Exam II Phys
Components of the Brain
- Brain stem - cerebellum - forebrain -cerebrum
Ependyma or ependymal
- CNS - Ciliated - Line central canal of spinal cord - Line ventricles of brain - filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid
Oligodendrocytes
- CNS - Myelinating cell (makes myelin)
Microglia
- CNS - Phagocytic cell "immune surveillance"
Astrocytes
- CNS - Scar tissue - Aid metabolism of certain substances - Induce synapse formation * Connect neurons to blood vessels (biggest function of theirs) -> part of blood brain barrier
Major features protect the CNS from injury
- Cranium and vertebral column - meninges - cerebrospinal fluid - blood-brain barrier
Three meningeal membrane wrap, protect, and nourish the central nervous system
- Dura mater, archanoid mater, and pia mater
- CNS computers ____________________ - Wire's that connect the computers _________________________
- Gray matter - white matter
The four pairs of lobes in the cerebral cortex are specialized for different activities The lobes are
- Occipital - Temporal - Parietal - Frontal
Highly selective blood-brain barrier:
- Regulates exchange between the blood and brain - shields from harmful changes
Dorsal
- afferent
Three functional classes of neurons
- afferent - efferent - interneurons
Cerebrum contains the
- basal nuclei - cerebral cortex
Choroid contains
- blood vessels
The nervous system is ogranized into the
- central nervous system CNS - peripheral nervous system PNS
Location of primary motor cortex
- frontal lobe
Wernicke's area is located Wernicke's area is associated with
- in left cortex at the juncture of the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes - language comperhension of both spoken and written messages
Broca's area is located Broca's area controls
- in left frontal lobe near motor areas - speaking ability
Pia mater
- inner - blood vessels - nourishes CNS
Eye structure that contains radial and circular muscles
- iris
Cerebral cortex is divided into
- left and right hemispheres
Tactile receptor that detects light touch
- meissner's corpuscle
Hippocampus
- memory
Archanoid mater
- middle - space contains CSF
Detects pain
- nociceptor
The blind spot is created by the presence of the
- optic nerve
Dura mater
- outer - venous sinuses - falx (indentation) - dural sinus - epidural space (toughest and most outer layer)
Substance P conveys sense of
- pain
Innermost layer of the meninges
- pia mater
An autonomic nerve pathway consists of a 2 neuron chain:
- preganglionic neuron - postganglionic neuron
Contains nervous tissue in the eye
- retina
Mitral cells are associated with which sense
- smell
Divisions of the Efferent nervous system
- somatic nervous system - autonomic nervous system
The CNS allows us to
- subconsiously regulate homestatic responses - experience emotions - voluntarily control movements - be aware of body and surrondings - engage in other high cognitive processes
Autonomic nervous system is divided into
- sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system
Stationary membrane in the inner ear
- tectorial membrane
Types of neuroglial cells in the CNS
-astrocytes -oligodendrocytes -microglia -ependyma or ependymal
How many ventricles are there in the brain
4
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord: __________ neurons
85 billion
Increased activity in one division is accompanied by
A corresponding decrease in the other
Each terminal bouton contains thousands of vesicles that store
ACh
Contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic -
ANS
____________ is an enzyme in the motor end plate membrane that inactivates acetylcholine.
Acetylcholinesterase
Enzyme in the motor end-plate membrane that turns off muscle cell's electrical response
Acetylcholinestrase
__________________________ ends ACh activity at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholinestrase
________________ is the phenomenon in which receptors diminish the extent of their polarization despite sustained stimulus strength.
Adaptation
The __________________ is a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal medulla
Adrenergic receptors
Alpha and beta
Language disorders
Aphasias, speech impediments, and dyslexia
Regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas
Association areas
Agonist
Binds to the neurotrasmitter's receptor
Antagonist
Blocks the receptor
____________ exerts its lethal blow by blocking the release of ACh from the terminal button in response to an action potential in the motor neuron.
Botulinum toxin
Central nervous system (CNS) consists of
Brain and spinal cord
______________ area, which is responsible for speaking ability, is located in the left____________________lobe. ________________ area, located in the left ________________________ at the juncture of the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, is concerned with language comprehension.
Broca's, frontal, Wernicke's, cortex.
Axons of motor neurons originate in the ____________ and end on ____________________
CNS, skeletal muscle
Triggers the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
Ca++
Adrenal medulla secretes
Catecholamine hormones on stimulation
The brain floats in its own special
Cerebrspinal fluid which surronds and cushions the brain and spinal cord
Provide sharp vision
Cones (for color and sharpness)
Ventricles inside the brain
Contain the same fluid that goes down the spinal cord
__________________ blocks the action of acetylcholine at the acetylcholine receptor on the motor end-plate.
Curare
Forebrain consists of _________________ which contains the ____________________ & ___________________
Diencephalon, hypothalamus, and thalamus
____________ brings about an action potential in the muscle fiber
EPP
Adrenal glands are
Endocrine glands
____________________________ occur(s) when a large collection of neurons abnormally generate synchronous action potentials that produce stereotypical, involuntary spasms and alterations in behavior.
Epileptic seizures
The somatic nervous system has preganglionic neurons - TRUE OR FALSE
False
Somatic nervous system
Fibers of the motor neurons that supply the skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Fibers that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Nutrient molecules, such as _______ or __________ can pass through the BBB, but other molecules cannot
Glucose, amino acids
_______________ matter consists predominantly of densely packaged cell bodies and their dendrites as well as glial cells. Bundles or tracts of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) constitute the ___________________ matter.
Gray, white
Basal nuclei is located
Located deep within the cerebral white matter
_________________ is a person's prolonged subjective emotional state that influences their behavior and perception of external events.
Mood
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system dually innervate __________________________
Most visceral organs
Autonomic activity can be influenced by the _________________________________________________
Motor neurons
__________________ receptors are found on the cell membrane of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands.
Muscarinic
One disease known as ________________ is characterized by extreme muscular weakness.
Myasthenia gravis
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of
Nerve fibers *afferent and efferent divisions
Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
Nerve network of the digestive tract
Cholinergic receptors:
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
__________________ are the type of receptor sensitive to tissue damage.
Nociceptors
Brain cannot produce ATP without
O2
Brain damage results if deprived of
O2
______________ are a group of chemicals that modify neuromuscular junction activity.
Organophosphates
The brain depends on constant delivery of________& __________ by the blood
Oxygen and glucose
Contains the efferent and afferent
PNS
________________ is a skin receptor that detects deep pressure and vibration.
Pacinian corpuscle
ANS has two subdivisions
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
In ______________________ sleep, most muscles are completely relaxed.
REM
Divisions od the autonomic nervous system are usually
Reciprocally controlled
_______________, a derivative of vitamin A, is the light-absorbing part of the photopigment.
Retinal
Postganglionic neuron
Sends axons that end on the effector organ
Choroid plexus
Specialized structure in ventricles where ependymal cells come in contact with blood vessels and produce cerebrospinal fluid
Higher motor areas are important in motor control, such as:
Supplementary motor area Premotor cortex Posterior parietal cortex
Glial cells
Support interneurons phsyically, metabollically and functionally - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
Preganglionic neuron
Synapses with the cell body of the postganglionic fiber in a ganglion outside the CNS
__________________________: enlarged knoblike structure at the end of axon terminal branches
Terminal Bouton:
sensory relay station
Thalamus
The blood brain barrier keeps many substances that circulate in the rest of the body from getting into
The central nervous system
Efferent autonomic nerve pathways consist of _____________ ______________ ____________ between the CNS and the effector organ.
Two-neuron chain
A 50-year-old man falls off a ladder and hits his head; afterward, he cannot remember anything about his activities leading up to the fall. What is he experiencing? a. retrograde amnesia b. consolidation c. anterograde amnesia d. sensitization e. habituation
a.
A patient is suffering from loss of hearing (deafness). Upon examination, the physician determines that the patient has a middle ear infection with accompanying fluid accumulation. Which type of deafness is this patient most likely suffering from? a. conductive deafness b. sensorineural deafness c. neural presbycusis d. deafness due to a tumor in the organ of Corti e. inherited deafness
a.
A patient is to suffering from paralysis of certain muscles, due to destruction of motor neurons. This patient is most likely suffering from what? a. poliovirus b. black widow spider bite c. myasthenia gravis d. botulism food poisoning e. organophosphate poisoning
a.
Acetylcholine can bind to nicotinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system. a. True b. False
a.
Afferent neurons terminate at interneurons. a. True b. False
a.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is an electrical recording from the brain. a. True b. False
a.
An example of a sound emitted at 30 dB loudness would likely be ________ . a. whispering b. a lawn mower c. a dog barking d. a jet taking off e. leaves rustling
a.
Associating a smell with being hungry involves which brain area? a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. vomeronasal organ (VNO) d. frontal lobe e. visual cortex
a.
Brain waves recorded from a student while taking a difficult exam would likely show a predominance of which wave type? a. gamma waves b. theta waves c. beta waves d. delta waves e. alpha waves
a.
Capsaicin is the ingredient in hot peppers that gives them their 'hot' sensation. a. True b. False
a.
Efferent neurons carry instructions from the CNS to the effector organs. a. True b. False
a.
Efferent neurons typically innervate ________ . a. muscles and glands b. sensory receptors c. interneurons d. cell bodies e. afferent neurons
a.
Fast pain produces a sharp, prickling sensation and is easily localized. a. True b. False
a.
How much of the glucose consumed in the body is utilized by the brain under resting conditions? a. 50% b. 100% c. 20% d. 0% e. 10%
a.
Light enters the interior portions of the eye through the ________ . a. pupil b. lens c. vitreous humor d. ciliary body e. iris
a.
Long-term memory requires functional changes in the brain, such as the formation of new synaptic connections. a. True b. False
a.
Most visceral (internal) organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers. a. True b. False
a.
Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle and trigger voluntary movement. a. True b. False
a.
Organophosphates (example: sarin gas) irreversibly block acetylcholinesterase (AChE), resulting in respiratory failure. a. True b. False
a.
Parkinson's Disease (PD) occurs as a result of degraded neurons in the basal nuclei of the brain. a. True b. False
a.
Sound is an example of a stimulus. a. True b. False
a.
Sour taste is caused by a specific configuration of glucose on the tongue. a. True b. False
a.
The auditory ossicles are components of the middle ear. a. True b. False
a.
The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system (CNS). a. True b. False
a.
The cerebellum coordinates balance and voluntary movements. a. True b. False
a.
The hypothalamus is classified as a forebrain structure. a. True b. False
a.
The inner ear helps to coordinate body orientation and motion. a. True b. False
a.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction is acetylcholine (ACh). a. True b. False
a.
Typically, which symptom is associated with cerebellar disease? a. intention tremor b. depression c. memory loss d. paralysis e. weight loss
a.
When exposed to a bright light, the pupil constricts (gets smaller). a. True b. False
a.
White matter in the brain is composed mainly of myelinated nerves. a. True b. False
a.
Nerve and muscle tissues are considered excitable because they produce electrical signals when excited. a. True b. False
a. true
Plasticity:
ability to change or be functionally remodeled in response to demands
The chemical neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is ________________________
acetylcholine
The venom of black widow spiders exerts its deadly effect by causing an explosive release of _____________________ from the storage vesicles.
acetylcholine
__________________ released from the motor neuron diffuses across the cleft and binds with specific receptor sites.
acetylcholine
Released at the neuromuscular junction -
ach
Pain impulses originating at nociceptors are transmitted to the CNS via ___________________ fibers.
afferent
The ____________________ division of the peripheral nervous system carries information about the external environment and status reports on internal activities to the CNS.
afferent
_________________ fibers carrying incoming signals enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root.
afferent
________________ fibers carry signals to the CNS while ___________________ fibers carry signals away from the CNS.
afferent, efferent
A(n) _________________________ binds with the receptor and causes the same response as the neurotransmitter would.
agonist
A(n) ____________________ binds with the receptor and prevents the neurotransmitter from causing a response.
antagonist
Connects neurons to blood vessels -
astrocytes
The sympathetic nervous system is part of the _________________ nervous system.
autonomic
Tears are produced by the aqueous humor. a. True b. False
b
A condition characterized by brief, irresistible sleep attacks during the day is called ________ . a. anesthesia b. narcolepsy c. dementia d. coma e. vegetative state
b.
A neuromuscular junction is a link between two motor neurons. a. True b. False
b.
Acetylcholine (ACh) release at the neuromuscular junction is triggered by ________ . a. release of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) b. Ca2+ release into the terminal button c. closing of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels d. voltage-gated Na+ channels e. accumulation of ACh in the motor neuron
b.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme that keeps the muscle cell's electrical response turned on. a. True b. False
b.
Adrenergic fibers release acetylcholine. a. True b. False
b.
Botulinum toxin acts by triggering explosive release of ACh from storage vesicles at all cholinergic sites. a. True b. False
b.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed primarily by the ________ . a. blood-brain barrier b. choroid plexuses c. glial cells d. pericytes e. dural sinuses
b.
From outermost to innermost, the layers of the meninges are arachnoid, dura, and pia mater. a. True b. False
b.
In the normal eye, near vision requires relaxation of the ciliary muscles and flattening of the lens. a. True b. False
b.
Increased heart rate is a result of ________ . a. both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation b. sympathetic stimulation c. parasympathetic stimulation d. dual innervations e. a hormone imbalance
b.
Initial processing of visual input is carried out in the temporal lobes. a. True b. False
b.
Intensity, or loudness, of a sound, is measured in hertz (Hz). a. True b. False
b.
Long-term potentiation is initiated by release of which neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron? a. dopamine b. glutamate c. acetylcholine d. GABA e. serotonin
b.
Mechanical nociceptors respond to ________ . a. poisonous odors b. crushing c. extreme cold d. extreme heat e. irritating chemicals
b.
Morphine is an endogenous opioid. a. True b. False
b.
Preganglionic fibers release neurotransmitter onto effector organs in the autonomic nervous system pathway. a. True b. False
b.
Slow pain is characterized by ________ . a. stimulation of mechanical and thermal nociceptors b. a dull, aching, burning sensation c. A-delta fiber transmission d. a sharp, prickling sensation e. easy localization of the pain
b.
The 'oldest' region of the brain, which controls functions such as respiration, circulation, and digestion, is the ________ . a. hypothalamus b. brain stem c. cerebral cortex d. spinal cord e. cerebellum
b.
The autonomic nervous system is subject to voluntary control. a. True b. False
b.
The blood-brain barrier prevents the exchange of oxygen through capillaries into brain tissue. a. True b. False
b.
The cerebellum plays a central role in all aspects of emotion. a. True b. False
b.
The lateral horn of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of neurons supplying skeletal muscles. a. True b. False
b.
The somatic nervous system can both stimulate and inhibit effector organs. a. True b. False
b.
The somatic nervous system originates in the lateral horn of the thoracic spinal cord. a. True b. False
b.
The vagus nerve (CNX) innervates the eyeball. a. True b. False
b.
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) detects hormones passed between individuals of the same species. a. True b. False
b.
There are 12 lumbar nerves. a. True b. False
b.
Thermoreceptors are pain receptors—sensitive to tissue damage such as cutting or burning. a. True b. False
b.
Tonic receptors are rapidly adapting receptors. a. True b. False
b.
What substance is an example of an exogenous opioid that can bind opiate receptors? a. dynorphin b. morphine c. prostaglandin d. an enkephalin e. an endorphin
b.
Which disease causes uneven curvature of the cornea, resulting in unequally refracted light rays? a. myopia b. astigmatism c. glaucoma d. cataracts e. presbyopia
b.
The ___________ exerts an inhibitory effect on motor activity by acting through neurons in the brain.
basal nuclei
Photoreceptors synapse with _____________ cells.
bipolar
Botulium toxin causes
blocking of the release of Ach
The _________________ protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical fluctuations in the blood and reduces the possibility that harmful blood-borne substances could reach the central neural tissue.
blood-brain barrier
Most visceral organs are innervated by ________________________________ nerve fibers.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
Basilar membrane is the one at the
bottom
The ____________________ contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain.
brain stem
The ___________________________ is the oldest part of the brain in evolution.
brain stem
Location of reticular formation:
brainstem
A person who has brain damage affecting Broca's area will have difficulty with ________ . a. language comprehension b. reading Braille c. speaking ability d. understanding spoken words e. their hearing
c.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease, affects ________ . a. the hypothalamus b. acetylcholine receptors c. motor neurons d. preganglionic autonomic neurons e. postganglionic autonomic neurons
c.
Hair cells in the inner ear are stimulated by ________ . a. Na+ b. cold c. stretching d. pain e. heat
c.
Patients suffering from Parkinson's Disease (PD) are unable to release sufficient amounts of which neurotransmitter? a. acetylcholine b. GABA c. dopamine d. serotonin e. glutamate
c.
The correct order of the autonomic nerve pathway from the CNS is ________ . a. postganglionic fiber, preganglionic fiber, effector organ b. effector organ, preganglionic fiber, postganglionic fiber c. preganglionic fiber, postganglionic fiber, effector organ d. effector organ, CNS, autonomic ganglion e. effector organ, postganglionic fiber, preganglionic fiber
c.
The parietal and frontal lobes of the cortex are separated by the ________ . a. temporal lobes b. thalamus c. central sulcus d. pyramidal cells e. lateral sulcus
c.
The receptors that bind odorants (scents) are located on the ________ . a. olfactory cortex b. olfactory bulb c. cilia of an olfactory receptor cell d. mitral cells e. glomeruli
c.
Thermoreceptors respond to changes in ________ . a. changes in ECF solute concentration b. specific chemicals c. heat and cold d. mechanical energy e. visible light
c.
What neurotransmitter is released from the somatic nervous system onto skeletal muscle? a. nitric oxide b. epinephrine c. acetylcholine d. glutamate e. norepinephrine
c.
Which taste sensation is triggered by glutamate? a. salty b. sweet c. umami d. bitter e. sour
c.
You have a patient who suffers from spasms caused by a dystonia. Which treatment option would most likely provide the most benefit to the patient? a. black widow spider venom b. curare c. botulinum toxin d. malathion e. acetylcholine
c.
The lens is an elastic structure consisting of transparent fibers. Occasionally these fibers become opaque so that light rays cannot pass through, a condition known as a __________________
cataract
Imp in balance, coordination and vol moment
cerebellum
The ___________________ plays an important role in the planning, initiation, and timing of certain kinds of movement.
cerebellum
Association areas are widespread throughout the
cerebral cortex
Each cerebral hemisphere is composed of a thin outer shell of gray matter called _____________________ .
cerebral cortex
Nicotinic receptors are classified as
cholinergic
Layer of blood vessels in the eye
choroid
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed primarily by the ___________________________ found in particular regions of the ventricle cavities of the brain.
choroid plexus
The strength of the lens depends on its shape, which in turn is regulated by the _______________ muscle.
ciliary
the snail shaped structure in the ear
cochlea
____________________ occurs in individuals that lack one cone type so they have sensitivity to only two types of cones.
color blindness
______________________ refers to subjective awareness of the external world and self.
conciousness
_____________ have high acuity provide highly detailed vision.
cones
color vision depends on
cones
sclera contains
connective tissue
The process of transferring and fixing short-term memory traces into long-term memory stores is known as ______________
consolidation
connects the hemispheres of the brain
corpus collasum
the left and right hemispheres are connected by the
corpus collosum
parasympathetic nervous system originates from the
cranial and sacral regions
Acetylcholine (ACh) released from sympathetic preganglionic fibers in the adrenal medulla stimulates release of ________ into the bloodstream. a. acetylcholine b. norepinephrine only c. nitric oxide d. epinephrine and norepinephrine e. epinephrine only
d.
An example of a tonic receptor is a ________ . a. Ruffini ending b. Merkel's disc c. Pacinian corpuscle d. muscle stretch receptor e. hair receptor
d.
Black widow spider venom can lead to what condition in affected people? a. drooping eyelids b. drooling c. seizures d. respiratory paralysis e. vomiting
d.
Electrical activity of muscle cells is "turned off" by ________ . a. norepinephrine b. epinephrine c. acetylcholine d. acetylcholinesterase e. voltage-gated Na+ channels
d.
One characteristic of interneurons is that they ________ . a. terminate on afferent neurons b. cannot be excited c. terminate on effector organs d. lie entirely within the CNS e. cannot be inhibited
d.
Rod vision is characterized by ________ . a. high acuity b. sensitivity equal to that of cones c. low sensitivity (relative to cones) d. low acuity e. a capacity for color vision
d.
The neuromuscular junction is a link between a neuron and ________ . a. another neuron b. a gland c. a smooth muscle fiber d. a skeletal muscle fiber e. an effector organ
d.
You are preparing to collect a spinal tap on a patient. Where is the most appropriate area of the vertebral canal to insert the needle to obtain a CSF sample? a. Above C4 b. Sacral nerve area c. Just below the brain stem d. Below L2 e. Between T9 and T10
d.
Tactile receptors that detect deep pressure and vibration are located -
deep within the skin
The ____________________ is made up of the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
diencephalon
Afferent neurons enter the
dorsal root
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers innervate most visceral organs, a phenomenon called _________________________
dual innervation
Antidepressant drugs that work by allowing serotonin and norepinephrine to remain at the synapse for a longer period of time are ________ . a. MAOIs b. TCAs c. SSRIs d. benzodiazepines e. SNRIs
e.
Parasympathetic stimulation of the eye ________ . a. adjusts the eye for far vision b. dilates the pupil c. causes release of glucose d. constricts blood vessels e. constricts the pupil
e.
The first step in converting a receptor potential into an action potential is ________ . a. exocytosis of the neurotransmitter b. closing Na+ channels c. opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels d. neurotransmitter binding e. allowing Na+ entry
e.
Vesicles in the terminal button of a motor neuron contain ________ . a. norepinephrine b. nitric oxide c. acetylcholinesterase d. epinephrine e. acetylcholine
e.
Where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract terminate in the brain? a. cerebral cortex b. spinal cord c. motor neurons d. thalamus e. cerebellum
e.
β1 receptors are found ________ . a. on most sympathetic target tissues b. on smooth muscles of blood vessels c. on digestive organs d. only in the brain e. only in the heart
e.
Different regions of the cortex control different aspects of language examples:
e.g., Broca's area and Wernicke's area
The cell bodies of _______________________ neurons originate in the gray matter and send axons out through the ventral root.
efferent
Collective potential change resulting from ion movements across all of the terminal buttons within a neuromuscular junction, is known as
end-plate potential
The ___________________ cell lining of the ventricles contributes to the formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
ependymal
Black widow spider venom causes
explosive release of Ach
Ciliary muscle -
eye muscle that changes shape of the lens
vestibular apparatus in the ear contains
fluid
The primary motor cortex located in the _________________________ controls the ________________________
frontal lobes, skeletal muscles
About 90 percent of the cells within the CNS are ____________
glial cells
Basal nuclei (i.e., basal ganglia) consist of several masses of ___________ matter
gray
Cerebral cortex is an outer shell of ____________________ covering an inner core of _____________________________
gray matter, white matter
___________________ is the mechanism of taste.
gustation
Receptor type that turns fluid movement into a neural signal -
hair cell
The __________________ is the area of the brain most directly involved in regulating the internal environment.
hypothalamus
The _________________________ controls body temperature, food intake, and thirst.
hypothalamus
__________________________ plays a role in integrating autonomic, somatic, and endocrine responses
hypothalamus
The basal nuclei play an important _______________ role in motor control
inhibitory, Inhibiting muscle tone, maintaining purposeful motor activity, suppressing useless or unwanted movement, and monitoring and coordinating slow, sustained contractions
The _____________________ lie entirely within the CNS and lie between afferent and efferent neurons.
interneurons
Tears are produced by the -
lacrimal gland
___________ is the acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction, or both, and is a change in behavior that occurs as a result of experiences.
learning
associated with emotions
limbic system
Left cerebral hemisphere specilization:
logical, analytical, sequential, and verbal tasks
SSRIS -
maintain serotonin at the synapse - inhibit removal
___________________ are activated by stretching of skeletal muscles.
mechanoreceptors
_____________ within the brain stem is the region most directly responsible for autonomic output
medulla
Tympanic membrane -
membrane that responds and vibrates to sound waves
association areas provide
memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions
The brainstem consists of the
midbrain, medulla and the pons
_______________ is the ability to direct behavior toward specific goals.
motivation
The ________________________ contains acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine receptors and cation channel proteins.
motor end-plate
The specialized portion of the muscle cell membrane immediately under the terminal button is known as the___________________
motor end-plate
ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) is characterized by degeneration and eventual death of _________________________
motor neurons
Skeletal muscle cells are innervated by ________________
motor neurons
Basal ganglia
movement
Stimulation of different areas of the primary motor cortex brings about
movement in different regions of the body
Motor-neuron axon terminals releases ACh to stimulate
muscle contraction
A single muscle cell is called a(n) ___________________
muscle fiber
A(n) ___________________ is a bundle of peripheral neuronal axons, some afferent and some efferent, that are enclosed by a connective-tissue covering.
nerve
A motor neuron contacts a skeletal muscle at the -
neuromuscular junction
As the axon approaches a muscle, it divides into many terminal branches and loses its myelin sheath. Each of these axon terminals forms a special junction called _______________________
neuromuscular junction
Each muscle cell has only one
neuromuscular junction
The ____________________________ is the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
neuromuscular junction
_____________________ receptors respond to acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.
nicotinic
Right cerebral hemisphere specilization
non-language skills
The enteric system is part of the -
none of the above (it's an individual)
Location of the visual cortex -
occipital
________________ is the mechanism of smell.
olfaction
For the sense of smell, afferent fibers arising from olfactory receptors synapse in a complex structure called the _________________ .
olfactory bulb
________________ form the insulative myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS.
oligodendrocytes
The motor cortex on each side of the brain primarily controls muscles on the __________________ side of the body.
opposite
A photopigment consists of an enzymatic protein called _______________________ combined with retinal, a derivative of vitamin A.
opsin
The point on the retina at which the optic nerve leaves and through which blood vessels pass is the ________________ .
optic disc
The reorganized bundles of fibers leaving the optic chiasm are known as ______________
optic tracts
Location of hair cells -
organ corti (the organ of corti is inside the cochlea)
Phantom pain example -
pain perceived in missing limb
____________________ sleep can be considered either the deepest sleep or the lightest sleep.
paradoxical
Rest and digest -
parasympathetic
The ______________________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates contraction of the bladder wall
parasympathetic
The _______________________ nervous system dominates in quiet, relaxed situations.
parasympathetic
________________ dominance is concerned with general "housekeeping" activities.
parasympathetic
___________________ system promotes "rest and digest" bodily functions.
parasympathetic
_____________________ postganglionic fibers are short, terminating on the effector organs.
parasympathetic
The ________________________ is primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain from the surface of the body.
parietal lobe
Derived from the interpretation of sensory input-
perception
____________ is our conscious interpretation of the external world.
perception
Pain perceived as originating in the foot by a person whose leg has been amputated at the knee is known as ___________________ .
phantom pain
__________________ receptors are useful in situations where it is important to signal a change in stimulus intensity rather than relay status quo information.
phasic
Receptor that does undergo adaptations
phasic receptors (touch receptors)
The innermost meningeal layer, the ___________________ , is the most fragile. It is highly vascular and closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord.
pia mater
The _____________ collects sound waves and channels them down the external ear canal.
pinna
Does not release ach -
postganglionic sympathetic neurons
Autonomic activity can be influenced by the _________________________________________________
prefrontal association cortex
Organophosphates cause:
prevent inactivation of Ach
Not a component of short term memory
protein synthesis
Greater sensory stimulation results in greater -
release of neurotransmitter - frequency of action potentials
Carrots contain __________________ , which helps with _____________________________
retinal, night blindness
Rods have only one photopigment (__________________ ) while cones have three, one for each type of cone.
rhodopsin
_______________ have high sensitivity so they can respond to dim light.
rods
Most of the eyeball is covered by a tough outer layer of connective tissue called _______________
sclera
Determines head position and motion -
semicircular canals
afferent neurons
sense
Association area's analyze and interpret
sensory experiences
Motor end plate:
shallow depression where axon terminals end
Muscle fiber:
single, long, and cylindrical muscle cell
In ________________________ sleep a person still has considerable muscle tone and frequently shifts body position.
slow-wave
Binding a chemical messenger by specific protein-receptor sites on an afferent neuron opens chemical messenger-gated _____________ channels.
sodium
Osmoreceptor detects
solutes
In the ___________________ nervous system, there is a single neuron from the origin in the CNS to the effector organ.
somatic
The parietal lobes accomplish
somatosensory processing (Sensations from the surface of the body, such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain)
Induces vibration of the tympanic membrane -
sound waves
___________________ are characterized by their pitch (tone), intensity (loudness), and timbre (quality).
sound waves
Endorphins and analgesics block pain transmission in the -
spinal cord
The two best known pain neurotransmitters are_________________ and ____________________ .
substance P, glutamate
An analgesic system ___________________ pain.
suppresses
Stimulation of the _____________________ division of the autonomic nervous system causes an increased heart rate.
sympathetic
The _______________________ nervous system promotes responses that prepare the body for strenuous physical activity.
sympathetic
________________ nerve fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
sympathetic
___________________ dominance promotes the "fight or flight" response.
sympathetic
Smooth muscle cells are innervated by ___________________________
sympathetic nerve fibers
long term memory requires
synthesis of proteins
Each _________________ sensory neuron responds to stimulus information only within a circumscribed region of the skin surface surrounding it.
tactile
The chemoreceptors for taste sensations are packaged in _______________________.
taste buds
The axon terminal is enlarged into a knoblike structure called a(n) _______________________
terminal button
Relay station of the brain -
thalamus
Simple awareness of touch, pressure, or temperature at the body surface occurs in the
thalamus
The ________________________ serves as a "relay station" and synaptic integrating center for preliminary processing of all sensory input on its way to the cortex
thalamus
Curare causes
the blocking of the action of ACh at receptor channels
Myashtenia gravis causes:
the inactivation of ACh receptor channels
Receptor that does not undergo adaptation:
tonic receptors (ex thermoreceptors)
The middle ear transfers the __________________________ vibratory movements of the to the fluid of the inner ear.
tympanic membrane
The five taste sensations are sour, salty, sweet, bitter and ______________
umami
What kind of competition does somatotpic maps use?
use-dependent competition
The _________________ and _________________ provide information about the position of the head relative to gravity and also detect changes in rate of linear motion.
utricle , saccule
Carries subconscious input-
visceral afferent
The larger posterior cavity of the eye between the lens and the retina contains a clear, jelly-like substance called the ________________________
vitreous humor
The somatic system is considered to be under ______________ control.
voluntary
Detects pheromones -
vomeronasal organ (animal system have bigger ones)