridges. Typically, these are found on recently painted surfaces; in wax, grease, tar, and putty; in the gum on stamps or envelopes; and on adhesive tape.

Which of the following is a mechanical device designed to aid investigators in obtaining information by measuring physiological responses from the subject?

Polygraph Correct. A polygraph measures the physiological responses from the subject, including fear, anxiety, excitation, and other emotions.

What is the minimum amount of information necessary to cause a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed by a particular person?

Probable cause Correct. A multitude of possible scenarios could establish probable cause. For example, a suspect running away when approached by an officer, or the furtive nature of a suspect could establish probable cause.

What is the minimum amount of information necessary to cause a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed?

Probable cause Correct. Officers generally establish probable cause through their own observations.

What is the minimum requirement for a lawful arrest?

Probable cause Correct. Probable cause is required for a lawful arrest. A person arrested without a warrant must generally be provided with a judicial determination of probable cause within 48 hours after arrest.

A team of investigators is at a crime scene where they deactivated a crude live bomb. They are questioning passersby about the incident. One passerby seems to have a suspicious amount of knowledge about the materials used in the bomb. When an officer questions him further, he attempts to run away. Which of the following allows the investigators to obtain a search warrant?

Probable cause Correct. Probable cause is the minimum amount of information necessary to warrant a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is being committed by a person who is about to be arrested.

Jane has been accused of possessing narcotics. The DEA wants to search her home. What does the DEA need in order to acquire a warrant?

Probable cause Correct. The Fourth Amendment contains a warrants clause, which requires probable cause to exist before a search warrant can be issued.

A special team is sent along with an investigator to a high-profile murder scene. The team takes a close look at the evidence and then attempts to re-create the circumstances surrounding the crime. They notice that the body of the victim has several stab wounds to the head and neck. Due to the number of stab wounds, it is likely that the victim was continually stabbed even after death. This team infers from this that the offender's state of mind, at the time of the crime, was most likely one of anger. Which technique is this team using?

Psychological profiling Correct. Psychological profiling is a behavioral and investigative tool that is intended help investigators to accurately predict and profile the characteristics of unknown criminal subjects. The technique recognizes that hate, passion, fear, and confusion may all have certain indicators somewhere at the crime scene.

Valentino is investigating a case where a handwritten note was found at the crime scene. It is unclear where the note came from and who wrote it. What form of evidence is this?

Questioned document Correct. Any object containing handwritten or typewritten markings and whose source or authenticity is in doubt may be referred to as a questioned document.

The DEA has accused Jerry of many crimes. He pleads not guilty to all of them and prepares to go to trial. However, he is unable to afford an attorney. What clause in the United States Constitution will help Jerry?

Right to counsel clause Correct. The right to counsel clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees legal representation.

Samantha is an investigator working with the DEA. She has procured a search warrant and is searching Ray's house. Ray has been on the radar for drug dealing for a while. She finds Ray's friend Jim with a bag containing substances which resemble narcotics. Which of the following actions should Samantha take?

Search Jim because he has given her probable cause to do so. Correct. She has probable cause to search Jim.

Sarah is the lead investigator in a high-profile murder case, which involves the possible involvement of Congressmen. She interviews the only witness in the case, and anticipates the need for additional meetings with the witness as the investigation proceeds. Which consideration is most likely to encourage the witness's further cooperation?

Thanking the witness for their time after the interview Correct. Just as the interview process begins with a proper introduction, it should also end appropriately. The investigator should focus on adjourning the interview properly, as the expressions of courtesy during and after the interview create a favorable impression and encourage further cooperation.

What legal precedent did the United States Supreme Court set in 1993, which created a two-pronged test of admissibility to determine whether an expert's testimony is both relevant and reliable?

The Daubert standard Correct. The Daubert standard set forth a two-pronged test that judges must use to determine if an expert witness's testimony was both relevant and reliable.

Which factor differentiates an interview from an interrogation?

The accusatory or the nonaccusatory investigative approach Correct. The distinction between an interview and an interrogation can be expressed in terms of the purpose of the contact. An interview is nonaccusatory. It involves formal conversation conducted for the purpose of attaining information. On the contrary, an interrogation is accusatory. It involves the systematic questioning of a person suspected of involvement in a crime for the purpose of obtaining a confession.

Ellen is a defense attorney representing a client who was arrested after a lineup. In court she points out that the lineup used was unfair and should be barred from practice. After hearing about the procedure followed to conduct the lineup, the judge agrees with Ellen and acquits the defendant. What would have led to the judge's decision?

The client was present in two of the three lineups conducted. Correct. If multiple lineups are conducted for the same witness, the suspect should not be put in more than one lineup.

What should a court consider regarding a police officer's use of force during an encounter with a citizen?

The evidence that was available to the officer at the time the he/she exerted force without the benefit of 20/20 hindsight Correct. When the judge and jury evaluate the officer from within the "shoes" of the officer under review, they must make their decision based on the information the officer had at the time that he or she took action.

Nigel gets a surprise visit from the police who want to search his property for a wanted fugitive. The police claim that a tipster informed them that the fugitive was hiding out at Nigel's residence. When Nigel asks to see a warrant for the search, the police force their way inside. After learning that the suspect they were looking for was not at his residence, they arrest Nigel anyway for some bags of marijuana they saw lying on his coffee table. When he goes to trial, the judge renders the evidence in the case as inadmissible, and Nigel is acquitted. What might Nigel's defense have claimed to ensure his acquittal?

The exclusionary rule Correct. Since officers did not have a warrant to search Nigel's home, any evidence they found thereafter was inadmissible. The collection of such evidence is a violation of his Fourth Amendment right to protection from illegal search and seizures.

During a simultaneous lineup, the victim of a crime identified James as the person who robbed her. James is then taken into police custody. During the trial, he pleads innocent and claims that the lineup administrator might have been unfair. James's claim would gain more weight if the lineup had used what?

The nonblind method Correct. When an investigator uses the nonblind method, he or she knows who the suspect is. Critics suggest that in these cases, lineup administrators might either knowingly or unintentionally give the witness verbal or nonverbal cues as to the identity of the suspect. James' claims may hold more weight if this method was used during his lineup.

Which of the following exception to Miranda is legally accepted?

The public safety exception Correct. The public safety exception to Miranda was decided in New York v. Quarles (1984). This decision found that police officers who are reasonably concerned for public safety may question persons who are in custody and who have not been read the Miranda warning.

Officer Blake conducted an interrogation and managed to get a confession from the suspect. Which of the following most likely influenced Blake's decision about the method used to record the statement?

The subject is illiterate. Correct. The suspect's intelligence level of the suspect, the amount and nature of information to be recorded, and the availability of stenographic services determine what methods are used to take a statement.

Which of the following statements is true of a crime lab's DNA analysis unit?

The unit uses the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Correct. This is a form of DNA analysis performed on bodily fluids.

Which statement is true of anticipatory search warrants?

They are not in effect until the mentioned triggering conditions have arisen. Correct. Even though the warrant has been issued and is in the hands of the police, the search may not be carried out until the triggering condition has arisen.

Marisa, an investigator, is conducting an interview in which she encourages the subject to answer the questions aloud as he thinks about them. She then records the thought processes he used to reach his answer. What cognitive interview technique is Marisa using?

Think-aloud technique Correct. The advantages of the "think-aloud" interview technique are that it elicits responses from the subject that are free from interviewer bias, and it requires little former training of the interviewer.

According to the U.S. Supreme Court, what is the purpose of the exclusionary rule?

To act as a deterrent for police who abuse their authority Correct. The U.S. Supreme Court supported the prosecution in the United States v. Leon case, holding that the exclusionary rule was designed only as a deterrent for the abuse of police authority.

Which of the following is considered a goal of an interrogation?

To determine the method of operation Correct. The goals of an interrogation process include obtaining all facts to determine the method of operation and the circumstances of the crime.

In order to minimize problems with its application, a polygraph should be specifically used for which purpose?

To identify deception Correct. The polygraph machine measures physiological responses, such as fear, anxiety, and other emotions, to detect deception. It does not actually detect lies.

While collecting evidence at a crime scene, Officer Stuart finds chips of wood broken off from nearby furniture. He collects them in order to verify the source of the wood. Which departments will receive this material?

Trace Evidence Unit Correct. Trace materials include human hair, animal hair, textile fibers and fabric, ropes, and wood.

Yvonne is one of the victims of a case involving a bomb blast. She states that she remembers the face of someone who was acting suspiciously before the blast. Detectives take her to the station to create a facial composite of the suspect. They create the composite based on Yvonne's input using the software FACES. What is the most likely reason why officers chose to use software to create the composite instead of an artist?

Trained artists are often not available. Correct. The FBI maintains that hand drawing is still the preferred method for constructing a facial composite, but many police agencies use software because developed artistic talent is often not available.

Which term refers to an anticipated future event giving rise to a probable cause to search?

Triggering condition Correct. A triggering condition is an anticipated future event giving rise to a probable cause to search.

The Fourth Amendment protects people from what?

Unreasonable searches and seizures Correct. The Fourth Amendment protects people from unreasonable search and seizures. Concerning the search of a citizen's home, the Fourth Amendment also requires probable cause for the issuance of a warrant.

Officer Nash is dealing with delinquents. He talks a little harshly to them and controls their behavior during an altercation with them. What sort of force did Nash use to control the delinquents?

Verbal control Correct. Nash used his words to gain control over the delinquents. Although his words were considered harsh, this level of force is permissible.

An investigator asks Shannon if she saw the suspect enter the victim's home. She replies by telling him that she did. The investigator then asks Shannon how the subject gained entry. What cognitive interview technique might the interviewer be using?

Verbal probing Correct. The interviewer, in this case, probes at Shannon's answer in order to get more information.

A fingerprint was found at a crime scene, collected as evidence, and sent to the lab to be analyzed. The examiner noticed that the fingerprint formed as a result of the suspect having touched a clean surface with blood on their hands. What type of fingerprint was this?

Visible Correct. A visible (or "dust") fingerprint has been adulterated with foreign matter, such as blood, flour, ink, or oil. An individual who touches a clean surface after having come into contact with such substances will leave a visible print.

Officer Curtis obtains an arrest warrant against the prime suspect in an assault case. While on his way to the suspect's residence, Curtis happens to spot the suspect on the street. He follows the suspect, and shouts out to him that he has a warrant and he is under arrest. The suspect attempts to flee, but Curtis catches up to him and makes an official arrest. While doing so, he reads the suspect his Miranda rights. Which event marked the point of the suspect's arrest?

When Officer Curtis seized the suspect with physical force Correct. If a suspect does not submit to an officer's show of legal authority, no seizure occurs until the suspect is actually brought under the officer's control. This example is an example of such a seizure by physical restraint.

In which situation would it be allowable to conduct a search without a warrant?

When there are exigent circumstances Correct. Exigent circumstances are circumstances whereby a search may be legally conducted without a warrant.

The police serve Alex with a warrant to search his home for illegal drugs. As they are rummaging through his belongings, the police notice Alex's friend, Brian. He has a bag of what appears to be illegal drugs. In this situation can the police also search Brian, even though they do not have a warrant for him?

Yes, they can search him without a warrant. Correct. They have probable cause to search him.

To develop an idea of the suspect's general description, one method is to have the witness provide information to a police artist in order to generate a ________.

facial composite Correct. A facial composite is a graphical representation of an eyewitness's memory of a face, as recorded by a composite artist.